| Naro | |
| Also Known As: | Nharo |
| States: | Botswana, Namibia |
| Ethnicity: | Ncoakhoe |
| Speakers: | roughly 10,000 (2011)[1] 8,000 in Botswana |
| Date: | 2014 |
| Ref: | e18 |
| Speakers2: | and 1,000 in Namibia (2011) about as many L2 speakers in Botswana |
| Familycolor: | Khoisan |
| Fam1: | Khoe–Kwadi |
| Fam2: | Khoe |
| Fam3: | Kalahari (Tshu–Khwe) |
| Fam4: | West |
| Iso3: | nhr |
| Glotto: | naro1249 |
| Glottorefname: | Naro |
| Notice: | IPA |
Naro, also Nharo, is a Khoe language spoken in Ghanzi District of Botswana and in eastern Namibia. It is one of the most-spoken of the Tshu–Khwe languages. Naro is a trade language among speakers of different Khoe languages in Ghanzi District. There exists a dictionary.
Naro has the following consonant inventory (in the IPA) as described by Miller (2011), whereas the orthographic symbols were proposed by Visser (2001):[2]
| Labial | Dental click | Alveolar | Lateral click | Palatal click | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stop | affricate | click | ||||||||
| pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||
| pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||
| pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||
| pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||
| Glottalized | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||
| Fricated | pronounced as /ǀkχ/ | pronounced as /tχ/ | pronounced as /tsχ/ | pronounced as /ǃkχ/ | pronounced as /ǁkχ/ | pronounced as /ǂkχ/ | (pronounced as /kχ/) | |||
| Fricated ejective | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||
| Fricative | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||
| Flap | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||||||
The phonemes pronounced as //kχ// and pronounced as //kχʼ// (spelt ⟨kg⟩ and ⟨kgʼ⟩) only contrast for some speakers: kgʼám ‘mouth’ vs. kgʼáù ‘male’. The flap /ɾ/ only occurs word-medially except in loan words. The lateral /l/ is only found in loans, and is generally substituted by pronounced as //ɾ// medially, and by pronounced as //n// initially. Medial pronounced as /[j]/ and pronounced as /[w]/ may be pronounced as //i// and pronounced as //u//; they occur initially only in wèé ‘all, both’ and in yèè (an interjection).
Naro has five vowel qualities, /a e i o u/, which may occur long (/aː eː iː oː uː/ spelt ⟨aa ee ii oo uu⟩), nasalized (/ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ/), pharyngealized (/aˤ eˤ iˤ oˤ uˤ/, spelt ⟨a e i o u⟩, and combinations of these (/ãˤ ẽː/ ⟨ã ẽe⟩ etc.). There are three tones: high, mid, and low
Syllables are in general simple in Naro, with the maximal shape CV(V)C, where VV is a long vowel or diphthong. The only consonant that occurs in coda position is pronounced as //m//, as in pronounced as //ᵏǁám̀// xám̀ ‘to smell’. However, long nasal vowels such as pronounced as //ãː// may occur with an excrescent pronounced as /[ŋ]/ as in pronounced as /[ãŋ]/. Syllabic pronounced as //m n// also occur, as in pronounced as //n̩.nā// nna. Nasals such as pronounced as //m// can also form syllable nuclei, as in pronounced as //hḿḿ//.
Naro orthography uses the Latin alphabet, and is partially based on the systems for Zulu and Xhosa, especially as far as clicks are represented. Digraphs are used for clicks, and to represent affricates. Vowel length is represented by doubling of the vowel, whereas the orthography utilizes the tilde to represent nasality (⟨ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ⟩), and underline to represent pharyngealization. Tones are written with diacritics both on vowels and nasal consonants, with the exception of the mid tone, which is not represented (e.g. ⟨á a à ḿ m̀ ń ǹ⟩).
Below is an overview of Naro clicks in both orthography and IPA (Visser 2001). The dental click is represented by c. alveolar click by q, palatal click by tc, and lateral click by x. All examples are from Visser (2001).
| Orthography | IPA | Example | Orthography | IPA | Example | Orthography | IPA | Example | Orthography | IPA | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c | ǀ | cõose 'owl' | q | ǃ | qaò 'rise (sun, moon)' | tc | ǂ | tcúú 'head' | x | ǁ | xòa 'cave' | |
| cg | ǀχ | cgàa 'flesh' | qg | ǃχ | qgóé 'to run' | tcg | ǂχ | tcgáí 'eye' | xg | ǁχ | xgóà 'angry' | |
| cg' | ǀχʼ | cg’õè 'name' | qg' | ǃχʼ | qg’áó 'neck' | tcg' | ǂχʼ | tcg’áì 'sharp, spicy' | xg | ǁχʼ | xg’ari 'to squeeze' | |
| ch | ǀʰ | cóá child' | qh | ǃʰ | qhàò 'people, tribe, kind' | tch | ǂʰ | tchàà 'wide' | xh | ǁʰ | xhãya 'West, Namibia' | |
| c' | ǀ̃ˀ | c’áò 'blood' | q' | ǃ̃ˀ | q’óà 'afraid' | tc' | ǂ̃ˀ | tc’ubi 'egg' | x | ǁ̃ˀ | x’áà 'light (n.)' | |
| dc | ǀ̬ | dcoàbà 'spider' | dq | ǃ̬ | dqàne 'chin' | dtc | ǂ̬ | dtcìì 'fat (adj.)' | dx | ǁ̬ | dxàí 'cheek' | |
| nc | ⁿǀ̃ | nco̱à 'red' | nq | ǃ̃ | nqàrè 'foot' | ntc | ǂ̃ | ntcùú 'black' | nx | ǁ̃ | nxào 'joke' |
Naro is a dialect cluster.
and possibly ǂHaba.
The Naro Language Project is a project currently being undertaken by the Reformed Church in D'kar that aims to describe and develop an understanding of the Naro language, increase literacy by teaching Naro speakers to read and write their language and translate the Bible into Naro. The project was started in the 1980s. The Naro language project has, as of 2007, translated 70% of the Bible into the Naro language.
Below are Naro numerals, from Visser (2001). Only 'one', 'two', and 'three' are native Naro numerals, while the rest have been borrowed from Nama. Orthography is given first, followed by IPA in brackets.