National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa explained

See also: COVID-19 timeline by country in Africa.

Africa's first confirmed case of COVID-19 was announced in Egypt on 14 February 2020.[1] [2] Many preventive measures have been implemented in different countries in Africa, including travel restrictions, flight cancellations, event cancellations,[3] school closures, and border closures.[4] Other measures to contain and limit the spread of the virus has included curfews, lockdowns, and enforcing the wearing of face masks.The virus has spread throughout the continent. Lesotho, the last African sovereign state to have remained free of the virus, reported a case on 13 May 2020.[5] [6]

Timeline of responses

April

1 April

Eritrea announced a three-week lockdown, commencing 2 April to combat the spread of COVID-19.[7] Sierra Leone declared that a three-day lockdown would come into effect on Saturday (4 April).

14 April

The Ghana Education Service and Zoomlion Ghana Limited joined forces to launch an initiative to fumigate all Senior High, special and technical schools in the country to curb the spread of the pandemic.[8] President of Guinea Alpha Condé makes it compulsory for all citizens and residents to wear face masks, coming into effect on 18 April. Offenders face a civil disobedience tax of 30,000 Guinean francs (US$3.16, €2.8). Condéalso called upon all companies, ministries and NGOs to provide masks to their employees by Saturday and called for masks to be manufactured locally and sold cheaply.[9]

May

1 May

South Africa has begun to loosen its lockdown restrictions, allowing some businesses and factories to resume operations. Restaurants will be allowed to provide takeaway services. Recreational activities such as walking, cycling, and running will be allowed for three hours a day. The South African Government has maintained a ban on the sales of cigarettes and alcohol.[10] President of Zimbabwe Emmerson Mnangagwa has extended Zimbabwe's lockdown for two more weeks and announced a US$720 million stimulus for affected companies.

4 May

The International Monetary Fund has disbursed Cameroon US$226 million to meet urgent balance of payment needs caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[11]

The Nigerian Government has announced that a 24-hour "stay at home" order that had been imposed since 30 March in the capital Abuja and the states of Lagos and Ogun will be lifted over a six-week period. This has include allowing businesses and transportation to resume with people wearing face masks.

In South Africa, Dondo Mogajane, the Director-General of the National Treasury, has warned that South African economy could contract by 12% and that one-third of the workforce could be affected by the coronavirus as a result of the economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Zimbabwean Finance and Economic Development Minister Mthuli Ncube has appealed for the International Monetary Fund to clear its debt arrears in order to access foreign funding for COVID-19 relief efforts.

June

11 June

According to the Africa Chief of the World Health Organization, the coronavirus pandemic is "accelerating" in the continent, with community transmission reported in more than half of all African countries. Data indicates that it took 18 days for Africa to record 200,000 cases compared to the 98 days it took for the continent to record 100,000 cases.[12]

Rwanda will receive a further $110 million in economic loans from the International Monetary Fund to assist the country in fighting the coronavirus pandemic. The IMF has now provided Rwanda with over $220 million during the crisis.[13]

July

2 July

The African Union revealed that the African continent has lost $55 billion in travel and tourism revenue during the coronavirus pandemic. The Union's Infrastructure and Energy Committee warned that some African airlines may not survive the economic consequences of the pandemic.[14]

The coronavirus lockdown imposed in Nigeria's Kano State was lifted.[15]

August

3 August

In The Gambia, Finance Minister Mambury Njie, Energy Minister Fafa Sanyang, and Agriculture Minister Amie Fabureh all tested positive for COVID-19, and will subsequently self-isolate and work from home, taking the total number of cabinet ministers infected with the virus to five.[16]

4 August

The mayor of Kanifing District in The Gambia, Talib Bensouda, tested positive for COVID-19 and was admitted to hospital for treatment, becoming the sixth senior politician in the country to test positive.[17] Nigerian private airline Air Peace announced that salaries have been cut and that around 70 pilots have been made redundant due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation.

Vice-President of Zimbabwe Constantino Chiwenga was announced as the country's new Health Minister, following the dismissal of previous minister Obadiah Moyo over several corruption allegations relating to the government's handling of the coronavirus pandemic.[18]

North Africa

Egypt

See main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt.

Travel restrictions

The minister of aviation closed the airports and suspended all air travel, effective 19 March.[19] The decision to suspend flights in Egypt came into effect from 19 March until 31 March.[20]

Timeline of Testing

As of 25 March, the ministry of health announced that 25,000 PCR tests have been done.[21]

As of 17 April, 55,000 PCR tests have been done [22]

As of 23 April, 90,000 PCR tests have been done [23]

As of 9 May 105,000 PCR tests have been done [24]

Egypt now has more than 40 PCR testing equipment dispersed all over the country [25]

Censorship

Foreign media outlets have reported that certain individuals have been arrested for allegedly spreading false information about the coronavirus pandemic.[26] [27]

Morocco

See main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco.

Flight bans

On 13 March 2020 the Government of Morocco announced they were suspending all passenger flights and ferry crossings to and from Algeria, Spain and France until future notice.[28] On 14 March 2020, the Government announced it was suspending flights with an additional 25 countries. By that date, flights had been suspended to/from Algeria, Spain, France, Italy and China. Subsequently, air travel was to cease shortly between Morocco and Austria, Bahrain, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chad, Denmark, Egypt, Germany, Greece, Jordan, Lebanon, Mali, Mauritania, Netherlands, Niger, Norway, Oman, Portugal, Senegal, Switzerland, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey and the UAE.[29]

On 15 March 2020, the Government suspended all international flights, and did not announce an expected date for international flights to resume. It allowed a minority of flights for foreigners wishing to leave to embark on before completely shutting down its airports on the 22nd.[30] On 21 June, the government re-opened the major airports to serve domestic flights only.[31] On 9 July, the government announced that international flights were to resume, with access only for Moroccans or for foreigners residing within the Kingdom. Incoming passengers were required to bring a Coronavirus test result from their country of departure, issued less than 48 hours of the time of arrival. Moroccans living outside of, or foreigners residing within the Kingdom were allowed to leave the country.[32]

State of medical emergency

Morocco declared a state of medical emergency on 19 March 2020, to take effect on 20 March 2020 at 6:00 pm local time and to remain in effect until 20 April 2020 with possibility to extend for a longer period.[33] [34] This directive requires the authorization of local state officials for citizens to leave their homes, while making exceptions for workers at supermarkets, pharmacies, banks, gas stations, medical clinics, telecommunications companies, and essential freelance jobs. A direct 24-hour hotline was set up to "reinforce direct communication and urge vigilance to fight the impact of the coronavirus pandemic and safeguard the health of citizens."[35] In April, 2020, the government pardoned 5,654 prisoners, and it put forward procedures to protect inmates from the COVID-19 outbreak.[36]

Emergency Fund

On 15 March, King Mohammed VI announced the creation of an emergency fund (labelled as Fonds spécial pour la gestion de la pandémie du Coronavirus (Covid-19)) in order to upgrade health infrastructure and support the worst affected economic sectors. The fund has a volume of 10 billion dirham ($1 billion).[37]

Central Africa

Angola

See main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Angola. Effective from 20 March, all Angolan borders were closed for 15 days.[38] President João Lourenço banned all arrivals at airports and stopped passenger vessels docking at Angolan ports for 15 days. All these bans will last until 4 April. All schools in Angola closed on 24 March.[39]

Cameroon

See main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Cameroon.

Government measures

On 18 March, Cameroonian Prime Minister Joseph Dion Ngute closed its land, air and sea borders.[40]

On 30 March, the Minister of Health announced the imminent launch of a coronavirus test campaign in the city of Douala. Dedicated teams will go door-to-door in the economic capital from 2 to 6 April, says the minister.[41]

On 10 April, the government took 7 additional measures to stop the spread of COVID-19 in Cameroon. These measures take effect from Monday, 13 April 2020.[42]

On 15 April, following the claims of the Human Rights Commission of the Cameroon Bar Association, President Paul Biya announced the release of certain prisoners in connection with COVID-19.[43]

On Tuesday 5 May, the Minister of Health announced the provision to healthcare personnel of 50,000 coveralls, 320,000 surgical masks, 220 backpack sprayers, 10,000 pairs of overshoes.[44] In late June, the government announced that the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations would be postponed until 2022.[45]

Democratic Republic of the Congo

See main article: COVID-19 pandemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Prevention measures

Schools, bars, restaurants, and places of worship were closed. On 19 March, President Félix Tshisekedi announced flight suspensions.[46] On 24 March, he imposed a state of emergency and closed the borders.[47]

West Africa

Ghana

See main article: Ghanaian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic and COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana.

The first two cases of the corona virus disease was confirmed on 12 March 2020, when two infected people came to Ghana; one from Norway and the other from Turkey.[48] On 11 March, President Nana Akufo-Addo directed the Minister of Finance, Ken Ofori-Atta, to make the cedi equivalent of $US100 million[49] available to enhance Ghana's coronavirus preparedness and response plan.[50] The Ghana COVID-19 Private Sector Fund was also initiated to aid in the fight against the pandemic.

Bans and Lock downs

On 15 March, at 10 pm, President Nana Akufo-Addo banned all public gatherings including conferences, workshops, funerals, festivals, political rallies, church activities and other related events to reduce the spread of COVID-19 at a press briefing on the state of COVID-19. Basic schools, senior high schools and universities, both public and private, have also been closed. Only BECE and WASSCE candidates were permitted to remain in school under social distancing protocols.[51] The use of Veronica buckets have become very popular in Ghana following the outbreak of the novel coronavirus as citizens engage in frequent hand washing to stem its spread.[52] [53] On 30 March, the partial lock down of Accra and Kumasi took effect.[54] In April 2020, At a press briefing, the Director General of the Ghana Health Service, announced the commencement of local production of nose masks as part of efforts to arrest the spread of the pandemic.[55] According to the new Executive Instrument, E.I. 164, signed by the President on 15 June 2020, people who refuse to wear face masks in public could face jail terms of between 4–10 years or a fine of between GHS12,000 (approx US$2,065) and GHS60,000 (approx US$10,320) or both would be made. This came after the mandatory wearing of nose masks [56]

Government responses

From 3 April, over 464 markets were disinfected across the country.[57] [58] The second phase of nationwide fumigation begun in July.[59] On 23 September, the MoE with GES collaborated with Zoomlion to disinfect SHS across Ghana to pave way for the reopening of schools.[60] The Finance Minister claimed in his report that the Government spent about 54.3 million Ghana cedis to provide cooked and uncooked food to the vulnerable during the 3-week lockdown.[61] He also claimed Government would provide free electricity and water for the rest of 2020.[62]

The Parliament of Ghana granted a tax waiver of GHS174 million cedis (equivalent to US$30 million) on income taxes of frontline workers. This spanned for three months from July to September 2020.[63] [64] On 15 October, the MoH received a COVID-19 AI software for detecting the virus on Chest X-rays.[65] Government also relaunched the GH COVID-19 tracker app after it was launched on 13 April.[66] Ghana begun the local production of nose masks as well as Medical gowns, head covers, and medical scrubs. The government stated that about 18.8million face masks have been manufactured by the country with one industry producing one million face masks a day.[67] Various treatment centers were built across the country such as the Ghana Infectious Disease Centre,[68] to help in the National COVID-19 Treatment.[69] [70] Ghana became the first country to use drone aircraft in the fight against the pandemic through the transport of COVID-19 test samples and PPEs.[71] [72] [73]

Guinea-Bissau

See main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea-Bissau.

Restrictions

On 27 March, a state of emergency was declared to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic by the government of Guinea-Bissau. Transportation through the sea and air as well as the borders of the land were closed. The government also implemented guidelines and laws to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus within the community. These laws limited social gatherings and made screenings available for early detection of the virus.[74] The prevention of COVID-19 was led by religious leaders and public figures, as well as traditional power entities and social collectives during communication and social mobilisation. Guinean families were supported through awareness and prevention information against COVID-19 which were provided through networks, associations and most importantly radio stations, which helps to reduces socio-cultural barriers such as attitudes, cultural differences, ethnicity and status which affects access to information about COVID-19 in Guinea-Bissau.[75] Both Guinea-Bissau's government and the United Nations Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) have helped in Guinea-Bissau containment of the pandemic. The UNICEF and the Secretary of State for Social Communication embedded preventative measures and techniques to the Bissau-Guinean public through social media as well as national television to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Public sanitations across 960 communities were provided by the UNICEF (WASH program) around the country to curb the spread of the virus.

Financial support

Guinea-Bissau has been supported by many organisations including Global Partnership for Education (GPE), MPTF and GAVI, as well as the government of Guinea-Bissau which has made available $200, 000 for the country to help detain COVID-19. The Ministries of Finance and Health financially supported hospitals in Guinea Bissau on 27 March 2020. The Fiscal policy supported and improved hospitals. Doctors and nurses received pay benefits of $55,000 monthly and $50,000 for medicine whiles $100,000 was reserved for meals to feed patients and the hospital staff. An official of the WHO in Guinea-Bissau has reported that Cuba has sent a medical team consisting doctors and nurses to assist in fighting the pandemic during the outbreak.[76]

Mali

See main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Mali. Ibrahim Boubacar Kéïta, the President of the Republic of Mali declared a state of emergency and instituted a curfew from 9.00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m.[77] On 18 March, President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita suspended flights from affected countries, closed schools and banned large public gatherings.[78] However planned elections in March–April, which had already been postponed several times for the poor security situation in the country, went ahead as planned.[79]

Nigeria

See main article: Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Travel ban

On 18 March Nigeria placed a travel ban on 13 countries with high cases of the virus, the countries are; United States, United Kingdom, South Korea, Switzerland, Germany, France, Italy, China, Spain, Netherlands, Norway, Japan and Iran.[80]

Federal government reaction

The Federal government of Nigeria has instructed institutions to shut down for 30 days as a lockdown measure to limit the spread of COVID-19. It has also banned public gatherings. The state government of Lagos has asked schools to close and banned public gatherings of more than 50 people, particularly religious gatherings.[81] [82]

The Nigerian Government announced on 4 April about the creation of a 500 billion naira (US$1.39 billion) coronavirus crisis intervention fund to upgrade its healthcare infrastructure.President of Malawi Peter Mutharika announces several measures to support small and medium businesses including tax breaks, reducing fuel allowances and increasing risk allowances for health workers. The President also announces that he and his Cabinet will take a 10 percent salary cut.[83] Several schools in Nigeria have shut down, following the directives of the federal government at Abuja. This led the Management of one of the most populated schools in Nigeria, the Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri to declare an emergency holidays a precaution against COVID-19, stating that the emergency holiday will last for 30 days. The institution had already fixed the dates for the 2019/2020 academic year examinations.[84]

State government responses

On 9 March, the President Muhammadu Buhari established a Presidential Task Force for the control of the virus in the country.[85] [86] On 30 March, Adamawa State government announced the closure of their state borders for 14 days with effect from 31 March, ordering a total lockdown in the state. The state government also announced that the ban affects tricycle, taxis and bus operators throughout the state. The state government also banned social activities and ordered the closure of all markets, except food markets, medicine markets and filling stations, directing banks to provided skeletal services.[87] The lockdown of Ogun State that was supposed to start from 30 March, was shifted to commence from 3 April, after the state government made a request to the federal government to allow them provide food for their residents.[88]

East Africa

Ethiopia

See main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia. On 16 March 2020, the office of the Prime Minister announced that schools, sporting events, and public gatherings shall be suspended for 15 days.[89] On 20 March 2020, Ethiopian Airlines suspended flights to 30 countries affected with the corona virus [90] and by 29 March 2020, it extended to more than 80 countries.[91] [92]

It was announced on 20 March that, anyone entering the country should undergo a mandatory self-quarantine for 14 days. Night clubs in Addis Ababa are also to remain closed until further notice.[90]

On 23 March 2020, Ethiopia closed all land borders and deployed security forces to halt the movement of people along the borders.[93] On 8 April 2020, the Council of Ministers declared a five-month long state of emergency in response to the growing number of coronavirus cases.[94] [95] The state of emergency was approved on 10 April by the parliament.[96]

Regional governments

After multiple cases of the virus were reported, several regions of the country took measures to prevent further spread of the virus. Travel restrictions and lock downs were imposed by Amhara, Oromia, Tigray, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Benishangul Gumuz, Afar, Somali, Gambela regions.[97]

Amhara

On 25 March 2020, the Amhara regional government ordered civil servants that are at high risk to work from home.[98]

On 29 March 2020, a ban on all incoming public transportation vehicles were ordered.[99]

On 30 March 2020, it was announced that anyone who returned from abroad in the previous three weeks should report to the local health offices.[100]

On 31 March 2020, a 14-day total lockdown of Bahir Dar and three other towns was imposed.[101]

Oromia

On 29 March 2020, city of Adama in Oromia ordered a complete ban on public transportation systems. The order came after two people tested positive for the virus in the city.[102] The town of Asella and Metu also took measures banning movement of all public transportation to and from the city.

On 30 March 2020, a complete ban on cross-country and inter-city public transportation was imposed.[103] On 7 April 2020, the regional state released 13,231 prisoners.

Tigray

On 26 March 2020, Tigray Region declared a 15-day region-wide state of emergency, banning all travel and public activities within the region to prevent the spread of the virus.[104]

On 29 March 2020, closure of all cafes and restaurants were ordered. The measures taken also include banning landlords from evicting tenants or increasing rent. Any travelers entering the state are also required to report to the nearest health office.[105]

On 6 April 2020, the regional state released 1,601 prisoners.[106]

Kenya

See main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya. In response to the rise of coronavirus cases in Kenya to three, on 15 March the government of Kenya closed all schools and directed remote work wherever possible.[107] Travel restrictions were later imposed to prevent non-residents from entry. Kenyan nationals and residents were required to self-quarantine for a minimum of fourteen days.[108] On 22 March, following the confirmation of an additional eight cases, bringing the total to 16 nationally, the Kenyan government introduced additional measures and directives to reduce the spread of coronavirus in the country. These measures included a suspension of all international flights effective at midnight on 25 March, with the exception of cargo flights (all persons entering the country will be compelled to undergo quarantine at a government facility). The government further stipulated that any persons, including senior government officials, found to be in violation of quarantine measures would be forcefully quarantined at their own expense. All bars were to remain closed from 22 March, with restaurants allowed to remain open for takeaway services only. All public service vehicles such as matatus and buses had to adhere to passenger-distancing guidelines previously stipulated on 20 March. Further, all public gatherings at churches, mosques, funerals and elsewhere were restricted to no more than 15 people, and weddings were banned.[109]

Nationwide curfew and police response

The 7pm – 5am curfew announced on 25 March was accompanied by reports of police brutality.[110] First-hand accounts and video footage in several cities, including Nairobi and Mombasa, indicated that police used beatings and tear gas on 27 March. Some accounts indicate that detention resulted in crowding of people into small areas, contrary to the curfew's goal of increasing social distancing.[111] Kenyan officials and government outlets later condemned police behaviour.[112]

Economic response

On 25 March, President Uhuru Kenyatta, following the reporting of an additional three cases, announced a nationwide curfew on unauthorized movement from 7pm to 5am beginning on Friday, 27 March. The government also unveiled measures to buffer Kenyans against financial hardships arising movement restrictions associated with the coronavirus crisis.[113]

Madagascar

See main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Madagascar.

Lockdowns were implemented in at least two cities.[114] The government announced on 17 March that all international and regional flights would be suspended for 30 days starting 20 March.[115] In the central region with Antananarivo, a lockdown was imposed from 6 to 20 July in response to a spike in new cases in the capital.[116]

The Central Bank of Madagascar injected hundreds of billions of ariary into the banking system to ease the economic damage caused by COVID-19.[117]

On 20 April 2020,[118] Madagascar President Andry Rajoelina officially launched a coronavirus "cure" dubbed Covid-Organics. Developed by the Madagascar Institute of Applied Research (MIAR), the herbal tea was made using artemisia and other locally sourced herbs. Soldiers were dispatched to hand out batches of Covid-Organic, with Colonel Willy Ratovondrainy announcing on state television that the tea would "strengthen immunity".[119] However, the National Academy of Medicine of Madagascar (ANAMEM) voiced its skepticism, while the World Health Organization (WHO) cautioned that there was no proof for any coronavirus cure at the time of Covid-Organic's launch. The African Union has entered into discussions with the Malagasy government to test the drug's safety and efficiency.[120] [121]

Mauritius

See main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritius.

Closure of educational institutions

On 18 March 2020, amidst a surge in fresh cases being confirmed in Mauritius, the Government of Mauritius announced that all schools and universities would be shut until further notice. Education programs were provided to all students online and on the television through the Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation.[122] [123] In May 2020, the government approved the distribution of 2,500 Tablet computer to children who are on the social security register.[124]

Travel and entry restrictions

On 18 March 2020, the Mauritian Prime Minister announced that all passengers, including Mauritians and foreigners, would be prohibited from entering Mauritian territory for the next 15 days, which started at 6:00 GMT (10:10 am Mauritian time). Passengers wishing to leave Mauritius would be allowed to leave. Cargo airplanes and ships would also be allowed to enter the country.[125] [126] Some Mauritians who were stranded in different airports around the world were allowed to enter Mauritian territory on 22 March 2020. They were required to spend 14 days in isolation at different premises provided by the government.[127]

Legislation

On 19 March 2020, the following notices, order and regulations were published in the Government Gazette:

The Prevention and Mitigation of Infectious Disease (Coronavirus) Regulations 2020 were published in the Government Gazette on 20 March 2020. Any person who contravenes the regulations shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding MUR 500 and to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months.[130] The regulation was amended on 22 March 2020.[131] On 22 March 2020, the Curfew Order (General Notice No.512 of 2020) was issued by the Government of Mauritius, aimed at mitigating the spread of COVID-19 in Mauritius. The Curfew Order became effective as at 23 March 2020 at 20:00 hrs local time. Any person who contravenes the Curfew Order, shall on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding MUR 500 and to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months.[132] On 30 March 2020, the Curfew Order was extended till 15 April 2020 at 20:00 hrs local time.[133] On 16 May 2020, the COVID-19 (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill and the Quarantine Bill were passed in the National Assembly. The COVID-19 (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill aims at empowering the economy, save enterprises and jobs, and build for a recovery overtime. The objectives of the Quarantine Bill are to prevent the resurgence of COVID-19 infection, and step up the preparedness and response of the country to any future pandemic. Any person who contravenes the Quarantine Act, shall on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding MUR 500,000 and to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 5 years.[134] [135] [136] The two bills were heavily criticized by some Mauritians.[137] [138] The Prevention of Resurgence and Further Spread of Epidemic Disease (COVID-19) Regulations 2020 was published in the Government Gazette on 17 May 2020. As per the regulation, any person who does not wear protective mask and respect social and physical distancing rule shall commit an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding 50,000 rupees and to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years.[139]

Rwanda

See main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Rwanda. In an attempt to stop the spread of coronavirus, the Rwandan Ministry of Health announced on 18 March, that all international commercial passenger flights would be suspended for 30 days, with effect from 20 March.[140] Less than a day later, on 21 March, officials announced a two-week lockdown. Remote work was mandated by public and private employees, under strict measures. All borders are also to be closed, cargo and Rwandan nationals being exempt, with a mandatory 14-day quarantine.[141] [142]

In addition to the lockdown measures taken in March (see above), Rwanda National Police on 12 April announced the usage of drones to deliver messages to local communities on how to combat the coronavirus.[143]

Uganda

See main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda. As a precautionary measure, on 18 March, President Yoweri Museveni banned all incoming and outgoing travel to specified highly affected counties for a period of 32 days.[144] Schools have been closed and public gatherings banned.[145] The president extended the lock down period for another 21 days on top of the 14 days. This lock down period continued from 15 April and ran up to 5 May 2020.[146]

He made the announcement on 5 May 2021, while addressing the nation on the status of coronavirus pandemic in Uganda.[147]

Uganda re-entered a partial lockdown starting on 7 June 2021. A presidential directive banned travel between districts, restricted gatherings, and suspended schools and communal/religious gatherings for 42 days, in response to an uptick in community spread of the virus. People refusing to follow the new lockdown regulations would be fined instead of arrested.[148]

Responses for businesses amid the outbreak

Up until 5 May 2020, most businesses had to remain closed. Food markets remained open, but many vendors were unable to return home and had to sleep in markets due to the suspension of public transport.[149] A small number of businesses such as factories, garages, hardware shops, metalworks and restaurants for takeaway were allowed to reopen on 5 May,[150] [151] while others such as hair salons and business arcades remained closed until 27 July.[152]

Southern Africa

Namibia

See main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Namibia. On 17 March President Hage Geingob declared a state of emergency as a legal basis to restrict fundamental rights. The prohibition of large gatherings was clarified to apply to 50 or more people.[153] Measures such as the closure of all borders, suspension of gatherings were implemented.[154] All public and private schools were also closed for a month.[155] By 14 April, a National lockdown was enforced to all regions in the country.[156]

Access to information and surveillance

A COVID-19 communication hotline (0800100100) was established on 15 March 2020 which is run by the Ministry of Health and Social Services and the Centre for Disease Control of Namibia (CDC).[157] The hotline serves to answer general enquiries of the public, assisting persons seeking guidance from the Ministry and reporting possible symptoms or cases of COVID-19.[158]

The Government also announced on 18 March that it will strengthen their communication to the public via various platforms, such as the COVID-19 communication centre operated by NBC, in an attempt to "mitigate and refute misinformation, fear and panic especially from social media". The centre was fully functional by middle April 2020.[159]

With the establishment of a multi-disciplinary Emergency Response team, the Ministry intensified their surveillance in monitoring the situation of COVID-19 in the country, especially at the borders of Namibia. The response team operates 24/7.

Testing

Before the confirmation of COVID-19 in Namibia, tests could not be done locally. Test samples were instead sent to South Africa, which accounted for longer than usual waiting times. Namibian Institute of Pathology (NIP) started testing locally in Windhoek at the end of March 2020. In late April, private laboratory PathCare started testing samples. Namibia was hit by a lack of reagents at the end of April, which slowed down testing however, private testing at PathCare was expensive compared to that of the state (NIP) which offers free COVID-19 tests.[160]

Economic stimulus package

An Emergency Income Grant was set up by government to distribute N$ 750 to every person whose income was affected by the pandemic or faced difficult conditions due to the lockdown.[156] Over 800,000 people applied for this grant; 346,000 of them were paid by the end of April.[161]

South Africa

See main article: COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa.

President Cyril Ramaphosa declared that South Africa would undergo a national lockdown, for a period of 21 days, from 26 March to 16 April 2020. This drastic measure was intended to help keep the viral infection rate as low as possible and save lives.[162] On Thursday 9 April, President Ramaphosa announced an extension of two weeks to the lockdown, until the end of April.[163] Exempt from the lockdown are people deemed necessary for the effective response to the pandemic such as health workers, pharmacy and laboratory personnel, emergency personnel,[164] [165] security services,[166] supermarkets, transportation and logistical services, petrol stations, banks, essential financial as well as payment services andthose working in industries that can affect the economy when shut down. This include mines and steel mills.

Testing

The National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) started testing people in South Africa for SARS-CoV-2 on 28 January 2020, and by 7 February had conducted 42 of such tests.[167] State hospitals were offering free COVID-19 testing by mid-March.[168] On 30 March 2020, the government announced its intentions of initiating an enhanced screening and testing programme.[169] By the start of April, 67 mobile testing units had been established and people had been tested, some in drive-through facilities.[170] So far South Africa has been able to conduct almost 5 million tests with over 700 000 people testing positive.[171]

Clinical trials, vaccines and treatment

On 17 March 2020, the South African Health Products Regulatory Authority announced that it would expedite review of treatments, vaccines and clinical trials.[172] A team from 8 universities and 14 hospitals led by Helen Rees and Jeremy Nel from the University of the Witwatersrand participated in the World Health Organization Solidarity Clinical Trials that investigated medications.[173] A COVID-19 vaccine trial was launched in Gauteng province, towards the end of June 2020 in collaboration with the Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and AstraZeneca.[174] [175] A second vaccine trial was launched during mid August 2020 in collaboration with a US Maryland based biotechnology company, Novavax, with funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.[176] A third vaccine trial was launched in September 2020 by Johnson & Johnson/Janssen.

Prevention in other territories

British Indian Ocean Territory

As of 5 May there have been no cases in the British territory. Access to the islands, already heavily restricted due to the presence of a military base on Diego Garcia, have been further curtailed, with licenses for visiting vessels suspended.[177]

All people arriving into the territory are subject to a 14-day quarantine; social distancing measures have also been enacted.[178]

Economic reliefs

As a financial response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Ghana initiated the Ghana COVID-19 Private Sector Fund which funded projects such as catering basic needs of Kayayei(head porters) amid the pandemic[179] as well as the construction of the Ghana Infectious Disease Centre.[180] [181]

The government of Kenya implemented economic measures to reduce the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This included:[113]

In Nigeria, the Coalition Against COVID-19 was launched on 26 March 2020, following an announcement made by the Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria, Godwin Emefiele.[182] [183] The purpose of the relief fund is to "support the Federal government of Nigeria in containing the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria; to ensure patients get the care they need and frontline workers get essential supplies and equipments; and to accelerate efforts to provide tests and treatments."[184] [185] Major companies, including Dangote Group, Access Bank and MTN have donated to the CACOVID Relief Fund, in addition to several private organizations and individuals.[186] [187] [188] [189] [190]

On 15 March, King Mohammed VI announced the creation of an emergency fund (labelled as Fonds spécial pour la gestion de la pandémie du Coronavirus (Covid-19)) in order to upgrade health infrastructure and support the worst affected economic sectors as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco. The fund has a volume of 10 billion dirham ($1 billion).[37] Over 800,000 people applied for the stimulus grant as an economic response to the pandemic by the government of Namibia. 346,000 of them were paid by the end of April.[161]

Economic responses in Mauritius included the Government implementation of a Self-Employed Assistance Scheme (SEAS) through the Mauritius Revenue Authority (MRA) on 31 March 2020 to assist self-employed persons who have suffered a loss of revenue as a consequence of the lockdown in the fight against COVID-19.[191] Additional financial support was also provided to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.[192]

Reopening in some African countries

Ghana

On 19 April 2020, It was announced by the President of Ghana in his address to the nation that the partial lockdown that had been imposed three weeks earlier was lifted but the other preventive protocols were still in effect.[193] [194]

Stage one of the process of easing restrictions took effect on 5 June 2020. Religious services, funerals, weddings and other social gatherings were allowed but with reduced capacity and length.[195] [196]

On 18 November 2020, following the reopening of Ghana's economy, the Ghana CARES program was launched by Nana Akufo-Addo.[197] [198] The initiative is to serve as a 'blueprint' for the recovery of Ghana's economy post COVID-19.[199] [200]

South Africa

Easing of the national lockdown restrictions, based on a risk-adjusted strategy, started on 1 May 2020, becoming level 4.[201]

COVID-19 risk-adjusted strategy for easing of lockdown restrictions
5Drastic measures required to contain the spread of the virus to save lives.
54Liquor ban: sale, dispensing, distribution, and transportation (except where alcohol is required for industries producing hand sanitizers, disinfectants, soap, alcohol for industrial use, household cleaning products, and liquor for export purposes). No special or events liquor licenses may be considered for approval. (26)[202]
54Tobacco sales ban: tobacco products, e-cigarettes, and related products. (27)
4Curfew from 20:00 until 05:00, except if granted a permit to perform an essential or permitted service, or is attending to a security or medical emergency. (16.3)
4Evictions, prohibition of: orders of eviction are stayed and suspended until level 4 ends, unless overridden by a court. (19)
4Movement: people may leave their place of residence to
  • perform an essential or permitted service,
  • go to work if they have a permit,
  • buy permitted goods,
  • obtain permitted services,
  • move children, as allowed,
  • walk, run, or cycle between 06:00 and 09:00, within a 5 km of their place of residence. (16.1–2)[203]
4Public transport: the Minister of Transport may allow the resumption of rail, bus services, taxi services; e-hailing services; and private vehicles, by setting out the hygiene conditions to limit exposure to COVID-19. (20)
4Movement between provinces, metropolitan municipalities, and district municipalities are prohibited except for workers with a permit to perform an essential or permitted service, attending funerals, transportation of mortal remains, and students of permitted schools or higher education institutions. (16.4) A once-off, one-way return to place of residence between 1 May 2020 to 7 May 2020,[204] staying there until the end of level 4. (16.5)
4Closure of borders: except for designated ports of entry, and for the transportation of fuel, cargo, and goods. (21)
4Gatherings are banned, except for
  • funerals (limited to 50 people, but night vigils at funerals are banned (18.2–3); and movement between provinces, metropolitan municipalities, and district municipalities are allowed only for close family and partners with permits to do so. (18.1, 5));
  • when at a workplace; or
  • when buying or obtaining essential goods and services (23.1)
4Places closed to the public:
  • where religious, cultural, sporting, entertainment, recreational, exhibitional, organisational, or similar activities are held;
  • public parks, sports grounds and fields, beaches and swimming pools;
  • flea markets;
  • fêtes and bazaars;
  • night clubs;
  • casinos;
  • hotels, lodges, bed and breakfasts, airbnbs', timeshare facilities and resorts, and guest houses, except where required for remaining tourists confined to hotels, lodges and guest houses;
  • game reserves except where required for remaining confined tourists;
  • holiday resorts except where required for remaining confined tourists;
  • taverns and shebeens, or similar establishments; theatres and cinemas; and
  • museums (24.1–2);
  • places that pose a risk to public of COVID-19. (24.4)

Exceptions for those rendering security and maintenance services. (24.3)

4Sales allowed: food, cleaning, protective, babycare, stationery; winter clothing, bedding, heating; medical supplies; fuel, coal, wood, gas; hardware supplies for emergency home repairs and essential services by qualified tradespersons; components for vehicles for essential workers; chemicals, packaging, and supply of level 4 products.
43Facemasks: a cloth facemask, a homemade item, or another appropriate item that covers the nose and mouth, is mandatory when in public.[205]
43Screening: public and at workplaces.
3Liquor ban: sale, dispensing, distribution, and transportation (except where alcohol is required for industries producing hand sanitizers, disinfectants, soap, alcohol for industrial use, household cleaning products, and liquor for export purposes or transport from manufacturing plants to storage facilities). No special or events liquor licenses may be considered for approval.
3Tobacco sales ban: tobacco products, e-cigarettes, and related products, except for export.[206]
3Curfew from 21:00 until 04:00, except if granted a permit to perform an essential or permitted service, or is attending to a security or medical emergency.
3Evictions, prohibition of: orders of eviction are stayed and suspended until level 3 ends, unless overridden by a court.
3Movement: people may leave their place of residence to
  • perform an essential or permitted service,
  • go to work if they have a permit,
  • buy permitted goods,
  • obtain permitted services,
  • move children, as allowed,
  • exercise between 06:00 and 18:00, provided it is not done in groups and adheres to health protocols and social distancing,
  • attend a place of worship, provided it is within the same province,
  • attend a school or learning institution.
3Movement of children between guardians or caregivers: permitted if in possession of a court order, a parenting plan, or a permit issued by a magistrate's court, provided the household is COVID-19 free.
3Movement between provinces is prohibited except for workers with a permit to perform an essential or permitted service, moving to a new place of residence or caring for an immediate family member and possessing the appropriate affidavit, members of parliament performing oversight responsibilities, students of permitted schools or higher education institutions, attending funerals, transportation of mortal remains, obtaining medical treatment, and people returning to their place of residence from a quarantine or isolation facility.[207]
3Gatherings are banned, except for
  • attending faith-based institutions (limited to 50 people or less depending on the size of the place of worship.);
  • an agricultural auction;
  • a professional non-contact sports match (only players, match officials, journalists, and medical and television crew.);
  • funerals (limited to 50 people, but night vigils at funerals are banned (18.2–3); and movement between provinces, metropolitan municipalities, and district municipalities are allowed only for close family and partners with permits to do so.);
  • auctions;
  • when at a workplace; or
  • when buying or obtaining essential goods and services.
3Places closed to the public:
  • where religious, cultural, sporting, entertainment, recreational, exhibitional, organisational, or similar activities are held;
  • gyms, fitness centres, sports grounds and fields, and swimming pools, except if training professional athletes and for hosting professional non-contact sports matches;
  • fêtes and bazaars;
  • night clubs;
  • hotels, lodges, bed and breakfasts, timeshare facilities and resorts, and guest houses, except where required for remaining tourists confined to such facilities, and for persons in quarantine or isolation;
  • bars, taverns and shebeens, or similar establishments;
  • beaches and public parks, except for exercising;
  • tourist attractions, except for private self-drive excursions;

Exceptions for those rendering security and maintenance services.

3Closure of borders: except for designated ports of entry, for the transportation of fuel, cargo and goods, and for humanitarian operations, repatriations, evacuations, medical emergencies, movement of staff of diplomatic and international organisations, return of a South African national or permanent resident, and daily commuters.
3Public transport: the Minister of Transport may allow the resumption of rail, bus services, taxi services; e-hailing services; and private vehicles, by setting out the hygiene conditions to limit exposure to COVID-19.
3Domestic air travel is permitted except if for recreational, leisure, or tourism purposes.[208]
3All businesses may operate, provided they follow hygiene protocols, have a COVID-19 plan and a compliance officer,[209] except for
  • liquor and tobacco retailers;
  • short-term home rental for leisure purposes (e.g. airbnbs);
  • passenger ships for leisure purposes; and
  • entertainment activities.
3The following places and businesses may reopen to the public:
  • personal care services, including hairdressing, barbering, facial treatments, makeup and nail salons, body massage, and piercing and tattoo parlours (from 19 June 2020);[210]
  • restaurants for 'sit-down' meals;
  • accredited and licensed accommodation, except for home-sharing and airbnbs;
  • conferences and meetings for business purposes;
  • cinemas, theatres, libraries, museums, archives and galleries (from 6 July 2020);[211]
  • casinos; and
  • non-contact sports (e.g., golf, tennis, cricket) matches and training, and training for contact sports (from 6 July 2020);[212] [213]
2Further easing of restrictions, maintenance of social distancing.
  • All restrictions on inter-provincial travel will be lifted;
  • Accommodation facilities will be permitted, in line with approved protocols;
  • Restaurants, bars and taverns will be permitted to operate subject to regulations;
  • Restrictions on the sale of tobacco will be lifted;
  • Prohibition on the sale of alcohol will be lifted subject to restrictions. On-site consumption will be permitted until 22h00, while offsite consumption will be allowed from Monday to Thursday between 09h00 – 22h00.
  • Restrictions on family and social visits will be lifted, but caution is urged;
  • Gyms and fitness centres can open, with approved protocols in place;
  • The curfew will remain in place from 22h00 – 04h00;
  • Gatherings of more than 50 people are still prohibited, as are sports events with spectators;
  • International travel is still prohibited outside of the existing regulations
1Gathering capacity increased
  • 250 people allowed at indoor events[214]
  • 500 people allowed at outdoor events
  • Physical exercise, recreation and entertainment venues allowed to operate at 50% capacity
  • Sports restrictions still as at Level 3
  • 100 people allowed at funerals

Travel restrictions eased

  • International travel will be eased in gradually as of 1 October
  • Limited number of countries can be visited based on their risk levels
  • Only OR Tambo, King Shaka, Cape Town International airports operational
  • A negative COVID-19 test result (no older than 72 hours) must be presented at airports
  • Mandatory quarantine for travellers who have no proof of testing for COVID-19
  • International tourists allowed to travel in but required to be screened first
  • All travelers required to use country's COVID-19 alert app

Other changes

  • Curfew remains in place, effective daily between midnight and 4am
  • Alcohol consumption permitted in licensed venues
  • Alcohol sales permitted from Monday to Friday between 9am and 5pm
  • The UIF relief benefit remains in place until end of the national state of disaster
  • All long-term visas will be reinstated

See also

Notes and References

  1. News: Beijing orders 14-day quarantine for all returnees . 24 March 2020 . . 15 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200214210032/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248 . 14 February 2020 . live .
  2. News: Egypt announces first Coronavirus infection . 24 March 2020 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20200215092410/https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection . 15 February 2020 . live .
  3. News: Here are the African countries with confirmed coronavirus cases . 24 March 2020 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20200322032350/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html . 22 March 2020 . live .
  4. News: UN Sees Africa Sliding Into Recession Without Debt-Service Help . 25 March 2020 . Bloomberg.com . 24 March 2020 . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20200327163930/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-24/un-sees-africa-sliding-into-recession-without-debt-service-help . 27 March 2020 . live .
  5. News: 2020-05-13. Remote Lesotho becomes last country in Africa to record COVID-19 case. en. Reuters. live. 2020-05-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20200514053312/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4. 14 May 2020.
  6. Web site: Coronavirus live updates: Lesotho becomes last African nation to report a coronavirus case. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200513141447/https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13. 13 May 2020. 2020-05-13. Los Angeles Times. en-US.
  7. News: Mayberry . Kate . Uras . Umut . Najjah . Farah . Global coronavirus cases surpass 900,000: Live updates . 2 April 2020 . . 2 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200402035236/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chief-coronavirus-worst-crisis-wwii-live-updates-200331233659496.html . 2 April 2020 . live .
  8. Web site: Zoomlion rolls out school disinfection programme. Graphic Online. en-gb. 2020-04-15.
  9. News: Mayberry . Kate . Siddiqui . Usaid . More than 1.9 million confirmed with coronavirus: Live updates . 14 April 2020 . . 14 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200414170743/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/million-confirmed-coronavirus-live-updates-200413235036857.html. 14 April 2020.
  10. News: Regencia . Ted . Aziz . Saba . Stepansky . Joseph . WHO says coronavirus 'natural in origin': Live updates . 1 May 2020 . . 1 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200501224421/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-suggests-coronavirus-linked-wuhan-lab-live-updates-200430231206079.html. 1 May 2020.
  11. News: Mayberry . Kate . Najjah . Farah . Allahoum . Ramy . US could see 3,000 daily deaths as economy reopens : Live updates . 4 May 2020 . . 4 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200505142628/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/confirmed-coronavirus-cases-exceed-35m-worldwide-live-updates-200503234441560.html. 5 May 2020.
  12. News: WHO warns of accelerating Covid-19 infections in Africa. 12 June 2020. 12 June 2020. The Guardian. Sullivan, Helen. https://web.archive.org/web/20200612191523/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/12/global-report-who-warns-of-accelerating-infections-in-africa-but-says-severe-cases-not-going-undetected. 12 June 2020.
  13. News: IMF Executive Board Approves an Additional US$111.06 Million Disbursement to Rwanda to Address the COVID-19 Pandemic. 12 June 2020. 11 June 2020. IMF. https://web.archive.org/web/20200612191013/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/06/11/pr20242-rwanda-imf-executive-board-approves-additional-us-111-06m-disbursement-address-covid19. 12 June 2020.
  14. News: Africa airline industry lost $55 bn from virus shutdown . 3 July 2020 . 2 July 2020 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200703073652/https://news.yahoo.com/africa-airline-industry-lost-55-bn-virus-shutdowns-161905518.html . 3 July 2020.
  15. News: Brazil coronavirus death toll passes 60,000: Live updates . 3 July 2020 . 2 July 2020 . . Pietromarchi . Virginia . Qazi . Shereena . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200703073122/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/urges-halt-conflict-coronavirus-pandemic-live-update-200701231825751.html . 3 July 2020.
  16. State House of The Gambia on Twitter . 6 August 2020 . 2 August 2020 . . Presidency_GMB . 1290049707583000576 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074652/https://twitter.com/Presidency_GMB/status/1290049707583000576/photo/1 . 6 August 2020 . live.
  17. Web site: Mayor Talib Bensouda announced this afternoon that he tested positive for Covid-19 . 6 August 2020 . 4 August 2020 . . Fatou, Kerr . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806174700/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1lCzlRiu6Y . 6 August 2020 . live.
  18. News: UN says coronavirus has disrupted education of 1 billion: Live . 6 August 2020 . 4 August 2020 . . Regencia . Ted . Ibrahim . Arwa . Siddiqui . Usaid . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806172007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/latin-america-tops-million-coronavirus-cases-live-updates-200803231440849.html . 6 August 2020 . live.
  19. Web site: Egypt Shuts Down Airports, Suspends Air Travel: PM. 16 March 2020.
  20. Web site: فيروس كورونا: حالة وفاة و46 إصابة جديدة في مصر وتزايد الإصابات في دول عربية . . Corona Virus: One death, 46 new infections in Egypt, and increasing infections in Arab countries . 21 March 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200320110826/https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-51963726 . 20 March 2020 . 19 March 2020 . live. ar.
  21. Web site: وزيرة الصحة: أجرينا 25 ألف تحليل لكورونا بمصر.. و50%؜ من المصابين مخالطين – بوابة الشروق. www.shorouknews.com.
  22. Web site: مصدر بالصحة: إجراء 55 ألف تحليل PCR فى مصر حتى الآن. 17 April 2020. youm7.com.
  23. Web site: وزيرة الصحة: إجراء أكثر من 90 ألف تحليل بي سي ار لحالات مشتبه بإصابتها بكورونا . 23 April 2020. akhbarelyom.com.
  24. Web site: كم تحليل بي سي ار اجرته مصر للكشف عن كورونا. 9 May 2020. almasryalyoum.com.
  25. Web site: وزيرة الصحة عن ارتفاع الإصابات: "حتى الأسر اللي فيها إصابات كورونا لا تلتزم بالعزل" المصري اليوم. www.almasryalyoum.com. ar. 2020-05-10.
  26. News: Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists . Deutsche Welle . 3 April 2020.
  27. News: Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus . The Globe and Mail . 3 April 2020.
  28. News: Coronavirus : le Maroc ferme ses liaisons aériennes et maritimes vers l'Espagne, la France et l'Algérie. 13 March 2020. Le Monde. 14 March 2020. fr.
  29. Web site: Morocco halts flights with 25 more countries, confirms 18 coronavirus cases . 14 March 2020 . Financial Post . 14 March 2020 .
  30. Web site: Morocco suspends all international passenger flights – foreign ministry . ONDA . 15 March 2020 . 16 March 2020.
  31. Web site: Morocco allows domestic flights, and announces date for international flights to resume . ONDA . 21 June 2020 . 21 June 2020.
  32. Web site: Morocco allows citizens to enter and exit the country conditionally . ONDA . 9 July 2020 . 9 July 2020.
  33. Web site: COVID-19: Morocco Declares State of Emergency. 2020-03-19. Morocco World News. en-US. 2020-03-19.
  34. Web site: إعلان حالة الطوارئ الصحية وتقييد الحركة في البلاد. 2020-03-19. MapTanger. ar. 2020-03-19. 20 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200320090256/http://www.maptanger.ma/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A6-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1/. dead.
  35. Web site: New coronavirus hotline launched in Morocco. Yabiladi.com. en.yabiladi.com. en. 2020-03-26.
  36. News: Morocco to release 5,654 prisoners amid coronavirus outbreak. 2020-04-05. Reuters. 2020-04-05. en.
  37. News: Morocco to create $1 billion fund to counter coronavirus outbreak. 2020-03-15. Reuters. 2020-03-26. en.
  38. News: Angola closes borders for 15 days . Oliveira . Yokani . . 19 March 2020.
  39. Web site: Sonangol official one of two Covid-19 cases in Angola – report Upstream Online. Upstream Online Latest oil and gas news. 23 March 2020 . en. 2020-03-24.
  40. Web site: Coronavirus : le Cameroun ferme ses frontières. 2020-03-18. TV5MONDE. fr. 2020-04-10.
  41. Web site: Coronavirus: au Cameroun, le silence de Paul Biya, face à l'épidémie, fait parler. 2020-03-31. RFI. fr. 2020-04-10.
  42. CRTV_web. 1248370100622757888. 7 mesures supplémentaires contre la propagation du #Covid19 au #Cameroun Mesure 1 : port du masque obligatoire. CRTVweb. 2020-04-09. fr. 2020-04-10.
  43. Web site: Coronavirus au Cameroun : Paul Biya annonce la libération de certains prisonniers – Jeune Afrique. 2020-04-16. JeuneAfrique.com. fr-FR. 2020-04-18.
  44. News: 2020-05-05. Au Cameroun, sur la piste du coronavirus dans les quartiers de Douala. fr. Le Monde.fr. 2020-05-07.
  45. Web site: Kindzeka. Moki E.. 1 July 2020. Cameroon Plans to Improve Infrastructure as AFCON Is Postponed to 2022. 2020-07-02. Voice of America. en.
  46. News: Democratic Republic of Congo sees 1st coronavirus death . 22 March 2020 . www.aa.com.tr.
  47. News: Bonnerot. Clément. DR Congo president imposes state of emergency to contain coronavirus outbreak. 25 March 2020. France 24. 25 March 2020.
  48. Web site: Duncan. Jude. 12 March 2020. Two cases of coronavirus confirmed in Ghana. 16 March 2020. Citi Newsroom.
  49. Web site: Panic 'hits' social media as Ghana confirms first cases of coronavirus. www.ghanaweb.com. 13 March 2020 .
  50. Web site: Coronavirus: MPs to have temperature tested before entering chamber – Speaker. GhanaWeb. 12 March 2020.
  51. News: Nyabor. Jonas. 15 March 2020. Coronavirus: Government bans religious activities, funerals, all other public gatherings. Citi Newsroom. 16 March 2020.
  52. Web site: Saving Lives with a Little Soap and Water: New Behavior Change Communication Package promotes healthy hygiene practices – Global Communities Ghana. www.globalcommunitiesgh.org. 2020-03-26.
  53. Web site: Banks in Suhum step up measures against coronavirus spread. www.msn.com. 2020-03-27.
  54. Web site: Covid-19: Accra, Kumasi empty as lockdown takes effect Starr Fm. Acheampong. Kwame. 30 March 2020 . en-US. 2020-04-02.
  55. Web site: Ghana starts local production of nose masks to fight COVID-19. Graphic Online. en. 2020-04-03.
  56. Web site: 2020-06-19. Failing to wear face mask to attract hefty fine, 10-year jail term. 2020-06-20. Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana. en-US.
  57. Web site: Northern, North East, Savannah regions disinfect markets. Graphic Online. en. 2020-04-03.
  58. Web site: Coronavirus: 198 markets in Eastern region disinfected. Graphic Online. en. 2020-04-04.
  59. Web site: 2020-07-20. COVID-19: Markets, public places in Kumasi to be disinfected on Tuesday. 2020-07-21. Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana. en-US.
  60. Web site: 3rd phase of national disinfection exercise in SHSs begins. 2020-09-23. Graphic Online. en-gb.
  61. Web site: 2020-07-23. COVID-19: GH¢54.3 million spent on food for vulnerable during lockdown. 2020-07-24. Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana. en-US.
  62. Web site: Govt announces free electricity for the rest of the year. 2020-07-24. Graphic Online. en-gb.
  63. News: Arhinful, Mensah Opoku. Ernest, Duke. 15 August 2020. Parliament approves GHS174M tax waiver for frontline health workers. Citi Newsroom. 17 August 2020.
  64. Web site: 2020-08-14. Parliament approves GHS174M tax waiver for frontline health workers. 2020-08-15. Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana. en-US.
  65. Web site: 2020-10-15. GHS Gets AI Software to Enhance Covid-19 Detection. 2020-10-15. DailyGuide Network. en-US.
  66. Web site: Ghana's COVID-19 Tracker App upgraded. 2020-09-03. Graphic Online. en-gb.
  67. Web site: 2020-10-20. Coronavirus: 18.8 million face masks were produced in Ghana – Deputy Trade Minister. 2020-10-20. www.ghanaweb.com. en.
  68. Web site: 2020-07-24. Bawumia Commissions Ghana's First Infectious Disease Centre. 2020-07-25. DailyGuide Network. en-US.
  69. Web site: 2020-06-21. ICU bed facilities, treatment centre to be constructed in Greater Accra, Ashanti Regions – Nana Addo. 2020-06-21. Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana. en-US.
  70. Web site: Coronavirus: Government to expand isolation centers. 2020-07-03. Graphic Online. en-gb.
  71. Web site: In Ghana, Drones Are Turning Out to Be a Key Tool for Transporting COVID-19 Tests. Global Citizen. 3 June 2020 . en. 2020-06-03.
  72. Web site: Zipline begins drone delivery of COVID-19 test samples in Ghana. CNBC. 20 April 2020 . en. 2020-04-20.
  73. Web site: In fight against Coronavirus, Ghana uses drones to speed up testing. The World. en. 2020-04-23.
  74. Web site: Meribole. Joshua. 2020-08-14. COVID-19 in Guinea-Bissau. 2020-11-12. BORGEN. en-US.
  75. Barros. Miguel. Casimiro. Anaxore. Cassamá. Aliu Soares. Mané. Cadija. Jau. Fatumata. Jorge Semedo. Rui. 2020. State of "Emergency" for health but State of "Exception" for people: Guinea‐Bissau's paradox in the battle against Covid‐19. City & Society. 32. 1. 10.1111/ciso.12262. 0893-0465. 7267172. 32514226.
  76. Web site: Tih. Felix. 29 June 2020. Cuban medical team in Guinea-Bissau to combat COVID-19. 13 November 2020.
  77. Web site: maliweb.net – Coronavirus au Mali : •4 cas enregistrés en deux jours • Le Président déclare l'état d'urgence sanitaire et instaure le couvre-feu. Républicain. Le. 27 March 2020 . fr-FR. 2020-04-01.
  78. News: Mali suspends flights from COVID-19-hit countries . Anadolu Agency . 18 March 2020 . 20 March 2020.
  79. News: Mali Proceeds With Elections Despite Coronavirus Fears . . 19 March 2020 . 20 March 2020.
  80. Web site: UPDATED: FG places travel ban on China, Italy, US, UK, nine others. Ogundele. Kamarudeen. 18 March 2020. 18 March 2020. The Punch Newspaper.
  81. News: 19 March 2020. Nigerian Government Places Lock-down Measures Against COVID-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20200320132615/https://qz.com/africa/1821361/coronavirus-lagos-nigeria-shuts-schools-ban-public-gatherings/. 20 March 2020. live.
  82. News: 20 March 2020. COVID-19: Federal Government Orders Immediate Shutdown of Schools. https://web.archive.org/web/20200322205007/https://nairametrics.com/2020/03/20/covid-19-fg-orders-immediate-shut-down-of-all-schools/. 22 March 2020. live.
  83. News: Regencia . Ted . Stepansky . Joseph . Uras . Umut . Coronavirus cases in US go past 300,000: Live updates . . 5 April 2020 . 4 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200405114856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/recession-coronavirus-crisis-live-updates-200403233012626.html . 5 April 2020 . live .
  84. News: 21 March 2020. Federal Polytechnic Nekede Dismissed Students Over COVID-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20200322010347/https://allschool.com.ng/nekede-poly-shuts-down-school. 22 March 2020. live.
  85. Web site: Buhari names task force on coronavirus. Daka. FTerhemba. 10 March 2020. The Guardian. 11 March 2020.
  86. Web site: Buhari sets up 12 member Task Force to control Coronavirus. Agbakwuru. Johnbosco. 9 March 2020. 11 March 2020. Vanguard Newspaper.
  87. Web site: Fintiri orders Adamawa lockdown over coronavirus. Shobiye. Hamed. 30 March 2020. 30 March 2020. Vanguard Newspaper.
  88. Web site: BREAKING: Lockdown of Ogun now shifted to Friday- Abiodun. Olatunji. Daud. 30 March 2020. 30 March 2020. The Punch Newspaper.
  89. Web site: COVID-19: Ethiopia closes schools, bans public events. aa.com.tr. 16 March 2020.
  90. Web site: Ethiopia Suspends Flights To 30 Countries. fanabc.com. 20 March 2020.
  91. Web site: Ethiopian Suspends Flights To 80 International Destinations. fanabc.com. 30 March 2020 . 30 March 2020.
  92. flyethiopian . Ethiopian Airlines . 1244266257484038145 . 29 March 2020. Announcement from Ethiopian Airlines Group.
  93. News: Ethiopia Closes Land Border, Deploys Troops to Combat Virus . Bloomberg . 23 March 2020 . bloomberg.com. 23 March 2020.
  94. Web site: Ethiopia Declares State Of Emergency Over COVID19. fanabc.com. 8 April 2020 . 8 April 2020.
  95. Web site: Ethiopia Declares State of Emergency over coronavirus. ethiopianmonitor.com. 8 April 2020 . 8 April 2020.
  96. Web site: Ethiopian Parliament Approves State Of Emergency. fanabc.com. 10 April 2020. 10 April 2020.
  97. Web site: Ethiopian Regional States Impose Travel Ban to Halt Spread of COVID-19. ezega.com. 10 April 2020. 30 March 2020.
  98. Web site: የአማራ ክልል ለኮሮና ቫይረስ ተጋላጭ የሆኑ የመንግስት ሰራተኞች ቤታቸው ሆነው ስራቸውን እንዲያከናውኑ ውሳኔ አሳለፈ. fanabc.com. 10 April 2020. 25 March 2020. The Amhara regional government ordered civil servants that are high-risk of COVID-19 to work from home.
  99. Web site: ወደ አማራ ክልል የሕዝብ ማመላለሻ ተሽከርካሪ እንዳይገባ እገዳ ተጣለ. fanabc.com. 10 April 2020. 31 March 2020. Amhara Regional State bans on all incoming public transport vehicles.
  100. Web site: የአማራ ክልል ባለፉት ሶስት ሳምንታ ከውጭ ሀገራት ወደ ክልሉ የተመለሱ ዜጎች በየአካባቢያቸው ለሚገኝ የመንግስት የጤና ተቋም ሪፖርት እንዲያደርጉ አሳሰበ. fanabc.com. 10 April 2020. 31 March 2020. Amhara regional state orders that anyone who returned from abroad in the previous three weeks to report to the local health offices..
  101. Web site: በአማራ ክልል ባህርዳርን ጨምሮ በ4 ከተሞች ማንኛውም አይነት የህዝብና የተሽከርካሪ እንቅስቃሴ እንዳይኖር ተወሰነ. fanabc.com. 10 April 2020. 31 March 2020. Amhara regional state introduced total lockdown in 4 cities including Bahir Dar.
  102. Web site: Adama City Freezes Transportation Services over COVID-19. ezega.com. 10 April 2020. 30 March 2020.
  103. Web site: Ethiopian Regional States Impose Travel Ban to Halt Spread of COVID-19. ezega.com. 10 April 2020. 30 March 2020.
  104. Web site: Ethiopia's Tigray region declares coronavirus state of emergency. africanews.com. 27 March 2020.
  105. Web site: Tigray State Orders Cafes, Restaurants Closure. addisfortune.news. 10 April 2020. 29 March 2020.
  106. Web site: በትግራይ ክልል 1ሺህ 601 የህግ ታራሚዎች በይቅርታ መለቀቃቸው ተገለፀ. fanabc.com. 10 April 2020. 7 April 2020. 1,601 prisoners were reported to have been pardoned in Tigray Region.
  107. Web site: Coronavirus: Kenya confirms 2 more cases. The East African. en. 22 March 2020.
  108. Web site: Kenya blocks entry for non-residents in virus response. www.aljazeera.com. 22 March 2020.
  109. Web site: 8 new Coronavirus cases, search for 363 persons who had contact with victims continues. www.kenya-today.com. 22 March 2020. 23 March 2020.
  110. Web site: Sticks, stones and broken bones in first curfew night . www.standardmedia.co.ke. 28 March 2020. 29 March 2020.
  111. Web site: Kenya's coronavirus curfew begins with wave of police crackdowns . www.washingtonpost.com. 28 March 2020. 29 March 2020.
  112. Web site: Stop bludgeoning Kenyans during curfew, leaders tell police . www.standardmedia.co.ke. 28 March 2020. 29 March 2020.
  113. Web site: Tax relief, CRB-listing suspension: Here are all directives issued by Pres. Kenyatta to ensure you have more money in your pocket. www.k24tv.co.ke. 25 March 2020. 25 March 2020.
  114. News: Sumitomo halts mines in Bolivia, Madagascar . 26 March 2020 . MINING.COM . 26 March 2020.
  115. Web site: Madagascar suspend toutes les liaisons aériennes régionales et internationales. 2020-03-18. mofcom.gov.cn. 2020-03-30. fr. 18 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200318071426/http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/chinanews/202003/20200302946118.shtml. dead.
  116. Web site: Madagascar reimposes lockdown in capital as coronavirus cases surge . CNN . 7 July 2020 . 6 July 2020.
  117. News: Madagascar's central bank injects cash to support economy due to virus . 26 March 2020 . Reuters . 24 March 2020 . en.
  118. Web site: Madagascar : Andry Rajoelina lance son remède contre le coronavirus . jeuneafrique . fr-FR. 7 July 2020 . 21 April 2020.
  119. News: Madagascar hands out 'miracle' coronavirus cure as it lifts lockdown . 7 May 2020 . . 23 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200502065651/http://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/madagascar-hands-out-miracle-coronavirus-cure-as-it-lifts-lockdown . 2 May 2020.
  120. News: Coronavirus: Caution urged over Madagascar's 'herbal cure' . 7 May 2020 . . 22 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200430104857/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250 . 30 April 2020.
  121. News: Coronavirus: What is Madagascar's 'herbal remedy' Covid-Organics? . 5 May 2020 . . 5 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200505232624/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/coronavirus-madagascar-herbal-remedy-covid-organics-200505131055598.html. 5 May 2020.
  122. News: Covid-19/Confinement- Education : voici les détails des cours en ligne et à la télé. 1 April 2020 . Le Défi Media Group. fr.
  123. News: Covid-19 et confinement – Education : des cours à la télévision et en ligne destinés aux élèves. 1 April 2020 . Le Défi Media Group. fr.
  124. News: CAriane Navarre-Marie : " Ce projet de loi vient reprendre les droits acquis des travailleurs ". 14 May 2020 . Le Défi Media Group. fr.
  125. News: Coronavirus : aucun passager ne sera autorisé sur le territoire mauricien à partir de ce jeudi. 18 March 2020. Le Défi Media Group. fr. 19 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200319183917/https://defimedia.info/coronavirus-aucun-passager-ne-sera-autorise-sur-le-territoire-mauricien-partir-de-ce-jeudi. 19 March 2020. live.
  126. News: Trois cas positifs au Covid-19 : tout passager interdit d'accès pendant les 15 prochains jours. 19 March 2020. Le Défi Media Group. fr. 5 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200320200136/https://defimedia.info/trois-cas-positifs-au-covid-19-tout-passager-interdit-dacces-pendant-les-15-prochains-jours. 20 March 2020. live.
  127. News: L'aéroport de Plaisance : " quelque 300 Mauriciens venant de Londres et Mumbai ont été rapatriés ", indique Girish Appaya. 22 March 2020. Le Défi Media Group. fr. 22 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200322091256/https://defimedia.info/laeroport-de-plaisance-quelque-300-mauriciens-venant-de-londres-et-mumbai-ont-ete-rapatries-indique-girish-appaya. 22 March 2020. live.
  128. News: THE GOVERNMENT GAZETTE OF MAURITIUS No. 28. 19 March 2020. Prime Minister Office. 5 April 2020.
  129. News: THE QUARANTINE ACT Regulations made by the Minister under section 4(1)(a) and (b) of the Quarantine Act. 19 March 2020. Prime Minister Office. 5 April 2020.
  130. News: Regulations made by the Minister under section 79 of the Public Health Act. 20 March 2020. Acttogether. 5 April 2020.
  131. News: Regulations made by the Minister under section 79 of the Public Health Act. 22 March 2020. Prime Minister Office. 5 April 2020.
  132. News: Curfew Order made by the Minister under regulation 14(1) of the Prevention and Mitigation of Infectious Disease (Coronavirus) Regulations 2020. Prime Minister Office. 22 March 2020. 5 April 2020.
  133. News: PM: Sanitary Curfew to be extended till 15th April 2020. 19 March 2020. Government Portal of Mauritius. 5 April 2020. 1 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200401055634/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/PM-Sanitary-Curfew-to-be-extended-till-15th-April-2020-.aspx. dead.
  134. Web site: Quarantine Bill : amende allant jusqu'à Rs 500.000 et peine maximale de 5 ans de prison prévues. Le Défi Media Group. 10 May 2020. fr.
  135. News: COVID-19 (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill and Quarantine Bill adopted at National Assembly. 16 May 2020. Government Portal of Mauritius. 15 November 2020. 20 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200620202158/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/COVID-19-(Miscellaneous-Provisions)-Bill-andQuarantine-Bill-adopted-at-National-Assembly.aspx. dead.
  136. News: Covid-19 Bill : découvrez le projet de loi. Le Défi Media Group. 10 May 2020. fr.
  137. News: Ariane Navarre-Marie : " Ce projet de loi vient reprendre les droits acquis des travailleurs ". Le Défi Media Group. 14 May 2020. fr.
  138. News: Pétition contre le Covid-19 Bill et le Quarantine Bill : plus de 17 000 signatures en moins de 24 heures. Le Défi Media Group. 13 May 2020. fr.
  139. News: Vous risquerez jusqu'à deux ans de prison sans votre masque ou sans respect des distances. 17 May 2020. Le Défi Media Group. fr.
  140. Web site: Rwanda Suspends All International Flights. Eunniah. Mbabazi. kenyanwallstreet.com. 19 March 2020. 13 April 2020.
  141. Web site: Rwanda in lockdown to contain coronavirus. www.aa.com.tr. 23 March 2020.
  142. Web site: Rwanda steps up efforts to beat coronavirus. www.aa.com.tr. 23 March 2020.
  143. Web site: Rwanda deploys drones to raise Covid-19 awareness in communities. Edwin. Ashimwe. www.newtimes.co.rw. 12 April 2020. 13 April 2020.
  144. News: 18 March 2020. Uganda bans travellers from COVID-19 hit countries. PML. 18 March 2020.
  145. News: 18 March 2020. Uganda's Museveni orders closure of schools, bans public gatherings. The East African. 18 March 2020.
  146. Web site: Covid-19: Museveni extends lockdown period by 21 days. Daily Monitor. en. 2020-04-20.
  147. Web site: Museveni extends Uganda lockdown to May 5. The East African. en. 2020-05-25.
  148. News: Bwire . Job . Museveni suspends schools, churches, bans public transport between districts . 6 June 2021 . Daily Monitor . 6 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210606224102/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/museveni-suspends-schools-churches-bans-public-transport-between-districts--3427972 . 6 June 2021.
  149. Web site: Vendors opt to sleep in markets, walk to work. 2020-08-17. Daily Monitor. 19 July 2020. en.
  150. Web site: Independent. The. 2020-05-05. Trade Minister clarifies on businesses allowed to reopen. 2020-08-17. The Independent Uganda. en-US.
  151. Web site: Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Informal Entrepreneurs in Uganda GIGA. 2020-08-17. www.giga-hamburg.de.
  152. Web site: Businesses to reopen as Uganda eases virus lockdown – Timeturk Haber. 2020-08-17. www.timeturk.com. en.
  153. News: Govt raises Covid-19 surveillance . Ngatjiheue . Charmaine . . 18 March 2020 . 1 .
  154. Web site: Namibia declares State of Emergency due to COVID-19 United Nations in Namibia. 15 June 2020. namibia.un.org. en.
  155. News: Namibia battles coronavirus . Shikongo . Arlana . . 16 March 2020 . 1 . 15 November 2020 . 21 March 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200321054406/https://www.namibian.com.na/89251/read/Namibia-battles-coronavirus . dead .
  156. News: Ngutjinazo. Okeri. 15 April 2020. Informal sector gets lifeline. 1. The Namibian.
  157. Web site: Ministry of Health and Social Services-Namibia. 18 June 2020. www.facebook.com. en.
  158. Web site: Ministry of Health and Social Services-Namibia. 18 June 2020. www.facebook.com. en.
  159. Web site: Namibia launches COVID-19 Communication Centre. 18 June 2020. WHO Regional Office for Africa. en.
  160. Web site: Marketing. Intouch Interactive. Pathcare to test locally for corona – Health – Namibian Sun. 18 June 2020. www.namibiansun.com. 28 April 2020 . en.
  161. News: Ikela. Selma. 30 April 2020. Lockdown: 4 potential exit strategies. 1. New Era.
  162. Web site: National Address: South Africa on lockdown from Thursday. Cyril. Ramaphosa. Daily Maverick. 23 March 2020. 27 March 2020.
  163. Web site: South Africa's coronavirus lockdown extended by 2 weeks. Cyril. Ramaphosa. BusinessTechSA. 16 April 2020.
  164. Web site: Essential services to remain in place as SA enters lockdown. 23 March 2020. SAnews. en. 27 March 2020. 24 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200324052129/https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/essential-services-remain-place-sa-enters-lockdown. live.
  165. Web site: This is who is exempt from national lockdown – and what will be closed . TimesLIVE . en-ZA . 27 March 2020 . 26 March 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200326225213/https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2020-03-23-this-is-who-is-exempt-from-national-lockdown-and-what-will-be-closed/ . live .
  166. Web site: Your 21 day national house imprisonment order – NDZ – DOCUMENTS . politicsweb.co.za . GOVERNMENT GAZETTE 25 March 2020 . Politicsweb . live . 27 March 2020 . 27 March 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200327100512/https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/your-21-day-national-house-imprisonment-order--ndz .
  167. Web site: COVID-19 update. 7 February 2020. NICD. en. 9 April 2020. 28 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200428235851/https://www.nicd.ac.za/novel-coronavirus-update/. live.
  168. News: Coronavirus Explainer: Maverick Insider Covid-19 Questions, Answered. Ferial. Haffajee. Maverick. Citizen. Maverick Insider Team. Daily Maverick. en. 19 March 2020. 1 May 2020. 2 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200802085834/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-03-19-maverick-insider-covid-19-questions-answered/. live.
  169. Web site: President Cyril Ramaphosa: Update on Coronavirus COVID-19 lockdown. South African Government. 30 March 2020. 11 April 2020. 11 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200411145835/https://www.gov.za/speeches/president-cyril-ramaphosa-update-coronavirus-covid-19-lockdown-30-mar-2020-0000. live.
  170. Web site: South Africa's ruthlessly efficient fight against coronavirus. BBC News. Harding. Andrew. https://web.archive.org/web/20200403092330/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52125713. 3 April 2020. 3 April 2020. live.
  171. Web site: COVID-19 South African coronavirus news and information portal. 2020-10-31. SA Corona Virus Online Portal. en-ZA.
  172. Web site: SAHPRA responds to coronavirus (COVID-19): Medicines/medical devices supply challenges. 17 March 2020. 17 April 2020. South African Health Products Regulatory Authority. 28 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200728232147/http://www.sahpra.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Report-Shortages_FINAL_17March.pdf. live.
  173. Web site: COVID-19: SA to start enrolling patients in landmark WHO trial. 1 April 2020. Baleta. Adele. Spotlight. en. 4 May 2020. 29 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200629185633/https://www.spotlightnsp.co.za/2020/04/01/covid-19-sa-to-start-enrolling-patients-in-landmark-who-trial/. live.
  174. Web site: First COVID-19 vaccine trials begin in Africa. 12 July 2020. The Week. en. 28 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200728230927/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/06/25/first-covid-19-vaccine-trials-begin-in-africa.html. live.
  175. Web site: Karim. Aisha Abdool. 2020-09-17. COVID vaccines 101: Breaking down the good, the bad, and the promise of the frontrunners. 2020-09-20. Bhekisisa. en-US.
  176. Web site: 2020-08-17. Coronavirus Vaccine Trial By MD Biotech Company Novavax Underway In South Africa. 2020-08-18. en-US. 17 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200817184716/https://baltimore.cbslocal.com/2020/08/17/novavax-initiates-covid-19-vaccine-trial-in-south-africa/. live.
  177. Web site: Visiting | British Indian Ocean Territory. Biot.gov.io. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190801115004/https://biot.gov.io/visiting/. 1 August 2019. 2020-03-30.
  178. Web site: Coronavirus – British Indian Ocean Territory travel advice. GOV.UK. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329144143/https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/british-indian-ocean-territory/coronavirus. 29 March 2020. 2020-03-30.
  179. Web site: 2020-04-01. COVID-19 Private Sector Fund to feed 8,000 head-porters a day. 2020-08-14. Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana. en-US.
  180. Web site: 2020-04-18. COVID-19 Private Sector Fund to build 100-bed isolation center in six weeks. 2020-08-14. Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana. en-US.
  181. Web site: 2020-06-21. Ghana COVID-19 Private Sector Fund launches #10GhanaChallenge to raise funds for infectious disease isolation and treatment faci. 2020-08-14. Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana. en-US.
  182. Web site: Nigerian private sector donates more than most other African countries in fight against COVID-19 . Africa Business Magazine . 15 May 2020.
  183. Web site: Nigeria's private sector coalition raises N15.3bn to fight COVID-19 . 2 April 2020 . CNBC Africa . 15 May 2020 . 12 May 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200512082310/https://www.cnbcafrica.com/videos/2020/04/02/nigerias-private-sector-coalition-raises-n15-3bn-to-fight-covid-19/ . dead .
  184. Web site: Coalition orders 400,000 testing kits for fight against COVID-19 . 22 April 2020 . Guardian Nigeria . 15 May 2020.
  185. Web site: CACOVID orders supplies for 400,000 COVID-19 test kits to increase Nigeria's testing capacity . 20 April 2020 . Nairametric . 15 May 2020.
  186. Web site: African private sector mobilizes COVID-19 response . Atlantic Council . 20 April 2020 . 15 May 2020.
  187. Web site: COVID-19: Nigerian Breweries Announces N600 Million Support . 22 April 2020 . Premium Times . 16 May 2020.
  188. Web site: Coronavirus: Flour Mills of Nigeria to help in fight against COVID-19 . 4 May 2020 . The Africa Report . 16 May 2020.
  189. Web site: UBA Delivers Impressive Returns on Investment, as Shareholders Applaud Bank's Support in Fight against COVID-19 . 30 April 2020 . nairametrics . 16 May 2020.
  190. Web site: Aliko Dangote donates mobile COVID-19 testing lab to Kano State . 3 May 2020 . Nairametrics . 16 May 2020.
  191. News: COVID-19 SELF–EMPLOYED ASSISTANCE SCHEME. 31 March 2020. Mauritius Revenue Authority. 15 November 2020. 29 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200629100251/https://www.mra.mu/index.php/media1/self-employed-assistance-scheme. dead.
  192. News: COVID – 19 Assistance Scheme to the Informal Sector. 31 March 2020. Economic Development Board. 15 November 2020. 29 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200629100238/https://www.edbmauritius.org/media/3121/support-to-sme-and-informal-sector.pdf. dead.
  193. Web site: Covid-19: Ghana's case count now 1,042, recoveries 99. Graphic Online. en-gb. 2020-04-19.
  194. Web site: Ghana's Coronavirus cases hit 1,042. 2020-04-19. Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana. en-US. 2020-04-19.
  195. Web site: President Akufo-Addo's 10th Update On Covid19. 2020-05-31. DailyGuide Network. en-US. 2020-06-01.
  196. Web site: Why President Akufo-Addo relaxed Covid-19 restrictions [FULL ADDRESS]]. Graphic Online. en-gb. 2020-06-01.
  197. Web site: 2020-11-18. Govt launches GH¢100 billion Ghana CARES programme. 2020-11-20. www.ghanaweb.com. en.
  198. Web site: 2020-11-19. Ghana CARES programme launched to revitalise the economy. 2020-11-20. www.ghanaweb.com. en.
  199. Web site: Govt launches GH¢100bn economic recovery blueprint. 2020-11-20. Graphic Online. en-gb.
  200. Web site: Petetsi. Julius Yao. 2020-05-29. Ghana: Govt to Roll Out Economic Rescue Programme--Finance Minister. 2020-11-20. allAfrica.com. en.
  201. Web site: Statement by president Cyril Ramaphosa on South Africa's response to the coronavirus pandemic, Union buildings, Tshwane. 23 April 2020. SA Corona Virus Online Portal. en-ZA. 23 April 2020. 25 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200425164301/https://sacoronavirus.co.za/2020/04/23/statement-by-president-cyril-ramaphosa-on-south-africas-response-to-the-coronavirus-pandemic-union-buildings-tshwane/. live.
  202. Web site: Lockdown curfew from 20:00 to 05:00 starting on 1 May . 25 April 2020 . 24.com . en-ZA . 25 April 2020 . 2 May 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200502200104/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/lockdown-curfew-from-2000-to-0500-starting-on-1-may-20200425 . live .
  203. Web site: Disaster Management Act: Regulations: Alert level 4 during Coronavirus COVID-19 lockdown . 29 April 2020 . Government of South Africa . en-ZA . 30 April 2020 . 15 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200715203702/https://www.gov.za/documents/disaster-management-act-regulations-29-apr-2020-0000 . live .
  204. Web site: Minister Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma on directions of once off movement of persons during Coronavirus COVID-19 alert level 4 . 30 April 2020 . Government of South Africa . en-ZA . 1 May 2020 . 24 May 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200524060516/https://www.gov.za/speeches/minister-nkosazana-dlamini-zuma-directions-once-movement-persons-during-coronavirus-covid . live .
  205. Web site: 12 July 2020. Disaster Management Act: Regulations: Alert level 3 during Coronavirus COVID-19 lockdown: Amendment. 19 July 2020. South African Government. 19 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200719165541/https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202007/43521gon763s.pdf. live.
  206. Web site: 28 May 2020. Disaster Management Act: Regulations: Alert level 3 during Coronavirus COVID-19 lockdown. 30 May 2020. Government of South Africa. en-ZA. 5 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200605192843/https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202005/43364gon608s.pdf. live.
  207. Web site: Disaster Management Act: Regulations: Alert level 3 during Coronavirus COVID-19 lockdown South African Government. 19 July 2020. gov.za. 19 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200719131052/https://www.gov.za/coronavirus/alert-level-3. live.
  208. Web site: Disaster Management Act: Measures to prevent and combat the spread of Coronavirus COVID-19 in the public transport services: Air services: Amendment . 30 May 2020 . Government of South Africa . en-ZA . 30 May 2020 . 5 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200605193111/https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202005/43375gon615s.pdf . live .
  209. Web site: South Africa's level 3 lockdown – what you need to know, including the times you can buy alcohol . BusinessTech . 28 May 2020 . 30 May 2020 . 29 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200729005450/https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/402735/south-africas-level-3-lockdown-what-you-need-to-know-including-the-times-you-can-buy-alcohol/ . live .
  210. Web site: Disaster Management Act: Directions to address, prevent and combat the spread of Coronavirus COVID-19: Protocols for the Personal Care Services . 19 June 2020 . Government of South Africa . en-ZA . 20 June 2020 . 15 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200715221725/https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202006/43459rg11135gon696.pdf . live .
  211. News: 6 July 2020. Disaster Management Act: Directions to address, prevent and combat the spread of Coronavirus COVID-19: Sporting events, training and matches to resume, opening of libraries, museums, cinemas, theatres, galleries and archives under Alert Level 3: Amendment. South African Government. 19 July 2020. 19 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200719123333/https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202007/43507gon751.pdf. live.
  212. Web site: Villiers . James de . EXPLAINER – Easing lockdown: 10 things you need to know from Ramaphosa's speech . News24 . 18 June 2020 . 18 June 2020 . 30 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200730082652/https://www.news24.com/news24/analysis/explainer-easing-lockdown-10-things-you-need-to-know-from-ramaphosas-speech-20200618 . live .
  213. Web site: Eyewitness . Cinemas, hair salons, casinos & others to reopen – Ramaphosa . EWN . 17 June 2020 . 18 June 2020 . 9 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202655/https://ewn.co.za/2020/06/17/watch-live-ramaphosa-gives-update-on-covid-19 . live .
  214. Web site: Coronavirus COVID-19 Alert level 1 South African Government. 2020-09-20. www.gov.za.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.