National identity cards in the European Economic Area and Switzerland explained

Document Name:National identity card
Using Jurisdiction: Member states of the European Economic Area
Eligibility:Citizens of the European Economic Area
Size:ID-1
Expiration:New cards: Maximum 10 years
Non-MRZ: 2 Aug 2026
Non-EU standard: 2 Aug 2031
Document Type:Identity card
Date First Issued:2 August 2021 (new EU-standard)
In Circulation:53 million (2023, new EU-standard)
~200 million (total)[1]
Valid Jurisdictions: EU and EFTA
----Various other countries and territories depending on the country of issue

National identity cards are identity documents issued to citizens of most European Union and European Economic Area (EEA) member states, with the exception of Denmark[2] and Ireland (which however issues an equivalent passport card).[3] As a new common identity card model replaced the various formats in use from 2 August 2021, recently issued ID cards are harmonized across the EEA, while older ID cards are currently being phased out according to Regulation (EU) 2019/1157.

As of 2021, there are approximately 200 million national identity cards in use in the EU/EEA, including 53 million of the new EU-standard cards. They are compulsory in 15 EEA/EFTA countries, voluntary in 11 countries and in 5 countries they are semi-compulsory (some form of identification required). Where the card is compulsory, in some member countries it is required to be carried at all times, while in other countries the mere possession of the card is sufficient.

Citizens holding a national identity card, which states citizenship of an EEA member state or Switzerland, can use it as an identity document within their home country, and as a travel document to exercise the right of free movement in the EEA and Switzerland.[4] However, identity cards that do not state citizenship of an EEA member state or Switzerland, including residence permits or residence cards issued to non-citizens, are not valid as travel documents within the EEA and Switzerland.[5] [6] [7]

Use

Travel document

As an alternative to presenting a passport, EEA and Swiss citizens are entitled to use a valid national identity card as a stand-alone travel document to exercise their right of free movement in the European Economic Area and Switzerland. National identity card ownership in most EU countries and Switzerland is much more widespread than passport ownership.[8]

When travelling within the Nordic Passport Union, no identity documentation is legally required by Nordic citizens. When travelling within the Common Travel Area (UK and Ireland), other valid identity documentation (such as a driving licence) is often sufficient for Irish and British citizens.[9]

At present, Denmark is the only state that does not issue identity cards that are valid as travel documents in the EEA member states and Switzerland.[10] Strictly speaking, it is not necessary for an EEA or Swiss citizen to possess a valid national identity card or passport to enter the EEA and Switzerland. In theory, if an EEA or Swiss citizen can prove their nationality by any other means (e.g. by presenting an expired national identity card or passport, or a citizenship certificate), they must be permitted to enter the EEA and Switzerland. An EEA or Swiss citizen who is unable to demonstrate their nationality satisfactorily must, nonetheless, be given 'every reasonable opportunity' to obtain the necessary documents or to have them delivered within a reasonable period of time.[11] [12]

Additionally, EEA and Swiss citizens can enter the following countries and territories outside the EEA and Switzerland on the basis of their national identity cards alone, without the need to present a passport to the border authorities:

valign=top valign=top
Turkey allows citizens of Belgium, Bulgaria,[24] France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain and Switzerland using a national identity card for short-term visits. Similarly, Egypt allows citizens of Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, and Portugal to enter using a national identity card for short-term visits.[25] [26] Tunisia allows nationals of the European Union (except Cyprus) and Switzerland to enter using a national identity card if travelling on an organized tour.[27] Anguilla, Dominica, Saint Lucia, Guernsey and Jersey allow nationals of France to enter using a national ID card. Gambia allows nationals of Belgium to enter using a national ID card.[28] Greenland allows Nordic citizens to use any identification document containing a photo.[29] The United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies allows EU, EEA and Swiss citizens to use national identity cards for entry if they have rights under the Withdrawal Agreement, which applies generally to EU/EFTA citizens residing in the UK before Brexit.[30] [31] [32] After 2026, only ICAO compliant biometric identity cards will be acceptable for entry to the UK.[33] [34]

According to their local laws, Swedish and Finnish citizens cannot leave their country directly for a non-EU/EFTA country with only their ID cards.[35] [36] [37]

Additional checks for some citizens

At the external border crossing points of the Schengen Area, if a traveller presents a travel document without a machine readable zone and the border guard has 'doubt about his/her identity', the traveller may be requested to undergo a more in-depth 'second line' check.[11] In practice, this means that Greek or Italian citizens who present an old-format paper Greek or Italian identity card could be subject to additional checks and delay when entering/leaving the Schengen Area.[38]

With effect from 7 April 2017, it is mandatory for border guards in the Schengen Area to check on a systematic basis the travel documents of all EEA and Swiss citizens crossing external borders against relevant databases. Until 7 April 2017, border guards in the Schengen Area were only obliged to perform a 'rapid' and 'straightforward' visual check for signs of falsification and tampering, and were not obliged to use technical devices – such as document scanners, UV light and magnifiers – when EEA and Swiss citizens presented their passports or national identity cards at external border checkpoints. They were not legally obliged to check the passports/national identity cards of EEA and Swiss citizens against a database of lost/stolen/invalidated travel documents (and, if they did so, they could only perform a 'rapid' and 'straightforward' database check, and could only check to see if the traveller was on a database containing persons of interest on a strictly 'non-systematic' basis where such a threat was 'genuine', 'present' and 'sufficiently serious').

According to statistics published by Frontex, in 2015 the top 6 EU member states whose national identity cards were falsified and detected at external border crossing points of the Schengen Area were Italy, Spain, Belgium, Greece, France and Romania.[39] These countries remained the top 6 in 2016.[40]

Identification document

Usage in own countryThere are varying rules on domestic usage of identity documents. Some countries demand the usage of the national identity card or a passport. Other countries allow usage of other documents like driver's licences.

In eleven countries, e.g. Austria, Finland, Sweden and Iceland, national identity cards are fully voluntary and not needed by everyone, as identity documents like driving licences are accepted domestically. In these countries only a minority have a national identity card, since a majority use a passport or driving licence for identification purposess and don't need more identity documents. Similarly, the Irish Passport Card is voluntary.[41]

However, even in those EEA countries that impose a national identity card requirement on their citizens, it is generally not required to carry the identity cards at all times.

Usage outside own countryEEA and Swiss citizens exercising their right of free movement in another EEA member state or Switzerland are entitled to use their national identity card as an identification document when dealing not just with government authorities, but also with private sector service providers. For example, where a supermarket in the Netherlands refuses to accept a German national identity card as proof of age when a German citizen attempts to purchase an age-restricted product and insists on the production of a Dutch-issued passport or driving licence or other identity document, the supermarket would, in effect, be discriminating against this individual on this basis of their nationality in the provision of a service, thereby contravening the prohibition in Art 20(2) of Directive 2006/123/EC of discriminatory treatment relating to the nationality of a service recipient in the conditions of access to a service which are made available to the public at large by a service provider.[42] In those EEA countries whose citizens are required by law to obtain a national identity card, only a minority have a passport, since it is not needed for travelling across much of Europe.
Usage in third countriesNational identity cards are often accepted in other parts of the world for unofficial identification purposes (such as age verification in commercial establishments that serve or sell alcohol, or checking in at hotels) and sometimes for official purposes such as proof of identity and nationality to authorities (especially machine-readable cards).

Electronic identity cards (eID)

As of 2024, all EU/EEA countries (except Denmark) issue national identity cards with an electronic identity (eID) function, either through incorporating an EMV (contact chip) or, most commonly, through a RFID/NFC (contactless) function. The regulation dictates that the eID functions must be logically or physically separate from the ICAO biometric function of the card.

Digital signature applications can be used which enables the bearer to authenticate themselves digitally using their identity card.[43] Consequently they can authenticate documents to satisfy any third party that the document's not been altered after being digitally signed, as well as to identify the identity card holder. This application uses a registered certificate in conjunction with public/private key pairs so these enhanced cards do not necessarily have to participate in online transactions.[44] This can be achieved by using an EMV smartcard reader paired with a computer, or by NFC (by mobile phone or PC) for the contactless variants.

A growing number of EU countries have introduced dedicated mobile apps, linked to state registries, that replace physical identity cards. In 2024, EU has passed regulations aimed at standardising electronic identities also through mobile wallets.

Common design and security features

European Union standards from 2006

On 4 December 2006, all European Union member states agreed to adopt common designs and minimum security standards for national identity cards that were in the draft resolution of 15 November 2006:[45] [46] This included laminated paper core cards and cards made of a synthetic substrate. The standard specified minimum biographical information (including doc. no., validity, signature), machine readability and ICAO conformity.[47]

EU Regulations from April 2017 revising the Schengen Borders Code, introduced systematic checks of travel documents of EU, EEA and Swiss citizens against relevant databases when entering and leaving the Schengen Area, and states that all member states should phase out national identity cards which are not machine-readable.

New European Union standards from 2019

Number:2019/1157
Type:regulation
Regulation (EU) 2019/1157 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on strengthening the security of identity cards of Union citizens and of residence documents issued to Union citizens and their family members exercising their right of free movement
Eea:yes
Madeby:European Parliament and Council
Madeunder:Art. 21(2) TFEU
Ojref:L 188, pp. 67–78
Ojrefurl:http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/1157/oj
Commprop:17 April 2018
Made:20 June 2019
Commenced:10 July 2019
Application:2 August 2021
Status:current

In 2019, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union adopted a new regulation with a new common format of identity cards. The purpose of the regulation was to replace and harmonize the various identity card models currently in use in Europe. The regulation began to apply to the European Union (EU) on 2 August 2021 and the European Economic Area (EEA) as of 1 February 2024.

As of June 2024, all EU/EEA countries issue national ID cards which are compliant with the 2019 legislation.

However, the regulation was declared invalid by the European Court of Justice in March 2024 as it had been adopted on an incorrect legal basis, as fingerprinting of applicants for the issuance of identity cards may be an overreach of citizens' rights. It remains temporarily in force until, at the latest, 31 December 2026 so that the Council may adopt a new regulation on the correct legal basis.[48]

According to the EU law, Member States (including EEA States, with exceptions), should issue identity cards according to Regulation (EU) 2019/1157 which states that :

Article 16 states that this Regulation shall apply from 2 August 2021.

For several member countries the new requirements do not mean that the design or features of the existing cards change much, since they mostly fulfil the requirements already. For some this means a large redesign. A visible change for all countries is the country code inside the EU flag.

ICAO/EU identity cards have an identifying initial character that begins "A", "C", or "I".[51] in the MRZ on the obverse side. All EEA identity cards have the initial identifying characters "ID" or "I<" except Italy, Ireland, Cyprus and Norway. Irish passport cards have the initial identifying characters "IP", Croatia uses "IO". However, Italy and Norway use the initial character "C" for their identity cards.

Identity cards not meeting the new requirements shall cease to be valid at their expiry or by 3 August 2031, whichever comes sooner. Identity cards which do not meet the minimum security standards or which do not include a functional machine-readable zone shall cease to be valid by 3 August 2026. Identity cards of persons aged 70 and above on 2 August 2021 which meet the minimum security standards and which have a functional MRZ shall cease to be valid at their expiry.[52] In 2019, the EU estimated that around 80 million ID cards in circulation were not machine-readable, and will therefore expire in 2026.[53]

Cyprus began issuing identity cards conforming to the harmonised requirements as early as August 2020, becoming the first country to implement the new standard, followed by Malta the same month. Implementation throughout the member states progressed gradually, and is now complete with Portugal and Bulgaria being the last to implement the new standards in June 2024; non-compliant cards will phase out as previously outlined.[54] [55]

Non-compliant identity cards

In July 2023, the European Commission decided to open an infringement procedure against Bulgaria, Greece and Portugal as they had not updated their ID cards to EU standards.[56] Greece began issuing its updated ID card on 25 September 2023,[57] followed by Portugal on 11 June 2024[58] and Bulgaria on 17 June 2024.[59]

On the other hand, Regulation (EU) 2019/1157 does not apply to travel documents like the passport card issued by Ireland, as stated in point (14) of the introduction chapter. Irish passport cards nevertheless follow the ICAO 9303 standard and are biometrically compliant, but do not contain the EU flag, but only the words 'European Union' on the document.

Danish identity cards are issued by municipalities, each having their own design, and are not accepted as valid travel documents outside Denmark. They were launched in 2017, replacing previous 'Youth Cards'.[60] Since 2018, information about the nationality of the cardholder has been included which briefly allowed the card to be used for travel to Sweden.[61] However in September 2019, Swedish authorities explicitly banned Danish municipal identity cards from being used for entry.[62] In 2021, the Danish Ministry of Interior came to the conclusion that more secure ID cards were not on the agenda due to prohibitive costs.[63]

Finally, Switzerland is not subject to the Regulation, as it is neither an EU nor an EEA member state; Swiss ID cards do not contain biometric data.

Cards issued by other EEA states

In February 2024, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein became bound by Regulation 2019/1157 with some special provisions, including the lack of a requirement of an EU flag.[64] Nevertheless, Norwegian identity cards have already been compliant with the Regulation since July 2021. Likewise, Liechtenstein began issuing biometric EU-standard ID cards in January 2024.[65] Finally, Iceland began to issue new EU-standard ID cards in March 2024, the first in the world to use the new additional ICAO 9303 format with a vertical format.[66] [67] [68]

Overview of national identity cards

Member states issue a variety of national identity cards with differing technical specifications and according to differing issuing procedures. In most member states, cards can be issued abroad through the country's respective consulates.[69]

Member stateeIDstyle=width:160pxFrontstyle=width:160pxReversestyle=width:160pxCompulsory/optionalCostValiditystyle=width:100pxIssuing authorityLatest version

Austria		NFCIdentity documentation is optional
  • €61.50 (applicants aged 16 or over)
  • €26.30 (children aged 2–15)
  • Free of charge (children under 2)
  • 10 years (ages >12)
  • 5 years (ages 2–11)
  • 2 years (<2)
2 August 2021[70]

Belgium
EMVNational identity card compulsory for Belgian citizens aged 12 or over
  • Differs per city
  • equivalent of €11 or €17 in local currency (citizens registered abroad)
  • 6 years (ages 12 to 18)
  • 10 years (ages 18 to 75)
  • 30 years (>75)
Municipality15 July 2021[71]

Bulgaria		NFCNational identity card compulsory for Bulgarian citizens aged 14 or over
  • first card free (age 14-16)
  • €6.5 (age 14-18)
  • €9 (age 18-58)
  • €5.5 (age 58-70)
  • free (age >70)
  • 4 years (ages 14 to 17)
  • 10 years (ages 18 to 70)
  • 30 years (optional, >70)
The police on behalf of the Ministry of the Interior17 June 2024

Croatia
EMVNFCNational identity card compulsory for Croatian citizens resident in Croatia aged 18 or over
  • First card free of charge (age <18)
  • €13.27 (age 5-70)
  • €9.29 (age >70)[72]
  • €25.88 for 10-day issue
  • €66.36 for 3-day issue
  • 5 years
  • 40 years (adults aged 70 or over)
The police on behalf of the Ministry of the Interior[73] 2 August 2021

Cyprus
NFCNational identity card compulsory for Cypriot citizens aged 12 or over
  • €30 (applicants aged 18 or over)
  • €20 (children under 18)
  • 10 years
  • 5 years (ages<18)
12 August 2020

Czech Republic
EMVNational identity card compulsory for Czech citizens over 15 years of age with permanent residency in the Czech Republic
  • Free of charge for first issue or renewal of data
  • 200 CZK for all ID cards with an electronic chip for all reasons
  • 10 years (ages>15)
  • 5 years (ages<15)
Municipality on behalf of the Ministry of the Interior2 August 2021

Denmark		NoNo national identity card. Danish identity cards are issued by municipalities without a common design and are not usable as travel documentation outside some Nordic countries.Identity documentation is optional (for Danish and Nordic citizens)150 DKK10 yearsMunicipality21 November 2017[74]

Estonia
EMV
[75]
[76] 		National identity card compulsory for all Estonian citizens aged 15 or over
  • €7 (age <15, retired or disabled, in Estonia)
  • €10 (age <15, retired or disabled, abroad)
  • €25 (age >15, in Estonia)
  • €50 (age >15, abroad)
  • €45 (urgent)[77]
5 yearsPolice and Border Guard Board23 August 2021

Finland
EMV
[78] 		Identity documentation is optional
  • €49-55 (regular, for all citizens)[79]
  • €33-39 (children under 18, not valid as a travel document)
5 yearsPolice13 March 2023

France
EMVNFC
[80] 		National identity card optional[81]
  • Free of charge
  • €25 (if the previous one cannot be presented, e.g., it was lost or stolen)
10 years[82] City halls with a Dispositif de Recueil (on behalf of the prefecture)[83] 15 March 2021

Germany
NFCNational identity card optional; however, a national identity card or passport is compulsory for German citizens aged 16 or over.
  • €37.00 (applicants aged 24 or over)
  • €22.80 (applicants aged under 24)
  • 10 years (ages>24)
  • 6 years (ages<24)
City or town of residence2 August 2021

Greece
NFCNational identity card compulsory for Greek citizens aged 12 or over
  • €10 for first issue and renewal (or reissue after reported stolen)
  • €5 for members of large family households
  • + €9 for reissue if lost or destroyed [84]
10 yearsPolice25 September 2023[85]

Hungary
NFCNational identity card optional; however, a national identity card, passport or driving licence is compulsory for all Hungarian citizens
  • Free of charge
  • 60 years (age >65)
  • 6 years (age 18–65)
  • 3 years (age <18)
Ministry of Interior2 August 2021

Iceland		NFCIdentity documentation is optional (for Icelandic and Nordic citizens)
  • 9,200 ISK (18-66)
  • 4,600 for children, elderly and disabled
  • 2x cost for urgent application.
  • 10 years for adults
  • 5 years for children
Sheriff, on behalf of Registers Iceland5 March 2024

Ireland		No national identity card. Ireland issues an optional passport card, only if the applicant already has a valid passport booklet, or gets one in the same application.Identity documentation is optional
  • €35 (standalone)
  • €25 (as part of a passport application)
  • 5 years (or less, matched to passport)
Department of Foreign Affairs14 October 2021
Link to imageLink to image

Italy
NFC
[86]
[87] 		National identity card optional[88]
  • In Italy: €16.79 + fees depending on municipality[89]
  • Abroad: €21.95 or €27.11 (if previous card was lost or stolen)[90]
  • 3 years (age <3)
  • 5 years (age 3–18)
  • 10 years (age >18)[91]

Note: validity expires on birthday[92]

Municipality of residence on behalf of the Ministry of the Interior29 September 2022

Latvia
EMVNFC
[93]
[94] 		National identity card compulsory for Latvian citizens aged 15 or over.[95]
  • €14.23
  • €7.11 (age <20, retirees)
  • 2 years (age <5)
  • 5 years (age 5–20)
  • 10 years (age ≥20)[96]
Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs12 October 2021

Liechtenstein		NFCIdentity documentation is optional
  • CHF65 (adults aged 18 or over)
  • CHF30 (children under 18)
  • 10 years (adults aged 15 or over)
  • 3 years (children under 15)
Immigration and Passport Office, Vaduz3 January 2024

Lithuania
EMVNFC
[97] 		National identity card optional; however, a national identity card or passport is compulsory for Lithuanian citizens aged 16 or over.
  • €8.6
  • 10 years (adults aged 16 or over)
  • 5 years (children under 16)
Migration Department17 August 2021

Luxembourg
NFC
[98] 		National identity card compulsory for Luxembourgian citizens resident in Luxembourg aged 15 or over
  • 14€ (people aged 15 or over)
  • 10€ (children aged 4–14)
  • 5€ (children under 4)
  • 10 years (applicants aged 15 or over)
  • 5 years (children aged 4–14)
  • 2 years (children under 4)
Ministry of the Interior2 August 2021

Malta		NFCNational identity card compulsory for Maltese citizens aged 18 or over
  • Free of charge for first issue or renewal of data
  • €22 for renewal if lost, stolen or destroyed
  • €16.50 for renewal if defaced
  • 10 years
Identity Malta[99] 28 September 2020[100] [101]

Netherlands
NFC
[102] 		National identity card optional; however, valid identity documentation is compulsory for all persons aged 14 or over.
  • €40.92 (age <18)[103]
  • €75.80 (age ≥18)
  • €87.00 (age <18, abroad)[104]
  • €121.95 (age ≥18, abroad)
 Municipality2 August 2021[107]

Norway
NFCIdentity documentation is optional
  • NOK 750 (adults and children aged 10 or older)
  • NOK 450 (children under 10)[108]
  • 5 years (adults and children aged 10 or older)
  • 3 years (children aged 5–9)
  • 2 years (children aged 0–4)
Norwegian Police Service29 July 2021[109] [110]

Poland
NFCNational identity card compulsory for Polish citizens resident in Poland aged 18 or over and optional for those under 18 and those residing abroad.Free of charge
  • 10 years (people over 12 years of age)
  • 5 years (minors under 12 years of age)
Municipality8 November 2021

Portugal
EMVNFC
National identity card (called "Citizen Card") compulsory for Portuguese citizens aged 20 days or over[111]
  • Free of charge (age <1)
  • €15 (age 1–25, in Portugal)
  • €18 (age >25, in Portugal)
  • €20 (age 1–25, abroad)
  • €23 (age >25, abroad)
  • €30 to €70 (expedited)
  • 10 years (age >25)
  • 5 years (age <25)
Institute of Registries and Notary11 June 2024

Romania		EMVNational identity card compulsory for Romanian citizens aged 14 or over with permanent residence in Romania7 RON
  • No expiry (age ≥55)
  • 10 years (age 25–54)
  • 7 years (age 18–24)
  • 4 years (age 14–17)
Ministry of Internal Affairs through the Directorate for Persons Record and Databases Management2 August 2021 (Only available in the Cluj County)1 January 2024 (Available in the entire country)

Slovakia
EMVNFCNational identity card compulsory for Slovak citizens aged 15 or over with permanent residence in Slovakia [112]
  • Free of charge (first card, renewal after expiration)
  • €25 (reissue of lost or stolen card, free of change if stolen during a robbery)
  • €7 (reissue for all other reasons)
  • 10 years (age >15)
  • 5 years (age 6–15)
  • 2 years (age <6)
Police1 December 2022

Slovenia
EMVNFC
[113] 		National identity card optional; however, a form of ID with photo is compulsory for Slovenian citizens permanently resident in Slovenia aged 18 or over
  • €22.27 (age <3)
  • €24.07 (age 3–12)
  • €24.93 (age 12–18)
  • €29.53 (age >18)
  • 3 years (age <3)
  • 5 years (age 3–18)
  • 10 years (age 18–70)
  • No expiry (age >70)
Administrative unit28 March 2022

Spain
EMVNFC
[114] 		National identity card compulsory for Spanish citizens residing in Spain aged 14 or over (not required for those residing abroad)
  • €12 (first issued, expired, lost or damaged)
  • Free of charge (change of residency, "large family" status[115])
  • No expiry (adults over 70)
  • 10 years (adults aged 30–70)
  • 5 years (applicants under 30)
National Police Corps2 August 2021

Sweden
NFCIdentity documentation is optionalSEK 400
  • 5 years (adults and children aged 12 or older)
  • 3 years (children under 12 years)
Swedish Police Authority1 January 2022[116]

Switzerland		NoIdentity documentation is optional
  • CHF 70 (adults)
  • CHF 35 (children)
  • 10 years (adults)
  • 5 years (children)
Federal Office of Police through canton / municipality of residence3 March 2023[117] [118]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: UK bars more than 200 million EU citizens who have ID cards but no passports. 1 October 2021. The Independent.
  2. Web site: Legitimationskort . 2020-11-30 . Borger.dk.
  3. Web site: Get a Passport Card . Department of Foreign Affairs.
  4. Web site: APPENDIX 1 Movement of persons (Art. 20). Article 1.
  5. Web site: How to use the identity card. 2021-03-15. Police. en-US.
  6. Web site: Om pass og ID-kort. 2021-03-15. Politiet. nb.
  7. Web site: What is it? - Applying for an ID card for an adult. 2021-03-20. Police and Border Guard Board. en.
  8. Web site: 17 April 2018. Commission Staff Working Document - Impact Assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the Euoprean Parliament of the Council on strengthening the security of identity cards of Union citizens and of residence documents issued to Union citizens and their family members exercising their right of free movement. European Commission. 102. As ID cards are less bulky and usually cheaper than passports, ID card ownership is much more widespread than passport ownership and tens of millions of journeys involving entry to the EU territory are made every year using ID cards..
  9. Web site: 1 February 2020. Common Travel Area between Ireland and the United Kingdom. Citizensinformation.ie. Citizens Information Board.
  10. http://europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/travel/entry-exit/eu-citizen/index_en.htm Travel documents for EU nationals
  11. Practical Handbook for Border Guards, Part II, section I, point 2.9 (C (2019) 7131)
  12. Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 17 February 2005, Case C 215/03, Salah Oulane vs. Minister voor Vreemdelingenzaken en Integratie
  13. Web site: Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs . 29 December 2021 . Visa regime for foreign citizens .
  14. Web site: Vize. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120806143506/http://www.mfa.ba/konzularne_informacije/vize/Default.aspx. 6 August 2012. dmy-all.
  15. Web site: Passport and Visa . 2022-06-29 . visitfaroeislands.com . en.
  16. Web site: იმ ქვეყნების ჩამონათვალის დამტკიცების შესახებ, რომელთა მოქალაქეებსაც შეუძლიათ საქართველოში უვიზოდ შემოსვლა . 2024-03-10 . სსიპ ”საქართველოს საკანონმდებლო მაცნე” . ka.
  17. Web site: Ballina - Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Republic of Kosovo. Mfa-ks.net. 28 July 2022.
  18. Web site: HG765/2014 . 2024-03-10 . www.legis.md.
  19. Web site: Archived copy . 16 November 2015 . 3 October 2013 . https://archive.today/20131003221421/http://www.mvpei.gov.me/en/sections/consular-affairs/visa-regimes-for-foreign-citizens/ . dead .
  20. Web site: Visa regulations. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. 7 August 2024.
  21. Web site: Министерство за надворешни работи. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 28 July 2022.
  22. Web site: Frequently Asked Questions Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 2024-03-10 . www.mfa.gov.rs . en.
  23. Web site: Frequently Asked Questions. 13 January 2016.
  24. Web site: CUMHURBAŞKANI KARARI. Resmigazete.gov.tr. 28 July 2022.
  25. Web site: Archived copy . 18 July 2014 . 24 July 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140724060739/http://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/fileadmin/user_upload/CI/eID/fr/acces_etranger/voyager_avec_des_documents_d_identite_belges.pdf . dead .
  26. Web site: Egypte - Sécurité. International Ministère des Affaires étrangères et du Développement. 21 February 2024 . diplomatie.gouv.fr.
  27. Web site: Visa information - Tunisia embassy in Berlin.
  28. Web site: Welcome to the website of the Embassy of the Gambia in Brussels and Permanent Mission to the European Union - Travel Information . 2015-05-17 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150518111217/http://www.gambiaembassy.be/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=43 . 18 May 2015 . dmy-all .
  29. Web site: To and from Greenland . 2022-06-29 . Grl-rep.dk.
  30. Web site: Visiting the UK as an EU, EEA or Swiss citizen. 2021-01-03. GOV.UK. en.
  31. Web site: Government of Jersey. 2021-01-03. gov.je. en.
  32. Web site: Isle of Man Government - Arrival in the Isle of Man from 1 January 2021. 2021-01-03. Gov.im.
  33. Web site: UK Government . Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community . 14 June 2024.
  34. Web site: Portuguese Government . Frequently asked questions about traveling with a national ID card as a beneficiary of the EU-UK Withdrawal Agreement . 14 June 2024.
  35. Web site: FINLEX - Ursprungliga författningar: Statsrådets förordning om styrkande av rätten... 660/2013. Finlex.fi. 28 July 2022.
  36. Web site: Ökade möjligheter att resa inom EU med nationellt identitetskort. 22 January 2015. Regeringen.se. 28 July 2022.
  37. http://www.notisum.se/rnp/sls/lag/19780302.htm Passlag (1978:302)
  38. Web site: Commission Staff Working Document - Impact Assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the Euoprean Parliament of the Council on strengthening the security of identity cards of Union citizens and of residence documents issued to Union citizens and their family members exercising their right of free movement . . 17 April 2018 . For instance Italian and Greek paper ID cards are frequently rejected at certain border checks (e.g. in UK, Germany and Spain). The fact that border control officials are not always familiar with the various identity documents in circulation can also result in more profound consequences, or at least, delays and inconvenience for citizens when exercising their right of free movement due to lengthy document checks.. 12.
  39. See Risk Analysis for 2016 (table of statistics of fraudulent document detected, by main countries of issuance, 2015 on p. 24) by Frontex
  40. See Risk Analysis for 2017 (table of statistics of fraudulent document detected, by main countries of issuance, 2016 on p. 22) by Frontex
  41. Web site: Passport Card Ireland . www.gov.ie . 11 April 2022 . 1 November 2022 . en.
  42. Web site: Parliamentary question Answer to Question No E-004933/14 E-004933/2014(ASW) European Parliament. Europarl.europa.eu. 28 July 2022.
  43. Book: Helmbrecht . Udo . Handbook of eID Security: Concepts, Practical Experiences, Technologies . Naumann . Ingo . 2011 . John Wiley & Sons . 978-3-89578-379-1 . Fumy . Walter . II . 109 . 8: Overview of European Electronic Identity Cards . Paeschke . Manfred.
  44. Book: Helmbrecht . Udo . Handbook of eID Security: Concepts, Practical Experiences, Technologies . Naumann . Ingo . 2011 . John Wiley & Sons . 978-3-89578-379-1 . Fumy . Walter . II . 110 . 8: Overview of European Electronic Identity Cards . Paeschke . Manfred.
  45. Web site: Council of the European Union: Draft Resolution of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States meeting within the Council on common minimum security standards for Member States' national identity cards. Statewatch.org.
  46. Web site: List of texts adopted by the Council in the JHA area – 2006. 15 December 2012. 12 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130512174659/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/EN-2006-REL.pdf. dead.
  47. Web site: Machine Readable Travel Documents - Part 5. ICAO. 2019-06-23.
  48. https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2024-03/cp240050en.pdf
  49. Web site: 320458 European Free Trade Association . 2023-10-23 . www.efta.int.
  50. Web site: Implementing decision C(2018)7767. 2021-09-28. ec.europa.eu.
  51. Web site: Doc 9303, Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 5: Specifications for TD1 Size Machine Readable Official Travel Documents (MROTDs) . ICAO.
  52. Web site: Status for nye pass og nasjonale ID-kort. 2020-11-24. Politiet. nb.
  53. Web site: Press corner . 2023-10-24 . European Commission - European Commission . en.
  54. Web site: Carta d'identità . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220314145731/https://www.esteri.it/it/servizi-consolari-e-visti/italiani-all-estero/documenti_di_viaggio/carta_identita/ . 14 March 2022 . 14 March 2022 . Esteri.it . it-it.
  55. Web site: Chrysostomou. Annette. New type of ID cards now being issued Cyprus Mail. 2020-10-04. cyprus-mail.com/. en-GB.
  56. Web site: July Infringements package: key decisions . 2023-10-23 . PubAffairs Bruxelles . en-US.
  57. Web site: 26 September 2023 . Greece to begin offering new, electronic ID cards on Monday . 26 September 2023 . Greek City Times.
  58. Web site: Institute of Registries and Notary . 2024-06-09 . Cartão de Cidadão . Citizen Card . 2024-06-10 . pt.
  59. Web site: Interior Ministry Starts Issuing New-Generation Identity Cards . 2024-06-13 . www.bta.bg . en.
  60. Web site: Nyt kort med foto gør det lettere at legitimere sig . 2023-11-07 . im.dk . da.
  61. Web site: Nationalitet kommer med på nyt legitimationskort . 2023-11-07 . im.dk . da.
  62. Web site: Nyheder Legitimationskort er IKKE længere gyldigt ved rejser over Sverige . 2023-10-25 . www.brk.dk . da.
  63. Web site: Dybvad Bek . Kaare . 2021-05-11 . Orientering om legitimationskortet .
  64. Web site: 320458 European Free Trade Association . 2024-03-03 . www.efta.int.
  65. Web site: 2024-01-11 . 400 ID in nur sechs Tagen ausgestellt (Abo) . 2024-01-31 . Vaterland online.
  66. Web site: 2023-06-21 . Lög um nafnskírteini. . 2023-07-20 . Alþingi . is.
  67. Web site: Ný nafnskírteini . 2024-03-05 . www.skra.is . is.
  68. Web site: ICAO . September 2023 . Additional TD1 layout specifications for Machine Readable Official Travel Documents (MROTDs) .
  69. http://www.statewatch.org/news/2010/jun/eu-council-ID-cards-9949-10.pdf State of play concerning the electronic identity cards in the EU Member States
  70. Web site: 2021-07-30. Chip, QR-Code, wehende Fahne: Neuer Personalausweis ab 2. August. 2021-07-30. Die Presse. de.
  71. Web site: Home. Ibz.rrn.fgov.be. en. 2020-08-09.
  72. Web site: Osobna iskaznica - gov.hr. 2022-01-14. gov.hr.
  73. Zakon o osobnoj iskaznici
  74. Web site: Government of Denmark . 21 November 2018 . Order on the issuance of identification cards .
  75. Web site: Estonian Information System Authority . 11 October 2022 . Analysis of the Possibility to Use ID1 Card's NFC Interface for Authentication and Electronic Signing.
  76. Web site: How to check that your ID-card reader is working? . 2024-02-01 . ID.ee . en-US.
  77. Web site: Isikut tõendavad dokumendid. 5 May 2016. 4 August 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160804182054/https://www.politsei.ee/et/teenused/riigiloivud/riigiloivu-maarad/isikut-toendavad-dokumendid/index.dot. dead.
  78. Web site: Using an identity card in online services; How to use the identity card . 2024-02-01 . Police . en-US.
  79. Web site: Så här ansöker du om identitetskort. 2022-01-14. Polisen. sv-SE.
  80. Web site: Programme France identité numérique . 2024-02-01 . France Identité . fr-FR.
  81. Web site: Est-il obligatoire d'avoir une carte d'identité ?. Service-public.fr. fr. 2019-11-09.
  82. Web site: La nouvelle carte nationale d'identité . Interieur.gouv.fr.
  83. Web site: Carte d'identité et passeport (DR). 2022-05-11 . mairie.ants.gouv.fr. fr.
  84. Web site: Ministerial Decree regulating issue, reissue and renewal of Greek ID cards (recast). 26 September 2023 . el.
  85. Web site: Example of new ID cards published.
  86. Web site: 2020-12-10 . CIE Features . 2024-02-01 . The Electronic Identity Card (CIE) . en-GB.
  87. Web site: Digital identification . 2024-02-01 . The Electronic Identity Card (CIE) . en-GB.
  88. Web site: D.P.R. 445/2000 . 2024-02-01 . www.parlamento.it.
  89. Web site: 2020-12-09 . Release and renew in Italy . 2022-06-06 . The Electronic Identity Card (CIE) . en-GB.
  90. Web site: Carta d'identità – Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale . 2022-08-07 . Esteri.it.
  91. Web site: 2020-12-10 . Electronic Identity Card (CIE) . 2022-06-06 . The Electronic Identity Card (CIE) . en-GB.
  92. Web site: Circolare n. 7/2012 – Scadenza dei documenti di identità e di riconoscimento. 2012-07-20. Ministro per la Pubblica Amministrazione. it. 2019-07-23.
  93. Web site: Frequently asked questions and answers Pilsonības un migrācijas lietu pārvalde . 2024-02-01 . www.pmlp.gov.lv . en.
  94. Web site: Biometric identification: is it for me? . 2024-02-01 . Smart-ID . en-US.
  95. Web site: Personu apliecinošu dokumentu noformēšana. Pilsonības un migrācijas lietu pārvalde.
  96. Web site: PRADO - LVA-BO-02001. Consilium.europa.eu.
  97. Web site: E-service access will be easier and faster for Lithuanians living abroad . 2024-02-01 . keliauk.urm.lt . en.
  98. Web site: 2021-03-23 . eID – The Luxembourg electronic identity card . 2023-10-23 . ctie.gouvernement.lu . en.
  99. Web site: 2019-10-08. E-ID Cards Unit. Identity Malta Agency. 2021-03-20. en-US.
  100. Web site: Schmeh. Klaus. 2020-10-13. Republic of Malta launches electronic identity card. 2021-03-20. Cryptovision.com. en-US.
  101. Web site: Council of the EU and the European Council . Document: MLT-BO-04001 . 2024-01-31.
  102. Web site: Identiteitsbewijs DigiD . 2023-10-23 . www.digid.nl.
  103. Web site: Koninkrijksrelaties. Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en. 2016-01-05. Wat kost een paspoort of identiteitskaart? - Rijksoverheid.nl. 2021-05-07. onderwerpen. nl-NL.
  104. Web site: Apply for a passport and identity card for Dutch citizens abroad. 2021-05-07. Denhaag.nl. en-US.
  105. Web site: Paspoort en identiteitskaart. 11 October 2013. 10 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131010174201/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/paspoort-en-identificatie/paspoort-en-identiteitskaart. dead.
  106. Web site: Identiteitskaart wordt 10 jaar geldig . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130121103410/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/paspoort-en-identificatie/nieuws/2012/09/28/paspoort-wordt-tien-jaar-geldig.html . 21 January 2013 .
  107. Web site: Wijzigingen Nederlandse identiteitskaart in 2021. Rvig.nl. 28 July 2022.
  108. Web site: Forskrift om pass og nasjonalt ID-kort (pass- og ID-kortforskriften) - Lovdata. 2020-10-21. Lovdata.no.
  109. Web site: Document: NOR-BO-02001. 2021-07-30. Consilium.europa.eu. en.
  110. Web site: Nasjonalt ID-kort Kontrollveileder. Politiet.no. 28 July 2022.
  111. Web site: Cartão de Cidadão . Citizen Card . Ministry of Justice of Portugal . pt.
  112. Web site: ZÁKON 395/2019 o občianskych preukazoch a o zmene a doplnení niektorých zákonov. sk.
  113. Web site: Electronic ID » SI-TRUST / Trust Service Authority of Slovenia . 2024-02-01 . www.si-trust.gov.si.
  114. Web site: 2020-03-05 . How to sign documents with the eID Card (DNIe) • Viafirma's Blog . 2024-02-01 . en-US.
  115. Web site: Tasas de expedición del DNI. 2021-08-28. Dnielectronico.es.
  116. Web site: Nya pass och nationella identitetskort den 1 januari 2022 Polismyndigheten. 2021-12-09. polisen.se. sv.
  117. Web site: Police . Federal Office of . Passport and identity card . 2023-02-08 . www.fedpol.admin.ch . en.
  118. Web site: Einführung der neuen Identitätskarte . 2023-02-08 . www.admin.ch.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "National identity cards in the European Economic Area and Switzerland".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.