Nelson Werneck Sodré Explained

Nelson Werneck Sodré
Birth Name:Nelson Werneck Sodré
Birth Date:27 April 1911
Death Place:Itu, São Paulo, Brazil
Nationality:brazilian
Occupation:historian, writer, officer
Party:Brazilian Communist Party

Nelson Werneck Sodré (27 April 1911 – 13 January 1999) was a Brazilian Marxist military officer, professor, writer, columnist and historian.[1] [2] [3] [4]

Biography

Nelson Werneck Sodré was born in Rio de Janeiro, then the city was capital of Brazil, on 27 April 1911.[5] After studying in public schools and some boarding schools, he entered the in 1924. He joined the Brazilian Army when he entered the Realengo Military School in 1930.[6] After completing the course in 1933, he was commissioned as an Aspirant to Officer in January 1934, and was soon assigned to serve in the in Itu, the historic Deodoro Regiment.

His debut in the mainstream press came in 1929, with the publication of the short story "Satânia", which won an award from the magazine O Cruzeiro.[7] In October 1934, he began collaborating with the newspapper based in city of São Paulo.[8] Two years later he became, in his own opinion, "a professional in the press", taking on the role of literary critic for the newspaper and being paid for the articles he published.

Between 1938 and 1945 he published several hundred articles in magazines and newspapers, as well as seven books: História da Literatura Brasileira, in 1938; Panorama do Segundo Império, in 1939; the second edition of História da Literatura Brasileira, in 1940; Oeste, in 1941; Orientações do Pensamento Brasileiro, in 1942; Síntese do Desenvolvimento Literário no Brasil, in 1943; Formação da Sociedade Brasileira, in 1944 and O que se Deve Ler para Conhecer o Brasil, in 1945.[9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]

A personal friend of intellectuals such as Graciliano Ramos and Jorge Amado, as well as other literary figures, he joined the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB) in the early 1940s.[16] [17] [18]

Until the early 1950s, Nelson Werneck Sodré had a solid military career, where he became an instructor at the Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército, where he taught Military History.[19] In 1954, he was dismissed from the General Staff School due to the political positions he took publicly: for taking part in the board of the, which was committed to fighting for a state, and for publishing, under a pseudonym, an article in the Military Club Magazine, clearly identified with the positions held by the PCB at the time, in which he opposed Brazil's participation in the Korean War.[20] [21]

Despite his links with the then Minister of War, General, who had presided over the Military Club during the Oil Campaign, Nelson Werneck Sodré had to settle for minor posts: as an artillery officer in a garrison in Cruz Alta, in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul, and in a Recruiting Circumscription in Rio de Janeiro (a position considered punitive at the time).[22] [23]

On 25 August 1961, Sodré was promoted, by seniority, to colonel in the Army.[24] As a result, he was assigned to the headquarters of the 8th Military Region in Belém (Pará). In protest, he asked to be transferred to the reserve. He was also promoted to colonel in the Army.

During the crisis generated by the resignation of Jânio Quadros, Nelson Werneck Sodré was imprisoned for ten days for opposing the coup attempt to prevent the inauguration of the elected vice-president, João Goulart.[25] [26] With Goulart's inauguration, under a parliamentary regime, his request to join the reserve was rejected, annulled and, once again, Sodré was ordered to serve in the capital of Pará, Belém, now in a military district.[27] For the second time, he requested to be removed from active service in the Army and was excluded from the military ranks. He was also sent to the army to serve in the army.

At ISEB

At the beginning of 1954, Sodré was invited by Alberto Guerreiro Ramos to take part in the Brazilian Institute of Economics, Sociology and Politics (IBESP), which offered postgraduate courses in the auditorium of the Ministry of Education and Culture. IBESP was, according to Sodré, the "preliminary phase of ISEB", and his interaction with the Ibespians only began in 1955, after he returned to Rio de Janeiro, invited by General Newton Estillac Leal to serve on his General Staff.[28]

At the end of Café Filho's presidency in 1955, IBESP underwent a reformulation that changed its name to (ISEB).[29] As some of its members had aligned themselves with Juscelino Kubitschek's candidacy, and the institution "[...] had no headquarters or structure, it continued, under another title, the new one, what IBESP had been doing".[30]

At the start of Juscelino Kubitschek's presidency in 1956, the ISEB's structure was strengthened and became more stable, although the courses were still held in the auditorium of the Ministry of Education and Culture.[31] The following year, the Institute moved into its original headquarters in the Botafogo neighborhood in the south zone of Rio de Janeiro.[32] [33]

From the beginning of the Kubitschek administration, the ISEB's problem of Brazilian development outlined the existence of two tendencies: the one that supported the participation of foreign capital in the Brazilian economy to accelerate the pace of its expansion, and the one that defended the autonomous nature of the country's industrialization process, admitting the presence of foreign capital only under the strict control of the state.[34]

The conflicts between the adherents of these two orientations led to the exclusion of the so-called 'submissive to foreign interests' from the ISEB in 1960. Nelson Werneck Sodré identified himself with the thesis of the autonomous development of the Brazilian economy. Through studies focused on the relationship between colonialism and imperialism, the formation and constitution of and, in particular, the discussion of who the Brazilian people were and the role they could play in the anti-imperialist struggle, our author oriented his intellectual production towards identifying the class or class alliance that could lead the revolutionary process in the country.[35]

Participation in the ISEB also marked Nelson Werneck Sodré's return to publishing books. In 1957, he published As Classes Sociais no Brasil, a course he had given at IBESP in 1954, and O Tratado de Methuen.[36] [37] In 1958, it was the turn of Introdução à Revolução Brasileira.[38]

In 1959, at the request of Umberto Peregrino, who ran the, Sodré organized an anthology of Brazilian military episodes, Narrativas Militares.[39] The following year saw the publication of the third edition of História da Literatura Brasileira, a new work that retained only the title of his debut book, and the second edition of O que se Deve Ler para Conhecer o Brasil, a reference work that also retained only the name when compared to the original edition.[40]

In 1961, Sodré released a collection of essays, A Ideologia do Colonialismo.[41] In November of that same year, in the rank of Brigadier General in the Brazilian Army, Sodré requested his transfer to the reserve (he never served as a general on active duty). With his transfer to the reserve, Nelson Werneck Sodré began to devote himself exclusively to intellectual work. He also became a member of the Brazilian Army.

From the creation of the ISEB in 1956 until its extinction with the 1964 coup, Sodré was responsible for the Course on the Historical Formation of Brazil.[42] This course resulted, after several reformulations, in the book Formação Histórica do Brasil, published in 1962.[43] The interpretation of Brazilian social formation presented in Formação Histórica do Brasil also inspired the production of paradidactic material for secondary school teachers, História Nova do Brasil, produced with the collaboration of trainees from the History Department of the ISEB.[44] [45]

Still, in collaboration with interns from the History Department of the ISEB, who were in charge of the research, Nelson Werneck Sodré wrote the book Who Killed Kennedy in a few days, which was released in December 1963, two weeks after the assassination of the US president.[46] [47]

After the 1964 coup

Two weeks after the 1964 coup, Nelson Werneck Sodré had his political rights revoked for ten years by the military junta that took power from the leftist João Goulart.[48] Being imprisoned had more than just political and electoral consequences. The subsequent regulation of his punishment extended its effects, preventing him from teaching and writing articles for the press.[49] [50]

He chose not to go into exile and dedicated the next few years to resisting in the only way he could: by writing. As other means of communication were forbidden to him, he turned to writing books. Writing full time, and not counting re-editions, Sodré published four titles in 1965: Ofício de Escritor: dialética na literatura, O Naturalismo no Brasil, As Razões da Independência and A História Militar do Brasil.[51] [52] [53]

Also in 1965, some of his titles began to be seized from bookstores and publishers' warehouses. In addition to História Nova do Brasil, copies of Quem Matou Kennedy, História da Burguesia Brasileira and A História Militar do Brasil were confiscated per government.[54] [55]

Death

Nelson Werneck Sodré was lucid until the last days of his life. He was still working when he was admitted to the hospital, Santa Casa de Itu, in the interior of São Paulo, on 11 January 1999 for an operation.[56] [57] He died on 13 January of the same year due to multiple organ failure, sepsis and bronchopneumonia. He left behind a wife, Yolanda Frugoli Sodré, and a daughter, Olga.

Legacy

Sodré is considered one of the main Brazilian historians of the 20th century.[58] [59] [60] In contemporary times, many academic studies have put Sodré's work, his life and his historiographical production back into the Brazilian intellectual debate.[61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67]

Work

Works about Sodré

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 22 April 2018 . Nelson Werneck Sodré . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180422060736/http://cpdoc.fgv.br/producao/dossies/AEraVargas2/biografias/nelson_werneck_sodre . 22 April 2018 . 22 April 2018 . Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil.
  2. Web site: 2011 . Perfil - Nelson Werneck Sodré . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20210918013536/http://desafios.ipea.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2603:catid=28&Itemid=23 . 18 September 2021 . 18 September 2021 . Institute of Applied Economic Research.
  3. Web site: Ruy . José Carlos . 26 April 2011 . Nelson Werneck Sodré: os cem anos do historiador marxista . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221219194358/https://www.vermelho.org.br/2011/04/26/nelson-werneck-sodre-os-cem-anos-do-historiador-marxista-2/ . 19 December 2022 . 23 October 2024 . Vermelho . pt-BR.
  4. Web site: Campos . Fabio . 2005 . Eclipse da Autonomia: o olhar de Nelson Werneck Sodré sobre a subordinação do desenvolvimento brasileiro à internacionalização do capital (1951–1968) . live . https://archive.today/20241030142055/https://unicamp.br/cemarx/ANAIS%20IV%20COLOQUIO/comunica%E7%F5es/GT2/gt2m3c2.pdf . 30 October 2024 . 30 October 2024 . 4 Colóquio Marx e Engels . Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
  5. Book: Castro, Ruy . Metrópole à beira-mar: O Rio moderno dos anos 20 . 21 November 2019 . Companhia das Letras . 978-85-5451-578-2 . pt-BR.
  6. Lima . Sued . 26 October 2018 . A formação de oficiais das Forças Armadas brasileiras . live . Tensões Mundiais . 8 . 14 . 199–215 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210430011640/https://revistas.uece.br/index.php/tensoesmundiais/article/view/566/454 . 30 April 2021.
  7. Ramos . Eduardo Russo . 22 November 2018 . Cultura Brasileira e autoritarismo em Nelson Werneck Sodré . live . Sociologias Plurais . 4 . 3 . 10.5380/sclplr.v4i3.62825 . 2316-9249 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210427153147/https://dx.doi.org/10.5380/sclplr.v4i3.62825 . 27 April 2021. free .
  8. Web site: Thâlassa . Angela . 2007 . Correio Paulistano: o primeiro diário de São Paulo e a cobertura da Semana de Arte Moderna - O jornal que não ladra, não cacareja e não morde" . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240506113418/https://tede2.pucsp.br/bitstream/handle/4860/1/Angela%20Thalassa.pdf . 6 May 2024 . 29 October 2024 . Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo.
  9. Web site: História da literatura brasileira : seus fundamentos econômicos / Nelson Werneck Sodré. . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20210427154654/https://ihgb.org.br/pesquisa/biblioteca/item/6291-hist%C3%B3ria-da-literatura-brasileira-seus-fundamentos-econ%C3%B4micos-nelson-werneck-sodr%C3%A9.html . 27 April 2021 . 27 April 2021 . Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute.
  10. Sodré . Olga . 2011 . O ISEB, Nelson Werneck Sodré e a cultura brasileira: Um testemunho Histórico . live . Albuquerque: Revista de história . pt . 3 . 6 . 10.46401/ajh.2011.v3.3977 . 2526-7280 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240711182306/https://periodicos.ufms.br/index.php/AlbRHis/article/view/3977 . 11 July 2024. free .
  11. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck . Panorama do Segundo Império . 1998 . Graphia . 978-85-85277-21-5 . pt-BR.
  12. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck . Orientações do pensamento brasileiro . 1942 . Casa Editora Vecchi . pt-BR.
  13. Rodrigues . Alexandre . 2010 . História e literatura em Nelson Werneck Sodré . live . Intellèctus . 9 . 2 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240910224909/https://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/intellectus/article/view/27677/19861 . 10 September 2024.
  14. Roio . Marcos Del . 30 May 2016 . Sodré e a dialética da formação social brasileira . Crítica Marxista . 23 . 42 . 85–102 . 10.53000/cma.v23i42.19160 . 2966-0165.
  15. Web site: O Que se deve ler para conhecer o Brasil . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210427153149/https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/biblioteca-catalogo.html?view=detalhes&id=262488 . 27 April 2021 . 29 October 2024 . IBGE Biblioteca . pt-br.
  16. Web site: Rangel . Natalia . 22 August 2011 . Centenário de Nelson Werneck Sodré . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210427153148/https://www.brasil247.com/cultura/centenario-de-nelson-werneck-sodre . 27 April 2021 . 29 October 2024 . Brasil 247 . pt-br.
  17. Web site: Maestri . Mário . 14 August 2011 . Nelson Werneck Sodré, um general diferente . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706224627/https://pcb.org.br/portal2/1755 . 6 July 2022 . 29 October 2024 . . pt-BR.
  18. Web site: Andreto . Lucas . 29 August 2018 . A formação do Partido Comunista do Brasil (PCB) na cidade de São Paulo (1922 – 1930) . São Paulo State University.
  19. Penna . Lincoln de Abreu . 2013 . NELSON WERNECK SODRÉ, PRESENTE! . live . Revista Novos Rumos . pt . 50 . 2 . 10.36311/0102-5864.2013.v50n2.3464 . 2763-9096 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240910013928/https://revistas.marilia.unesp.br/index.php/novosrumos/article/view/3464 . 10 September 2024. free .
  20. Web site: Nelson Werneck Sodré . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210303182105/https://memorialdademocracia.com.br/card/interpretes-do-brasil/14 . 3 March 2021 . 29 October 2024 . Memorial da Democracia.
  21. Cunha . Paulo Ribeiro da . 2010 . Ortodoxia e coerência de um general (bom) de briga(da) . Topoi (Rio de Janeiro) . 11 . 20 . 149–158 . 10.1590/2237-101x011020010 . 2237-101X. 11449/115158 . free .
  22. Web site: NEWTON ESTILLAC LEAL . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240418082203/https://www18.fgv.br/cpdoc/acervo/dicionarios/verbete-biografico/newton-estillac-leal . 18 April 2024 . 29 October 2024 . . pt-br.
  23. Web site: Morais . Ronaldo . 2005 . NEWTON ESTILLAC LEAL: O MILITAR DE ESQUERDA E O EXÉRCITO NAFRÁGIL DEMOCRACIA BRASILEIRA DO PÓS-GUERRA . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210427153149/https://anpuh.org.br/uploads/anais-simposios/pdf/2019-01/1548206569_ad24cfa4a3197033de327625a20659e7.pdf . 27 April 2021 . 29 October 2024 . Associação Nacional de História (ANPUH).
  24. Book: Cunha . Paulo Ribeiro da . Nelson Werneck Sodré: entre o sabre e a pena . Cabral . Fátima . 2006 . Editora UNESP . 978-85-7139-662-3 . pt-BR.
  25. Web site: Belém . Euler . 11 May 2020 . Tenente Vermelho tentou fazer Jango reagir ao golpe de 1964 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200607172624/https://www.jornalopcao.com.br/colunas-e-blogs/imprensa/tenente-vermelho-tentou-fazer-jango-reagir-em-64-253277/ . 7 June 2020 . 7 June 2020 . Jornal Opção.
  26. Cardoso . Lucileide Costa . 2013 . Nelson Werneck Sodré: censura, repressão e resistência . live . Anos 90 . pt . 20 . 37 . 237–267 . 10.22456/1983-201X.28620 . 1983-201X . https://web.archive.org/web/20240428143812/https://doi.org/10.22456/1983-201X.28620 . 28 April 2024. free .
  27. Book: Netto, J. Paulo . Nelson Werneck Sodré: o general da história e da cultura . 2011 . Expressão Popular . 978-85-7743-192-2 . pt.
  28. Web site: Carvalho . Herbert . 1 January 2011 . Dois generais em trincheiras opostas . live . https://archive.today/20241029191552/https://portal.sescsp.org.br/online/artigo/5829_DOIS+GENERAIS+EM+TRINCHEIRAS+OPOSTAS . 29 October 2024 . 29 October 2024 . . pt-br.
  29. Wanderley . Sergio . 2016 . Iseb, uma escola de governo: desenvolvimentismo e a formação de técnicos e dirigentes . live . Revista de Administração Pública . pt . 50 . 6 . 913–936 . 10.1590/0034-7612150061 . 0034-7612 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231122085059/https://www.scielo.br/j/rap/a/5N9rKgvdKkKxrpdbdPHcM3L/abstract/?lang=pt . 22 November 2023.
  30. Web site: PILAGALLO . Oscar . 2 April 2006 . Memória/"Intelectuais e Política no Brasil - A Experência do Iseb": A história do Iseb, de JK à propaganda . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210427153147/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/ilustrad/fq0402200623.htm . 27 April 2021 . 29 October 2024 . Folha de S.Paulo.
  31. Web site: Abreu . Alzira . O ISEB e o desenvolvimentismo . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100423195846/https://cpdoc.fgv.br/producao/dossies/JK/artigos/Economia/ISEB . 23 April 2010 . 23 April 2010 . Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil.
  32. Web site: Gomes . Fabrício . 30 March 2011 . Conspirações em Botafogo sob a sombra das Palmeiras: o ISEB, os militares e a imprensa . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210924082610/http://www.unirio.br/cch/escoladehistoria/pos-graduacao/ppgh/dissertacao_fabricio-gomes . 24 September 2021 . 24 September 2021 . Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro.
  33. Bresser-Pereira . Luiz Carlos . 2004 . O conceito de desenvolvimento do ISEB rediscutido . live . Dados . pt . 47 . 49–84 . 10.1590/S0011-52582004000100002 . 0011-5258 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220123160759/https://www.scielo.br/j/dados/a/qfHGtP3qy8swwYh5QdtKjZr/ . 23 January 2022. free .
  34. Web site: Memorial da Democracia - Iseb elaborará o desenvolvimento . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240522225639/https://memorialdademocracia.com.br/card/iseb-vai-pensar-o-desenvolvimento . 22 May 2024 . 29 October 2024 . Memorial da Democracia.
  35. Bringel . Tâmara Galdino . 10 September 2018 . As críticas no "último" Iseb ao projeto nacional-desenvolvimentista de Hélio Jaguaribe . live . Revista Iniciativa Econômica - ISSN: 2358-5951 . pt . 4 . 1 . 2358-5951 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220929055830/https://periodicos.fclar.unesp.br/iniciativa/article/view/11550 . 29 September 2022.
  36. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck . As classes sociais no Brasil . 1957 . Ministério da Educação e Cultura, Instituto Superior de Estudos Brasileiros . Textos de história do Brasil . Rio de Janeiro.
  37. Web site: O Tratado de Methuen / Nelson Werneck Sodré. . 29 October 2024 . Library of Congress.
  38. Web site: Introdução à revolução brasileira. . 29 October 2024 . . en.
  39. Web site: Kobayaski . Ricardo . 16 March 2024 . Nelson Werneck Sodré . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240520055220/https://aterraeredonda.com.br/nelson-werneck-sodre/ . 20 May 2024 . 29 October 2024 . A Terra é Redonda . pt-BR.
  40. Web site: Silva . Juliana . A história da literatura brasileira (seus fundamentos econômicos), de nelson Werneck Sodré: Uma obra à sombra de novos e velhos conceitos . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210427181442/https://editora.pucrs.br/edipucrs/acessolivre/Ebooks//Web/x-sihl/media/comunicacao-34.pdf . 27 April 2021 . 27 April 2021 . Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul.
  41. Web site: A ideologia do colonialismo : seus reflexos no pensamento brasileiro . 29 October 2024 . . Textos brazileiros de sociologia . 1961 . en.
  42. Saes . Flávio A. M. de . 1999 . Aspectos da obra de Nelson Werneck Sodré (1911–1999) . live . História Econômica & História de Empresas . pt . 2 . 1 . 10.29182/hehe.v2i1.53 . 2525-8184 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240905225209/https://www.hehe.org.br/index.php/rabphe/article/view/53 . 5 September 2024.
  43. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck . Formação histórica do Brasil . 2002 . Graphia . 978-85-85277-38-3 . pt.
  44. Lourenço . Elaine . 2008 . História Nova do Brasil: revisitando uma obra polêmica . Revista Brasileira de História . pt . 28 . 56 . 385–406 . 10.1590/S0102-01882008000200006 . 0102-0188. free .
  45. Conte . Tiago . 31 December 2018 . A "História Nova do Brasil" enquanto lugar de memória e Livro Didático e Político . História & Ensino . 24 . 2 . 381 . 10.5433/2238-3018.2018v24n2p381 . 2238-3018. free .
  46. Web site: Quem matou Kennedy . 29 October 2024 . Library of Congress.
  47. Web site: November 22, 1963: Death of the President . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20241007211716/https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/november-22-1963-death-of-the-president . 7 October 2024 . 29 October 2024 . . en.
  48. Web site: Cardoso . Lucileide . 2011 . Repressão Política e Cultural a Nelson Werneck Sodré . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210427181442/https://www.snh2011.anpuh.org/resources/anais/14/1312987376_ARQUIVO_ANPUH+2011+Texto+ANAIS+Lucileide2.pdf . 27 April 2021 . 29 October 2024 . Associação Nacional de História (ANPUH).
  49. Web site: Ferreira . Delson . 9 May 2001 . Nacionalismo, Política e Democracia na Obra de Nélson Werneck Sodré . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210430032446/https://repositorio.ufscar.br/bitstream/handle/ufscar/10813/DissDFnp.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y . 30 April 2021 . 29 October 2024 . Federal University of São Carlos.
  50. Web site: Lima . Wesley . 27 April 2020 . Conheça legado e contribuições de Nelson Werneck Sodré para o povo brasileiro . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230602025837/https://mst.org.br/2020/04/27/conheca-legado-e-contribuicoes-de-nelson-werneck-sodre-para-o-povo-brasileiro/ . 2 June 2023 . 29 October 2024 . . pt-BR.
  51. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck . O naturalismo no Brasil . 1992 . Oficina de Livros . 978-85-85170-39-4 . pt-BR.
  52. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck . Ofício de escritor: dialética da literatura . 1965 . Editôra Civilização Brasileira . pt.
  53. Web site: As razões da independência. . 29 October 2024 . Library of Congress. Retratos do Brasil . 1965 .
  54. Web site: 8 May 2018 . Livros censurados pela ditadura militar estão na Biblioteca Central "Cesar Lattes" até 31 de julho . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200808202119/https://unicamp.br/unicamp/noticias/2018/05/08/livros-censurados-pela-ditadura-militar-estao-na-biblioteca-central-cesar/ . 8 August 2020 . 29 October 2024 . . pt-br.
  55. Reimão . Sandra . 2014 . "Proíbo a publicação e circulação..." - censura a livros na ditadura militar . Estudos Avançados . pt . 28 . 80 . 75–90 . 10.1590/S0103-40142014000100008 . 0103-4014. free .
  56. Web site: 15 January 1999 . Nelson Werneck Sodré morre aos 87 anos no interior de SP . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210427181442/https://www.folhadelondrina.com.br/geral/nelson-werneck-sodre-morre-aos-87-anos-no-interior-de-sp-117477.html . 27 April 2021 . 29 October 2024 . Folha de Londrina.
  57. Web site: 14 January 1999 . Brasil Online - Nelson Werneck Sodré morre aos 87 anos em Itu . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20071209101212/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fol/cult/ult140199057.htm . 9 December 2007 . 29 October 2024 . Folha de S. Paulo.
  58. Web site: Amaral . Roberto . 7 October 2020 . Militares de hoje são guarda pretoriana de governo que conspira contra país – Artigo . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524100431/https://www.cartacapital.com.br/artigo/militares-de-hoje-sao-guarda-pretoriana-de-governo-que-conspira-contra-pais/ . 24 May 2024 . 29 October 2024 . . pt-BR.
  59. Web site: Valente . Rubem . 7 July 2021 . Alta escola militar inclui livro de olavista em sua bibliografia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231211030631/https://noticias.uol.com.br/colunas/rubens-valente/2020/07/19/forcas-armadas-escolas-bibliografia.htm . 11 December 2023 . 29 October 2024 . UOL.
  60. Web site: Garotinho . Anthony . 24 July 2017 . Populista ou popular? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210727204059/https://oglobo.globo.com/opiniao/populista-ou-popular-21619740 . 27 July 2021 . 29 October 2024 . . pt-BR.
  61. Web site: Castino . Rafael . 18 September 2017 . Pesquisa mostra como racismo se perpetua nas estruturas do poder . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211022183828/https://jornal.usp.br/ciencias/ciencias-humanas/pesquisa-mostra-como-racismo-se-perpetua-nas-estruturas-do-poder/ . 22 October 2021 . 29 October 2024 . Jornal da USP . pt-BR.
  62. Ribeiro . Ana Paula Goulart . 2015 . Nelson Werneck Sodré e a história da imprensa no Brasil . Intercom: Revista Brasileira de Ciências da Comunicação . pt . 38 . 2 . 275–288 . 10.1590/1809-58442015214 . 1809-5844. free .
  63. Web site: Cardoso . Marília . 8 August 2015 . Ensaio de Nelson Werneck Sodré analisa obras de Graciliano Ramos e José Lins do Rego . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065628/https://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/livros/ensaio-de-nelson-werneck-sodre-analisa-obras-de-graciliano-ramos-jose-lins-do-rego-17116986 . 15 December 2018 . 29 October 2024 . . pt-BR.
  64. Web site: Francisco . Antonio . 8 May 2016 . Nelson Werneck Sodré: escritor, historiador, brasileiro . live . https://archive.today/20241029204118/https://jornalggn.com.br/cultura/nelson-werneck-sodre-escritor-historiador-brasileiro/ . 29 October 2024 . 29 October 2024 . Jornal GGN . pt-BR.
  65. Web site: Godoy . Marcelo . 7 July 2022 . 'Tenentismo era salvacionista e propugnaram a manutenção da ditadura do Getúlio', diz Boris Fausto . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220708005145/https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/tenentismo-era-salvacionista-e-propugnaram-a-manutencao-da-ditadura-do-getulio-diz-boris-fausto/ . 8 July 2022 . 29 October 2024 . . pt-br.
  66. Web site: 13 January 1999 . Morre Nelson Werneck Sodré, militar, escritor, historiador e político brasileiro . live . https://archive.today/20241030022203/https://www.canalhistory.com.br/hoje-na-historia/morre-nelson-werneck-sodre-militar-escritor-historiador-e-politico-brasileiro . 30 October 2024 . 30 October 2024 . . pt-br.
  67. Web site: 19 February 2023 . Primavera Editorial realiza curso sobre vida e obra de Ruth Guimarães . live . https://archive.today/20241030022401/https://www.publishnews.com.br/materias/2024/02/19/primavera-editorial-realiza-curso-sobre-vida-e-obra-de-ruth-guimaraes . 30 October 2024 . 30 October 2024 . PublishNews . pt-br.
  68. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck. História da imprensa no Brasil. 1999. Mauad Editora Ltda. pt. 9788585756888.
  69. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck. Memórias de um soldado. 1967. Civilização Brasileira. pt-BR.
  70. Book: CARVALHO, DARCY. O QUE SE DEVE LER PARA CONHECER O BRASIL, RETRATOS DO BRASIL VOLUME 54, TERCEIRA EDIÇÃO, 412 PÁGINAS, SÃO PAULO, CIVILIZAÇÃO BRASILEIRA, 1967. PRIMEIRA EDIÇÃO PELO INEP, MINISTÉRIO DA EDUCAÇÃO E CULTURA, LIVROS FONTE, BRASIL, 1960. pt.
  71. Web site: Vieira . Carlos . 2018 . Imperialismo e questão nacional em Nelson Werneck Sodré . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210427181443/https://www.eco.unicamp.br/images/arquivos/artigos/3648/TD345.pdf . 27 April 2021 . 27 April 2021 . University of Campinas Institute of Economics.
  72. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck. Fundamentos do materialismo histórico. 1968. Civilização Brasileira. pt-BR.
  73. Web site: Fundamentos do materialismo dialético / Nelson Werneck Sodré. - IHGB - Instituto Histórico Geográfico Brasileiro . 27 April 2021 . . pt-br.
  74. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck. Síntese de história da cultura brasileira. 2003. Bertrand Brasil. 978-85-286-0293-7 . pt.
  75. Cunha . Maria . 10 December 1973 . Resenha de: Síntese de história da cultura brasileira . Revista de História . 47 . 96 . 587 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190410094657/https://www.revistas.usp.br/revhistoria/article/view/132094/128194 . 10 April 2019 . 27 April 2021 . Universidade de São Paulo. 10.11606/issn.2316-9141.rh.1973.132094 . free .
  76. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck. Memórias de um escritor: Formação. 1970. Civilização Brasileira. pt-BR.
  77. Web site: Brasil: Radiografia de um modelo . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210802133510/https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/biblioteca-catalogo.html?id=14610&view=detalhes . 2 August 2021 . 27 April 2021 . Biblioteca do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística.
  78. Web site: Introdução à Geografia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210802132431/https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/biblioteca-catalogo.html?id=246323&view=detalhes . 2 August 2021 . 27 April 2021 . Biblioteca do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística.
  79. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck. A verdade sobre o ISEB. 1978. Avenir Editora. pt.
  80. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck. A coluna Prestes: análise e depoimentos. 1985. José Olympio Editora. pt. 9788503000444.
  81. Web site: Resenha da biografia de Oscar Niemeyer escrita por Nelson Werneck Sodré . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210917192711/https://bdlb.bn.gov.br/acervo/handle/20.500.12156.3/38900 . 17 September 2021 . 27 April 2021 . Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil.
  82. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck. Vida e morte da ditadura: vinte anos de autoritarismo no Brasil. 1984. Vozes. pt-BR.
  83. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck. Contribuição à história do PCB. 1984. Global Editora. pt-BR.
  84. Web site: Cunha . Paulo . A utopia tenentista na construção do pensamento marxista de Nelson Werneck Sodré . 2001 . 27 April 2021 . Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
  85. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck . A intentona comunista de 1935 . 1986 . Mercado Aberto . pt-BR.
  86. Web site: História da História nova / Nélson Werneck Sodré. . 30 October 2024 . Library of Congress. 1986 .
  87. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck. O governo militar secreto. 1987. Editora Bertrand Brasil. 978-85-286-0002-5 . pt-BR.
  88. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck. Literatura e história no Brasil contemporâneo. 1999. Graphia. 978-85-85277-26-0 . pt-BR.
  89. Web site: Memórias de um escritor . 27 April 2021 . Biblioteca Digital Luso-Brasileira.
  90. Cultura Brasileira e autoritarismo em Nelson Werneck Sodré . 7 April 2019 . 27 April 2021 . Sociologias Plurais . 3 . Ramos . Eduardo Russo . 4 . pt . 10.5380/sclplr.v4i3.62825 . 2316-9249. free .
  91. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck. A República: uma revisão histórica. 1989. Editora da Universidade, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. 978-85-7025-185-5 . pt-BR.
  92. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck. A marcha para o nazismo. 1989. Bertrand Brasil. 978-85-286-0081-0 . pt.
  93. Web site: O populismo : a confusão conceitual / Nelson Werneck Sodré ; introdução de Eduardo Chuahy. . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20210801232557/https://ihgb.org.br/pesquisa/biblioteca/item/4359-o-populismo-a-confus%C3%A3o-conceitual-nelson-werneck-sodr%C3%A9-introdu%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-eduardo-chuahy.html . 1 August 2021 . 27 April 2021 . Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro.
  94. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck. Capitalismo e revolução burguesa no Brasil. 1997. Graphia Editorial. 978-85-85277-18-5 . pt.
  95. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck. O fascismo cotidiano. 1990. Oficina de Livros. 978-85-85170-28-8 . pt-BR.
  96. Web site: Desenvolvimento brasileiro e luta pela cultura nacional / Nelson Werneck Sodré ; Olga Sodré, organizado . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210802132137/https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/biblioteca-catalogo.html?id=249192&view=detalhes . 2 August 2021 . 27 April 2021 . Biblioteca do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística.
  97. Web site: A Ofensiva Reacionária . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210427182950/https://ihgb.org.br/pesquisa/biblioteca/item/12732-a-ofensiva-reacion%C3%A1ria-nelson-werneck-sodr%C3%A9.html . 27 April 2021 . 27 April 2021 . Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro.
  98. Book: Sodré, Nelson Werneck. A fúria de Calibã: memórias do golpe de 64. 1994. Bertrand Brasil. 978-85-286-0324-8 . pt-BR.
  99. Web site: 29 October 2018 . Lista de Livros: A Farsa do Neoliberalismo (Parte I), de Nelson Werneck Sodré . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210429183903/https://jornalggn.com.br/nao-ficcao/lista-de-livros-a-farsa-do-neoliberalismo-parte-i-nelson-werneck-sodre/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=efa9fcd500861e1a900e4c6280f3363dd5155b75-1619546863-0-Afjb5IQD-40_RQVRX2WyoS0ZocjzusNtQK7HevkE1sPfEnbwbCDzkz1PZKtz0HvrR6kp7S_LqORlZLUUoCjTNeHd49f-M7Sdg55M5ZLWwC5sg11MZn-4AMfLaGRoUjeWIZbPvd727SQykAWnADoMN1jsKdbuENpvNSr3it9kZWAE4mx5h47wVY84tPVvKDC4T5SkTrqq7fBODhnc6VDJ8exQ6sTzNr5Yeai7hF_RoFTN3BsqZbPdzkwsTfGxqFsY52bnWtHEpaAy7nDi6N-hbaPQdbMwTZBV4Mkl32dvVGUlbVemsrLh-qka4CATUxviqUeYFGk3ieyh5f1Nh2OTffPumKTX9NDuo3_VepjD3hecssFTYJGjg8tDMWrWtPicQ-GXrCiOnsthnhHluXEQnveDGzwctBg94z3OZ5FvFHDj1Otknsp0MjByfdD_UbJ392CbcMv9uOxntiB8uHjNFZ1ezLtO52h2xpi5ldGGSGU9XkvANUufiAc89japgLXV0A . 29 April 2021 . 27 April 2021.
  100. Web site: A farsa do neoliberalismo / Nelson Werneck Sodré ; prefácio : Luís Fernando Veríssimo. . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210802003540/https://ihgb.org.br/pesquisa/biblioteca/item/7038-a-farsa-do-neoliberalismo-nelson-werneck-sodr%C3%A9-pref%C3%A1cio-lu%C3%ADs-fernando-ver%C3%ADssimo.html . 2 August 2021 . 27 April 2021 . Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Nelson Werneck Sodré".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2025, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.