Royal Canadian Navy Explained

Unit Name:Royal Canadian Navy
Country:Canada
Type:Navy
Role:Naval warfare
Size:68 ships
Personnel:
Regular Force: 8,400 Regular force members
Reserve Force: 4,100 Reserve force members
Civilian members: 3,800 civilian members[1]
Command Structure:Canadian Armed Forces
Garrison:National Defence Headquarters, Ottawa, Ontario
Garrison Label:Headquarters
Motto:la|Parati vero parati|Ready aye ready
March:"Heart of Oak"
Mascot:SONAR (Newfoundland dog)
Battles:
Commander1:Charles III, King of Canada
Commander1 Label:Commander-in-Chief
Commander2:Vice-Admiral Angus Topshee
Commander2 Label:Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy
Commander3:CPO1 Thomas Lizotte
Identification Symbol Label:Naval ensign
Identification Symbol 2 Label:Naval jack
Identification Symbol 4 Label:Pennant
Identification Symbol 3 Label:Bilingual logo

The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN; French: link=no|Marine royale canadienne, MRC) is the naval force of Canada. The navy is one of three environmental commands within the Canadian Armed Forces. As of February 2024, the RCN operates 12 s, 12 s, 4 s, 4 s, 8 s, and several auxiliary vessels. The RCN consists of 8,400 Regular Force and 4,100 Primary Reserve sailors, supported by 3,800 civilians.[2] Vice-Admiral Angus Topshee is the commander of the Royal Canadian Navy and chief of the Naval Staff.[3]

Founded in 1910 as the Naval Service of Canada (French: link=no|Service naval du Canada) and given royal sanction on 29 August 1911, the RCN was amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Air Force and the Canadian Army to form the unified Canadian Armed Forces in 1968, after which it was known as Maritime Command (French: link=no|Commandement maritime) until 2011.

In 2011, its historical title of "Royal Canadian Navy" was restored. The RCN has served in the First and Second World Wars, the Korean War, the Persian Gulf War, Afghanistan, and numerous United Nations peacekeeping missions and NATO operations.

History

1910–1968

See main article: Origins of the Royal Canadian Navy, History of the Royal Canadian Navy and List of ships of the Royal Canadian Navy. Established following the introduction of the Naval Service Act by Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the Naval Service of Canada (NSC) was intended as a distinct naval force for Canada, that, should the need arise, could be placed under British control. The bill received Royal Assent on 4 May 1910. Initially equipped with two former Royal Navy vessels, HMCS Niobe and HMCS Rainbow, King George V granted permission for the service to be known as the Royal Canadian Navy on 29 August 1911.[4]

During the first years of the First World War, the RCN's six-vessel naval force patrolled both the North American west and east coasts to deter the German naval threat, with a seventh ship, HMCS Shearwater, joining the force in 1915. Just before the end of the war in 1918, the Royal Canadian Naval Air Service was established with the purpose of carrying out anti-submarine operations; however, it was disbanded after the armistice of 11 November.[5]

After the war, the RCN took over certain responsibilities of the Department of Transport's Marine Service and slowly started to build its fleet, with the first warships specifically designed for the RCN being commissioned in 1932.[6] At the outbreak of the Second World War, the Navy had 11 combat vessels, 145 officers and 1,674 men.[7] During the Second World War, the RCN expanded significantly, ultimately gaining responsibility for the entire Northwest Atlantic theatre of war. During the Battle of the Atlantic, the RCN sank 31 U-boats and sank or captured 42 enemy surface vessels, while completing 25,343 merchant crossings. The navy suffered the loss of 33 ships and 1,797 sailors.[8] To gain experience with the operation of aircraft carriers, RCN personnel crewed two Royal Navy escort carriers from 1944 to 1946:, and .[9]

Starting in May 1944, when Canada began drafting plans to assume a larger role in the Pacific Theatre after achieving victory in Europe, the Canadian government recognized that the RCN would require much larger vessels. Canadian naval staff advocated for HMS Nabob and HMS Puncher to be given back to the Royal Navy in exchange for two light fleet carriers. The Canadian government agreed to acquire two carriers on loan from the Royal Navy, with an option to purchase them, but they were not ready before the war ended. Postwar budget cuts meant that Canada could only afford to operate one aircraft carrier, instead of two as originally planned. The RCN operated from 1946 to 1948, before exchanging it with the Royal Navy for the slightly larger .

From 1950 to 1955, during and after the Korean War, Canadian destroyers maintained a presence off of the Korean peninsula, engaging in shore bombardments and maritime interdiction. During the Cold War, the Navy developed an anti-submarine capability to counter the growing Soviet naval threat.[10] [11] In November 1956, HMCS Magnificent was chosen to transport men and supplies to Egypt as part of Canada's response to the Suez Crisis.[12] In preparation for use as a transport, the ship's weapons were stripped, and her complement was reduced to 600 personnel.[13] [14] The initial plan was to embark the Queen's Own Rifles of Canada, but that order was rescinded in December. Magnificent waited in Halifax until the end of the month, then sailed for Egypt carrying 406 Canadian troops and their vehicles, four Royal Canadian Air Force de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otters, and a single H04S helicopter.[15] [14] She returned to Canada in March 1957. Later in 1957, the RCN paid off HMCS Magnificent and commissioned, which was better suited for jet aircraft. She flew the McDonnell F2H Banshee fighter jet until 1962, as well as various other anti-submarine aircraft until her decommissioning. In the 1960s, the RCN retired most of its Second World War vessels, and further developed its anti-submarine warfare capabilities by acquiring the Sikorsky CH-124 Sea King, and successfully pioneered the use of large maritime helicopters on small surface vessels.

1968–present

From 1964 through 1968, under Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson, the RCN, Royal Canadian Air Force and Canadian Army were amalgamated to form the Canadian Forces. This process was overseen by then–defence minister Paul Hellyer. The controversial merger resulted in the abolition of the RCN as a separate legal entity. All personnel, ships, and aircraft became part of Maritime Command (MARCOM), an element of the Canadian Armed Forces. The traditional naval uniform was eliminated and all naval personnel were required to wear the new Canadian Armed Forces rifle green uniform, adopted also by former Royal Canadian Air Force and Canadian Army personnel.[16] Ship-borne aircraft continued to be under the command of MARCOM, while shore-based patrol aircraft of the former Royal Canadian Air Force were transferred to MARCOM. In 1975 Air Command was formed and all maritime aircraft were transferred to Air Command's Maritime Air Group.[17] The unification of the Canadian Forces in 1968 was the first time that a nation with a modern military combined its formerly separate naval, land and air elements into a single service.[16] HMCS Bonaventure was sold off in 1970, shortly after completing a 16-month, $11 million mid-life refit. The 1970s saw the addition of four s, which were later updated to air defence destroyers, and in the late 1980s and 1990s the construction of twelve s and the purchase of the s. In 1990, Canada deployed three warships to support Operation Friction. Later in the decade, ships were deployed to patrol the Adriatic Sea during the Yugoslav Wars and the Kosovo War. More recently, Maritime Command provided vessels to serve as a part of Operation Apollo and to combat piracy off the coast of Somalia.[18]

Following the Official Languages Act enshrinement in 1969, MARCOM instituted the French Language Unit, which constituted a francophone unit with the navy. The first was . In the 1980s and 1990s, women were also accepted into the fleet, with the submarine service the last to allow them, beginning in 2001.[19]

Some of the changes that had taken place during the unification of the forces began to be undone. In 1985, MARCOM received new black uniforms, differentiating them from the land-based forces.[17] By 1990, the three senior naval officers of MARCOM had recreated the Naval Board.[19] On 16 August 2011, the government restored the historic names of the Canadian Forces' three environmental commands: Maritime Command became the "Royal Canadian Navy", Air Command the "Royal Canadian Air Force," and Land Force Command the "Canadian Army."[20]

As of August 2015, with the loss of area air defence and (temporarily) resupply capabilities, the RCN was then classified as a Rank 5 navy (offshore regional coastal defence) on the Todd-Lindberg navy classification system of naval strength, dropping from Rank 3 (multiregional power projection) in 2005.[21]

Structure

The RCN is headquartered at National Defence Headquarters (NDHQ) in Ottawa, Ontario. Since 1968, the RCN has been an environmental command of the Canadian Armed Forces and since 2012 it has been charged with maintaining and generating forces for the Canadian Joint Operations Command.

Maritime Forces Atlantic

See main article: Maritime Forces Atlantic. The RCN's Atlantic Fleet, known as Canadian Fleet Atlantic is co-located with Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT), with headquarters at CFB Halifax in Halifax, Nova Scotia. It is supported by CFS St. John's in Newfoundland. Attached to MARLANT and CFB Halifax is the Royal Canadian Air Force's 12 Wing Shearwater, based at Shearwater Heliport, which provides shipborne air support for the Atlantic Fleet. The RCAF's 14 Wing Greenwood provides fixed-wing air support for MARLANT through 404 Maritime Patrol and Training Squadron and 405 Maritime Patrol Squadron. Other Atlantic Fleet facilities are CFAD Bedford, an ammunition depot, and two radio stations, Naval Radio Section (NRS) Newport Corner and NRS Mill Cove.

The Atlantic Fleet, with 18 warships and a number of auxiliary vessels, is responsible for Canada's exclusive economic zone on the East Coast, as well as Canada's area of responsibility in the Atlantic Ocean and the eastern Arctic Ocean.

Maritime Forces Pacific

See main article: Maritime Forces Pacific. The RCN's Pacific Fleet, known as Canadian Fleet Pacific is co-located with Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC), with headquarters at CFB Esquimalt in British Columbia, in the Greater Victoria region. MARPAC consists of over 4,000 naval personnel and 2,000 civilian personnel.

Comprising 15 warships and several auxiliary vessels homeported in Esquimalt, the Pacific Fleet is responsible for Canada's exclusive economic zone on the West Coast and Canada's area of responsibility in the Pacific Ocean and the western Arctic Ocean. Fleet Maintenance Facility Cape Breton provides repair and maintenance services to the Pacific Fleet. The Royal Canadian Air Force's 443 Maritime Helicopter Squadron, based at Patricia Bay Heliport but under the control of 12 Wing Shearwater, provides shipborne helicopter support for the Pacific Fleet, while 19 Wing Comox provides fixed-wing maritime air support for MARPAC through 407 Long Range Patrol Squadron. Other Pacific Fleet facilities are CFAD Rocky Point, an ammunition depot, and Naval Radio Section Aldergrove.

Canadian Forces Naval Reserve

See main article: Canadian Forces Naval Reserve. The Canadian Forces Naval Reserve is the Primary Reserve component of the RCN. The primary mission of the NAVRES is to force generate sailors and teams for CAF operations, including: domestic safety operations as well as security and defence missions, while at the same time supporting the Navy's efforts in connecting with Canadians through the maintenance of a broad national presence.[22]

Fleet

See main article: Fleet of the Royal Canadian Navy.

Warships

The RCN operates twelve frigates, four patrol submarines, four Arctic and offshore patrol ships, twelve coastal-defence vessels and eight unarmed patrol/training vessels.[23] The surface ships, which carry the designation His Majesty's Canadian Ship (HMCS), consist of twelve multi-role patrol frigates, twelve coastal defence vessels and four offshore patrol vessels of the . In addition to the surface vessels, the RCN operates four Victoria-class submarines that were acquired from the Royal Navy in 1998. These warships carry the designation His Majesty's Canadian Submarine. The RCN also maintains and operates, a historic sailing ship launched in 1921 which was commissioned in 1952 as a sail-training ship. Thus, Oriole is the oldest commissioned ship in the RCN. The RCN's ceremonial flagship is, a which served from 1943 until 1963.[24]

On 19 September 2014, the RCN announced the decommissioning of its two Protecteur-class resupply ships, along with two Iroquois-class destroyers. The Naval Tactical Operations Group (NTOG; French: Groupe des opérations tactiques maritimes, GOTM), established in 2015, has units based on warships to provide enhanced naval boarding capability.[25] [26]

Auxiliary vessels

The RCN operates auxiliary vessels to support the Canadian Forces. These vessels are not warships and do not carry the HMCS designation. Among the auxiliary ships operated by the navy are eight patrol class training tenders, and five harbour tugs.[27] is an interim replenishing vessel serving in the RCN with a mixed naval and civilian crew since January 2018 replacing contracted replenishment oilers until replacements can be commissioned. The Naval Large Tugboat project is intended to secure four new tugs to replace the Glen class and Firebrand with vessels with combined tug and firefighting capabilities, and is being conducted with shipbuilder Ocean Industries Inc, with project completion expected in 2024.[28]

Aircraft

See main article: List of aircraft of the Royal Canadian Navy. Since 1975, all aircraft supporting the RCN are operated by the Royal Canadian Air Force through 1 Canadian Air Division, though this will change upon delivery of an Unmanned Aircraft System expected in 2024 or 2025.[29] [30] CP-140 Aurora and CP-140A Arcturus anti-submarine, ship surveillance and maritime patrol aircraft have been operated by squadrons under 14 Wing at CFB Greenwood and 19 Wing at CFB Comox. The CH-148 Cyclone entered operational service with the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) in 2018 and conducts anti-submarine warfare (ASW), surveillance, and search and rescue missions from Royal Canadian Navy frigates. In addition, 18 CP-140 Aurora fixed-wing aircraft for land-based anti-submarine warfare and area surveillance (of which 14 are being modernized and retained for active operations), for land-based maritime surveillance. The RCN has some ships assigned with a UAV:

Future procurement

The following major projects have been announced by the Government of Canada to modernize the Royal Canadian Navy:

Personnel

See also: Canadian Forces ranks and insignia.

Commissioned officers

Commissioned officers of the Canadian Armed Forces have ranks ranging from the NATO standard ranks of OF-1 to OF-9. The only OF-9 position in the Canadian Forces is the Chief of the Defence Staff, who can be from any of the service elements. The highest position occupied in the current RCN structure is OF-8, a vice-admiral who is the Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy and Chief of the Naval Staff. OF-6 (commodore) to OF-9 (admiral) are referred to as flag officers, OF-3 (lieutenant-commander) to OF-5 (captain (N)) are referred to as senior officers, while OF-2 (lieutenant (N)) and OF-1 (sub-lieutenant) are referred to as junior officers. Naval cadets are referred to as subordinate officers. All except subordinate officers of the Canadian Forces receive a commission from the King of Canada as Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces. The commissioning scroll issued in recognition of the commission is signed by the Governor General of Canada as the King of Canada's representative and countersigned by the serving Minister of National Defence. Subordinate officers are promoted to acting sub-lieutenant upon receiving their commissions.

Naval officers are trained at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario, the Royal Military College Saint-Jean in Saint-Jean, Quebec, Naval Officer Training Centre (NOTC) Venture and Naval Fleet School (Pacific) in Esquimalt, British Columbia, and Naval Fleet School (Atlantic) in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Some specialized candidates may be commissioned without attending the Royal Military College; the plan is known as Direct-Entry Officer (DEO) Plan. Senior NCOs may also be offered commissions on the basis that their training and experience give them a comparable basis of knowledge; this is referred to as the Commission-from-the-Ranks (CFR) Plan. NCOs who are offered such promotions are typically petty officer 1st class or higher, with 20 or more years of service.

The RCN rank structure is shown below. Commander-in-Chief

Officers

Non-commissioned members

Non-commissioned members of the RCN have pay grades ranging from OR-1 to OR-9. OR-9 (chief petty officer 1st class), OR-8 (chief petty officers 2nd class) and OR-7 (petty officer 1st class) are known as petty officers, and OR-6 (petty officer 2nd class, referred to as senior non-commissioned officer) form the senior cadre of the non-commissioned members of the military. OR-5 (master sailor) and OR-4 (sailor first class) are referred to as junior non-commissioned officers, while OR-3 (sailor second class) and OR-2 (sailor third class) are referred to as junior ranks.

All Regular Force non-commissioned members of the Canadian Forces undergo basic training at the Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu. Recruits then attend occupation-specific training at various locations across Canada.

In August 2020, the term "seaman" was replaced with the gender-neutral term "sailor".[50] [51] [52]

Traditions

Colours

The RCN was granted the right to use the King's Colour in 1925 by King George V. The Queen's or King's Colour (also referred to as the sovereign's colour) for the Navy has been consecrated and presented four times: in 1939 by King George VI in Esquimalt, in 1959 by Queen Elizabeth II in Halifax, in 1979 by Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother in Halifax and in 2009 by the Governor General and Commander-in-Chief Michaëlle Jean in Halifax.[53] The colour used by the RCN between 1927 and 1936 was never actually presented but went straight into service in both the Atlantic and Pacific commands.[54] Two identical colours were presented, one for the Atlantic fleet and one for the Pacific fleet, in 1926, 1939 and 1959, but only one colour was presented in 1979 and 2009. This colour is maintained in RCN Headquarters in Ottawa and dispatched to ceremonies whenever it is needed. The current colours consist of a ceremonial standard with the Maple Leaf flag in the top left canton, Elizabeth II's personal Commonwealth cypher (a capital E on a blue background, surrounded by a circlet of gold roses and laurels, surmounted by a crown) and an anchor and naval crown (from the Canadian Naval Ensign) on the lower right fly. These elements are found in the 1979 and 2009 colours. The colours from 1926, 1939 and 1959 consist of a White Ensign with the Queen's or King's cypher, surrounded by the Garter and ensigned with the Crown, in the middle. With the Queen's death there will eventually a new Colour when a subsequent monarch chooses to bestow one, but there is no regulation that causes the monarch's Colour to automatically change upon their death.[55]

The RCN's retired colours are laid up at Beechwood Cemetery in Ottawa.

Badge

The first badge of the Royal Canadian Navy was approved on 31 March 1944. The original design included nine maple leaves, representing the then nine provinces of Canada, and a Tudor Crown. After Newfoundland joined Canada in 1949, an updated design was approved on 17 July 1952, which had ten maple leaves. On 26 March 1956, St. Edward's Crown replaced the Tudor Crown.[56] This badge remained in use until the unification of the Canadian Armed Forces on 1 February 1968.

When the Royal Canadian Navy became the Canadian Forces Maritime Command in 1968, the branch received a new badge. This badge included a flying eagle along with the anchor, representing the air arm of the navy. It also included a motto, 'Ready Aye Ready'.[57] Following the reinstatement of the Royal Canadian Navy name in 2011, a new badge was approved in 2016.

The current badge of the Royal Canadian Navy consists of:[58]

Heritage

The history of RCN is preserved and presented at the Maritime Command Museum in Halifax, the Canadian War Museum, the Naval Museum of Alberta, the Naval Museum of Manitoba, the naval museums at Naval Reserve Headquarters in Quebec City and at CFB Esquimalt as well as the Maritime Museum of British Columbia. Several RCN ships and submarines have been preserved including the destroyer, the hydrofoil HMCS Bras d'Or and the submarines and . The corvette HMCS Sackville is Canada's Naval Memorial. The Royal Canadian Navy Monument is on the banks of the Ottawa River in Ottawa. A monument at Point Pleasant Park in Halifax commemorates members of RCN who have died in peacetime and there are valour memorials in Halifax, Quebec City and Esquimalt.

Memorials

See also

Notes

Further reading

See main article: Bibliography of Canadian military history.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 28 November 2022 . Royal Canadian Navy . 29 March 2023 . www.canada.ca.
  2. Web site: 28 November 2022 . Royal Canadian Navy . 29 March 2023 . www.canada.ca.
  3. Web site: 12 January 2021. Commander of the RCN. 22 January 2021. Royal Canadian Navy. Government of Canada. 23 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210123233904/https://navy-marine.forces.gc.ca/en/about/leadership-commander.page. dead.
  4. Tucker, Gibert Norman. The Naval Service of Canada: Volume I: Origins and Early Years. Ottawa: King's Printer, 1952, p. 137.
  5. Kealey, J.D.F. and E.C. Russell. A History of Canadian Naval Aviation, 1918–1962. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1967, pp. 1–10. Retrieved: 6 May 2010.
  6. Milner, Marc. "Walter Hose To The Rescue: Navy, Part 13." Legion Magazine, 1 January 2006. Retrieved: 2 May 2010.
  7. Schull, Joseph. Far Distant Ships: An Official Account of Canadian Naval Operations in World War II. Ottawa: King's Printer, 1952 – reprinted by Stoddart Publishing, Toronto, 1987, p. 1. .
  8. Schull, Joseph, pp. 430–431
  9. Web site: Canada's Aircraft Carriers – Naval Museum of Manitoba. 24 September 2020. en-US.
  10. Thorgrimsson, Thor and E.C. Russell. Canadian Naval Operations in Korean Waters, 1950–1955. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1965. Retrieved: 9 May 2010.
  11. Milner. Marc. Canada's Navy: The First Century. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999, pp. 207–209. .
  12. Book: Carroll, Michael K.. Pearson's Peacekeepers : Canada and the United Nations Emergency Force, 1956–67. 2014. UBC Press. 978-0-7748-1583-3. 951203796 . 122–123.
  13. Book: Tracy, Nicholas. A two-edged sword the Navy as an instrument of Canadian foreign policy. 2012. McGill-Queen's University Press. 978-0-7735-8781-6. 1162525031 . 127.
  14. Book: Hobbs, David. British aircraft carriers : design, development & service histories. 2014. Pen & Sword Books. 978-1-4738-5351-5. 1140382509 . 205–206.
  15. Book: Macpherson . Ken. The ships of Canada's naval forces, 1910–2002. 2002. Vanwell Pub. Barrie . Ron . 1-55125-072-1. 3rd. St. Catharines, Ont.. 49204008 . 237.
  16. Book: Milner, Marc . 2010 . Canada's Navy: The First Century . 2nd . University of Toronto Press . Toronto . 978-0-8020-9604-3 . 241, 243, 249–250, 261.
  17. Book: German, Tony . 1990 . The Sea is at Our Gates: The History of the Canadian Navy . McClelland & Stewart Incorporated . Toronto . 0-7710-3269-2 . 303, 308–309 .
  18. Book: Milner, Marc . 2010 . Canada's Navy: The First Century . 2nd . University of Toronto Press . Toronto . 978-0-8020-9604-3 . 266, 287, 296–298, 307, 310, 315.
  19. Book: Milner, Marc . 2010 . Canada's Navy: The First Century . 2nd . University of Toronto Press . Toronto . 978-0-8020-9604-3 . 268–269, 308–309.
  20. News: Navy, air force to get back old 'royal' names . Woods . Allan . Toronto Star . 15 August 2011 . 6 May 2018.
  21. Web site: Gilmore. Scott. The Sinking of the Canadian Navy. Maclean's. 16 August 2015.
  22. Web site: NAVRES Vision / Mission Naval Reserve Royal Canadian Navy. Government of Canada. National Defence. 16 July 2013. www.navy-marine.forces.gc.ca. 11 November 2019.
  23. Web site: Government of Canada . 3 May 2021. Royal Canadian Navy fleet and specialized units. 26 June 2021 .
  24. Web site: 8 January 2018. HMCS Haida. 26 June 2021. Government of Canada .
  25. Web site: Maritime Tactical Operations Group Information Briefing. Naval Association of Canada. Royal Canadian Navy. 24 March 2017. March 2016.
  26. Web site: Prêts pour la tempête . Ready for the storm . fr. Royal Canadian Navy. 24 March 2017. 18 July 2016 .
  27. Web site: 4 October 2022 . Training and auxiliary . Government of Canada . 5 June 2024.
  28. Web site: 7 May 2019 . Naval large tugs . Government of Canada . 5 June 2024.
  29. Web site: Government of Canada . National Defence . 30 May 2018 . Royal Canadian Navy Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance Unmanned Aircraft System - Defence Capabilities Blueprint . 5 June 2024 . apps.forces.gc.ca.
  30. Web site: 15 February 2021 . Royal Canadian Naval Air Branch (1945 – 1968) - Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame . 5 June 2024 . en-CA.
  31. Web site: Canada Begins Joint Support Ships Procurement for the Canadian Forces. National Defence and the Canadian Forces. 14 July 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20110831043920/http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/news-nouvelles/news-nouvelles-eng.asp?cat=03. 31 August 2011. 17 August 2011. live.
  32. Web site: Canada Taps German Design for Navy's Support Ships . https://archive.today/20130615051806/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130611/DEFREG02/306110021 . dead . 15 June 2013 . DefenseNews . 11 June 2013 . 26 September 2014.
  33. Web site: 13 March 2013. Joint support ship . Government of Canada. 25 September 2020 .
  34. Web site: Names chosen for the Royal Canadian Navy's new Joint Support Ships . Royal Canadian Navy . Government of Canada . 25 October 2013 . 26 September 2014.
  35. Web site: Names chosen for the Royal Canadian Navy's new Joint Support Ships . navyrecognition.com . 30 November 2013 . 26 September 2014.
  36. News: War of 1812 names for Joint Support Ships are history – Protecteur and Preserver are the new names . Pugliese . David . Ottawa Citizen . 12 September 2017 . 12 September 2017.
  37. Web site: Arctic/Offshore Patrol Ships. National Defence and the Canadian Forces. 5 August 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111111012309/http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/pri/2/pro-pro/artic-eng.asp. 11 November 2011. 17 August 2011. live.
  38. Web site: PM announces the name of the first of the Royal Canadian Navy's Arctic/Offshore Patrol Ships . Prime Minister of Canada . 18 September 2014 . 22 September 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140922072946/http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2014/09/18/pm-announces-name-first-royal-canadian-navys-arcticoffshore-patrol-ships . 22 September 2014 . dead.
  39. Web site: HMCS Harry DeWolf welcomed into Royal Canadian Navy fleet . Cooke . Alex . Global News . 26 June 2021 . 28 August 2021 .
  40. Web site: Sevunts. Leon. 31 July 2020. Canadian navy receives its first new Arctic and offshore patrol ship. 25 September 2020. Radio Canada International.
  41. News: Lockheed Martin selected as preferred designer for Canada's next generation of warships . 19 October 2018. CBC News . Brewster . Murray .
  42. Web site: Staff . Naval News . 2024-06-28 . Canada Starts Construction on CSC / River-class Destroyers . 2024-06-29 . Naval News . en-US.
  43. Web site: Ceremony in Halifax marks 1st navy vessel named for Black Canadian . CBC News . Withers . Paul . 17 February 2021 . 13 October 2021.
  44. Web site: Irving to build two more Arctic patrol ships in Halifax . Chronicle Herald . Gunn . Andrea . 22 May 2019 . 28 August 2021.
  45. Web site: Canadian CH-148 Cyclone helicopter crashes in Ionian Sea. 25 September 2020. Skies Magazine.
  46. Web site: CH-148 Cyclone procurement project . 13 March 2013 . Government of Canada . 28 August 2021.
  47. Web site: Canadian Armed Forces Select UMS SKELDAR V-200 UAS . unmannedsystemstechnology.com . 8 May 2019 . 23 February 2020.
  48. Web site: Kraken Wins Royal Canadian Navy Contract For Minehunting Program . Naval News . 7 December 2022 . 8 December 2022.
  49. Web site: National Defence . July 7, 2024 . Canada launching process to acquire up to 12 conventionally-powered submarines . July 7, 2024 . Government of Canada.
  50. Web site: Royal Canadian Navy to replace term 'seaman' with gender-neutral 'sailor' . Coyne . Todd . CTV News . 27 August 2020 . 28 August 2020.
  51. Web site: From 'seaman' to 'sailor': the Royal Canadian Navy adopts gender-neutral titles . Kamloops This Week . The Canadian Press . 27 August 2020 . 28 August 2020 . 27 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201027084857/https://www.kamloopsthisweek.com/from-seaman-to-sailor-the-royal-canadian-navy-adopts-gender-neutral-titles-1.24193502 . dead .
  52. Web site: From 'seaman' to 'sailor': Royal Canadian Navy adopts gender-neutral titles . CBC News . 27 August 2020 . 28 August 2020.
  53. Web site: Queen's Colours (Canada) . Flagspot. 4 March 2011.
  54. Book: Arbuckle, J. Graeme. Customs and traditions of the Canadian Navy. 1984. Nimbus. 0920852386. Halifax, Nova Scotia. 75. 12692734.
  55. Web site: Defence . National . 12 October 2018 . Heritage Structure Chapter 5 – Colours . 5 June 2024 . www.canada.ca.
  56. Arbuckle, J. Graeme. Badges of the Canadian Navy. Halifax: Nimbus Publishing, 1987, p. 1.
  57. Arbuckle, p. 191.
  58. Web site: Approval of a Badge . Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada . Official website of the Governor General . 8 November 2021.
  59. Web site: Royal Canadian Naval Association Naval Memorial . 5 March 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130322055728/http://www.burloaknavalveterans.com/services . 22 March 2013 . dead .
  60. Web site: Public Art Inventory. 25 May 2010.