National colours explained

National colours are frequently part of a country's set of national symbols. Many states and nations have formally adopted a set of colours as their official "national colours" while others have de facto national colours that have become well known through popular use. National colours often appear on a variety of different media, from the nation's flag to the colours used in sports. Before World War I, they also served as the colours of different military uniforms for each nation or region.

Africa

Country	Flag	Primary colours	Secondary colours	Primary	Secondary	Further information
Algeria		Green, white and red				National colours of Algeria
Angola		Red, black and yellow				National colours of Angola
Benin		Green, yellow and red				National colours of Benin
Botswana		Light blue, black and white				National colours of Botswana
Burkina Faso		Red, green and yellow				National colours of Burkina Faso
Burundi		Red, white and green				National colours of Burundi
Cameroon		Green, red and yellow				National colours of Cameroon
Cape Verde		Blue, white, red and yellow				National colours of Cape Verde
Central African Republic		Blue, white, green, yellow and red				National colours of Central African Republic
Chad		Blue, yellow and red				National colours of Chad
Comoros		Yellow, white, red, blue and green				National colours of Comoros
Congo, Democratic Republic of the		Blue, yellow and red				National colours of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
Congo, Republic of the		Green, yellow and red				National colours of Congo Republic
Djibouti		Light blue, green, white and red				National colours of Djibouti
Egypt		Red, white and black	Gold			National colours of Egypt
Equatorial Guinea		Green, white, red and blue				National colours of Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea		Green, blue, red and yellow				National colours of Eritrea
Eswatini (Swaziland)		Blue, yellow, red, black and white				National colours of Eswatini
Ethiopia		Green, yellow, red and blue				National colours of Ethiopia
Gabon		Green, yellow and blue
Gambia		Red, blue, green and white
Ghana		Red, yellow, green and black	Black and white (used in sports)
Guinea		Red, yellow and green
Guinea-Bissau		Red, yellow, green and black
Ivory Coast		Orange, white and green
Kenya		Black, red, green and white
Lesotho		Blue, white, green and black
Liberia		Red, white and blue
Libya		Red, black, green and white
Madagascar		Red, green and white
Malawi		Black, red and green
Mali		Green, yellow and red
Mauritania		Green, yellow and red
Mauritius		Red, blue, yellow and green
Morocco		Red and green
Mozambique		Green, yellow, red, black and white
Namibia		Blue, red, green, white and yellow
Niger		Orange, white and green
Nigeria		Green and white
Rwanda		Sky blue, yellow and green
São Tomé and Príncipe		Green, yellow, red and black
Senegal		Green, yellow and red
Seychelles		Blue, yellow, red, white and green
Sierra Leone		Green, white and blue
Somalia		Blue and white
South Africa		Red, green, blue, gold, black and white^[1]	Green and gold (used in sports)
South Sudan		Black, red, green, blue, yellow and white
Sudan		Red, white, black and green
Tanzania		Green, yellow, blue and black
Togo		Green, yellow, red and white
Tunisia		Red and white
Uganda		Black, yellow and red
Zambia		Green, red, black and orange
Zimbabwe		Green, yellow, red, black and white

North America

Country	Flag	Primary colours	width=150pt	Secondary colours !	Primary	Secondary	Further information
Antigua and Barbuda		Red, white, blue, black and yellow
Bahamas		Aquamarine, yellow and black
Barbados		Ultramarine, gold and black
Belize		Blue, red and white	Sky blue (used in sports)
Canada		Red and white^[2]	Black (only used in sports)			National colours of Canada
Costa Rica		Blue, white and red	Black (used in sports)
Cuba		Blue, white and red	Black
Dominica		Green, yellow, black, white and red	Blue (used in sports)
Dominican Republic		Blue, white and red
El Salvador		Blue and white
Grenada		Green, yellow and red
Guatemala		Blue and white	Navy blue and green-blue
Haiti		Blue and red^[3]
Honduras		Turquoise blue and white	Navy blue and midnight blue
Jamaica		Green, gold and black
Mexico		Green, white and red	Black, Indian red, magenta and lime green (used only in sports)
Nicaragua		Blue and white	Gold and denim (used only in sports)
Panama		Blue, white and red	Midnight blue and cadet blue (used only in sports)
Saint Kitts and Nevis		Green, red and white	Gold and black
Saint Lucia		Light blue, yellow, black and white	Blue (only in sports)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines		Blue, yellow and green
Trinidad and Tobago		Red, white and black	Maroon (only in sports)
United States of America		Red, white and blue				List of U.S. state colors

Sub-national colours

Country, nation or region	Flag	Primary colours	Secondary colours	Primary	Secondary	Further information
Anguilla		Orange, blue and white
Aruba		Yellow, cerulean, white, red
Bermuda		Red, blue and white	Prussian blue (used in sports)
Bonaire		Yellow, blue and white
British Virgin Islands		Green, yellow and white
Cayman Islands		Blue, red and white
Curaçao		Blue, yellow and white
Guadeloupe		Green, red and white	Black
Martinique		Red, green and black	Blue and white
Montserrat		Black, green, dark blue, red and white
New Brunswick		Pine green, navy blue and white				See Flag of New Brunswick
Puerto Rico		Red, white and blue
Quebec		Royal Blue and white				See Flag of Quebec
Saint Martin		Yellow and blue	Dark blue, red and white
Saint Pierre et Miquelon		Blue, white and red
Sint Maarten		Red, blue and white
Turks and Caicos		Blue, light blue, red and white	Green sheen (only in sports)
US Virgin Islands		White, yellow and blue	Light blue (used only in sports)

South America

Country	Flag	Primary colours	Secondary colours	Primary	Secondary	Further information
Argentina		Light blue and white^[4]	Blue and black (used in sports)
Bolivia		Red, yellow and green	White (used in sports)
Brazil		Green and yellow	Blue and white
Chile		Red, white and blue
Colombia		Yellow, blue and red	Dark blue and white (used in sports)
Ecuador		Yellow, blue and red	Sky blue (used in sports)
French Guiana		Yellow and green	Blue (used in sports)
Guyana		Yellow and green	Red and black
Paraguay		Red, white and blue	Bluegray (used in sports)
Peru		Red and white
Suriname		White and green	Red and gold
Uruguay		Blue and white	Light blue (used in sports)			Flag of Artigas, Flag of the Treinta y Tres
Venezuela		Yellow, blue and red	Burgundy, khaki, white and neon yellow (used in sports)

Asia

Country	Flag	Primary colours	width=150pt	Secondary colours !	Primary	Secondary	Further information
Armenia		Red, blue and orange
Afghanistan		Black, red, green and white	Blue (cricket)			New Flag of Afghanistan (2021)
Azerbaijan		Sky blue, red and green
Bahrain		Red and white
Bangladesh		Red and green	White (football)^[5]			First Flag of Bangladesh (1971)
Bhutan		Orange, gold and white
Brunei		Yellow, black, white and red	Blue and green (football)
Cambodia		Red and blue	Black (football)
China		Red and yellow	Dark blue, black and white (sports)
Georgia		Red and white
India		Saffron orange, blue, white and green	Sky blue (sports)
Indonesia		Red and white^[6]	Green (sports)
Iran		Green, white and red	Black
Iraq		Red, white, black and green
Israel		Blue and white^[7]				National colours of Israel
Japan		Red and white	Black (sports); Blue, white and spring bud (only used in football)
Jordan		Black, white, green and red
Kazakhstan		Blue and gold	White and black (sports)
Korea, North (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)		Red, white and blue
Korea, South (Republic of Korea)		White, red, blue and black
Kuwait		Green, white, red and black	Blue and red (sports)
Kyrgyzstan		Red and yellow
Laos		Red, blue and white	Black, gold and sky blue (football)
Lebanon		Red, white and green
Malaysia		Gold and black	Red, white, dark blue and gold
Maldives		Red and white	Green and blue (football)
Mongolia		Blue, red and yellow	White (sports)
Myanmar		Yellow, green, red and white
Nepal		Crimson, blue and white
Oman		Red, white and green	Gold
Pakistan		Green and white	Lime green and gold (sports)
Philippines		Blue, red, white and yellow
Qatar		Maroon and white
Saudi Arabia		Green and white	Lavender^[8]
Singapore		Red and white	Blue (football)
Sri Lanka		Blue and yellow	Maroon, yellow, orange, green (flag colours) and white
Syria		Red, white, black and green	Gray and gold
Tajikistan		Red, white and green
Thailand		Red, white and blue	Royal yellow, royal purple and blue sapphire			Royal flags of Thailand
Timor-Leste		Red, yellow, black and white
Turkmenistan		Green and white	Sand
United Arab Emirates		Red, green, white and black	Gold and blue
Uzbekistan		Blue, white, green and red	Black (sports)
Vietnam		Yellow and red	White (sports)
Yemen		Red, white and black

Sub-national colours

Country, nation or region	Flag	Primary colours	Secondary colours	Primary	Secondary	Further information
Hong Kong		Red and white	Black and gray
Karnataka		Yellow and Red	White(Prosperity)
Macau		Green and white	White and dark blue (sports)

Europe

Country	Flag	Primary colours	width=150pt	Secondary colours !	Primary	Secondary	width=300pt	Further information
Albania		Red and black
Andorra		Blue, yellow and red
Austria		Red and white
Belarus		Red, green and white
Belgium		Red	Black and yellow; Light blue (used in sports)^[9]
Bosnia and Herzegovina		Blue and gold	White (used in football)
Bulgaria		White, green and red
Croatia		Red, white and blue
Czech Republic		White, red and blue^[10] ^[11] ^[12]				National colours of the Czech Republic
Cyprus		Blue and white	Orange
Denmark		Red and white
Estonia		Blue, black and white^[13]
Finland		White and blue	Red and gold
France		Blue, white and red^[14]
Germany		Black, red and gold	White; Silver (used in motor racing)			National colours of Germany
Greece		Blue and white				National colours of Greece
Hungary		Red, white and dark green
Iceland		Blue, white and red
Ireland		Green	Blue, white and orange			Green relates to Goídel Glas, Father of Goidelic (Gaelic) languages and Gaels, Blue relates to St. Patrick, White as it appears on the Irish flag relates to peace between the Gaelic nationalism and the Loyalist supporters of William of Orange and Orange for William of Orange.
Italy		Green, white and red^[15]	Azure			National colours of Italy
Latvia		Carmine and white
Liechtenstein		Blue and red
Lithuania		Yellow, green and red
Luxembourg		Red, white and light blue
Malta		Red and white
Moldova		Blue, yellow and red
Monaco		Red and white
Montenegro		Red and gold
Netherlands		Orange	Red, white and blue (flag)			Orange refers to the Dutch royal family, the House of Orange-Nassau.
North Macedonia		Red and yellow	White (used by the national football team)
Norway		Red, blue and white
Poland		White and red				National colours of Poland
Portugal		Green and red	(Before the 1910 revolution: White and blue)
Romania		Blue, yellow and red
Russia		White, blue and red	Green
San Marino		White and light blue
Serbia		Red, blue and white^[16] ^[17] ^[18]				National colours of Serbia
Slovakia		White, blue and red
Slovenia		White, blue and red^[19]	Green, blue and white (sports)^[20]
Spain		Red and gold	(During the Second Spanish Republic: also Purple)
Sweden		Blue and yellow				See Flag of Sweden
Switzerland		Red and white
Turkey		Red and white	Turquoise
Ukraine		Blue and gold				National colours of Ukraine
United Kingdom		Red, white and blue	British racing green			National colours of the United Kingdom

Sub-national colours

Country, nation or region	Flag	Primary colours	Secondary colours	Primary	Secondary	Further information
Åland		Blue, yellow and red
Andalucia		Green and white
Basque Country		Green and red	White
Bavaria		Sky blue and white				See Flag of Bavaria
Brittany		Black and white
Brussels Region		Blue and yellow	Grey
Canary Islands		Yellow, blue and white
Catalonia		Red and yellow
Cornwall		Black and white
Dublin City		Green and blue				It is common to see dark blue and light blue flown for Dublin, but this is the GAA colours for Dublin county.
England		Red and white	Blue (sports)
Faroe Islands		White, blue and red
Flanders		Black and yellow
Friesland		Blue, white and red
Galicia		Sky blue and white
Gibraltar		Red and white
Guernsey		Red and white	Green (sports)			See Flag of Guernsey
Isle of Man		Red and grey	Yellow (sports)			Yellow is the colour of the unofficial national football team.
Jersey		Red and white
Northern Ireland		Red and white	Green and white (sports)			Green and white is in reference to the national football team
Saxony		Green and white
Scotland		Blue and white
Wales		Red, green and white	Yellow			Yellow is in reference to the colour of the national flower of Wales, the daffodil.
Wallonia		Red and yellow

Oceania

Country	Flag	Primary colours	Secondary colours	Primary	Secondary	Further information
Australia		Green and gold	Blue and white			National colours of Australia
Fiji		Light blue	White and black (rugby and other sports)
Kiribati		Red, gold, blue and white
New Zealand		Black^[21]	White, silver, ochre red, teal and beige (used by the cricket team in the 1980s)			National colours of New Zealand
Papua New Guinea		Red, black, yellow and white
Samoa		Red, white and blue
Solomon Islands		Olive green, yellow and blue	Green and white
Tonga		Red and white
Tuvalu		Sky blue, yellow and white	Blue
Vanuatu		Red, green, black and yellow

Sub-national colours

Country, nation or region	Flag	Primary colours	Secondary colours	Primary	Secondary	Further information
American Samoa		Blue, red and white
Cook Islands		Green and white
French Polynesia		Red and white
Guam		Indigo and red	Blue and white
New Caledonia		Gray, white and red
Niue		Golden yellow and blue
Australian Capital Territory		Dark blue, white and gold^[22]				see Sport in Australian Capital Territory
New South Wales		Sky blue^[23]	Navy blue and white			see Sport in New South Wales
Northern Territory		Black, White and Ochre^[24]				see Sport in Northern Territory
Queensland		Maroon^[25]	White and gold			see Symbols of Queensland
South Australia		Red, gold and dark blue^[26]				see Sport in South Australia
Tasmania		Bottle green, yellow and maroon^[27] ^[28]				see Sport in Tasmania
Victoria		Navy blue and silver^[29]	White			see Sport in Victoria
Western Australia		Gold and black	White			see Sport in Western Australia

Countries with limited or no recognition

These are the national colours for countries or states that have limited or no recognition.

Country	Flag	Primary colours	Secondary colours	Primary	Secondary	Further information
Abkhazia		Green, white and red
Kosovo		Blue, gold and white	Black
Palestine		Black, white, green and red
Somaliland		Green, white and red
South Ossetia		White, red and yellow
Taiwan (Republic of China)		Blue, white and red	Verdigris (University Sports)
Transnistria		Red and green
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus		Red and white
Western Sahara (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic)		Black, white, green and red

Former countries

Country	Flag	Primary colours	Secondary colours	Primary	Secondary	Further information
Austria-Hungary		Black and gold	Red, white and green			Flags of Austria-Hungary Black and gold were the colours of the ruling Habsburg monarchy
Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh)		Red, blue and orange	White
Byzantine Empire		Red, gold and purple				Byzantine flags and insignia
China (Republic of China, 1912-1949)		Blue, white and red
Confederate States of America		Blue, white and red	Cadet grey			Cadet grey was an official color of the Confederate States Army
Czechoslovakia		Blue, white and red
		Black, blue and red
East Germany		Black, red and gold	Blue			National colours of Germany
France (Kingdom of France 987–1792, 1814–1848)		White and blue				French Blue, French Flags
German Empire		Black, white and red				German Flags
Göktürk Khaganate		Sky blue
Holy Roman Empire		Gold and black	White and red			Flags of the Holy Roman Empire
Luhansk People's Republic		Light blue, blue and red
Nazi Germany		Black, white and red	Brown			German Flags
Neutral Moresnet		Black, white and navy
Portugal (Kingdom of Portugal 1139-1910)		Blue and white
Rhodesia		Green
Soviet Union		Red	Gold
South Africa (pre-1994)		Orange, white and blue	Green (sports)
South Yemen		Red, sky blue, white and black
Yugoslavia		Blue, white and red

Caliphates

Country	Flag	Primary colours	Secondary colours	Primary	Secondary	Further information
Umayyad Caliphate		White
Abbasid Caliphate		Black				Black Standard
Fatimid Caliphate		White
Ottoman Empire		Red

Ancient/Imperial Chinese dynasties

See also: colour in Chinese culture.

Dynasty	Flag	Primary colours	Secondary colours	Primary	Secondary	Further information
Xia dynasty		Black, grue				^[30] Green/blue in China
Shang dynasty		White
Zhou dynasty		Red
Qin dynasty		Black
Han dynasty		Black (206 BC-104 BC) Yellow (104 BC-26 AD) Red (26 AD-220 AD)
Former Wei dynasty		Yellow
Jin dynasty		Red
Liu Song dynasty		Red
Southern Qi dynasty		Red				Green/blue in China
Liang dynasty		Red
Chen dynasty		Red
Northern Wei dynasty		Yellow (399-491) Black (491-535)
Northern Qi dynasty		Black
Northern Zhou dynasty		Black
Sui dynasty		Red
Tang dynasty		Yellow (618-750) Reddish Yellow (750-907)
Liao dynasty		Black
Later Jin dynasty		White
Song dynasty		Red
Western Xia dynasty		White
Jin dynasty		White
Yuan dynasty		White
Ming dynasty		Red
Qing dynasty		Yellow				Imperial yellow jacket Yellow Dragon Flag

Supranational organisations

Some noted supranational organisations like the United Nations and the European Union have their own colours as part of their branding and marketing. They are usually taken from the organisation's flag. Although they do not have national sporting teams, the colours can be used for anything connected to the organisation, like associated bodies.

Organisation	Flag	Primary colours	Secondary colours	Primary	Secondary	Further information
African Union		Green and gold				Flag of the African Union
Arab League		Green	Red, black and white			Flag of the Arab League, Pan-Arab colours
Association of Southeast Asian Nations		Blue, red and yellow	Brown			Flag of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation		Green and yellow	Blue and white
Caribbean Community		Sky blue, dark blue and yellow	Maroon (sports)			Maroon is the colour of the West Indies cricket team. Although they are not an officially part of CARICOM, most members of the community are members of the Cricket West Indies. CARICOM sees the organisation as an associated institute of Community.^[31]
Community of Portuguese Language Countries		Blue and white				Flag of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries
Eurasian Economic Union		White	Blue and gold			Flag of the Eurasian Economic Union
European Union		Reflex blue and gold				Flag of Europe
Mercosur		White and blue	Green			Flag of Mercosur
NATO		Dark Blue				Flag of NATO
Nordic Council		Blue and white				Flag of the Nordic Council Design Manual of the Nordic Council - Colours
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation		White, green and black	Red			See Flag of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and Green in Islam
Organization of Turkic States		Turquoise				Although the flag of the Organization of Turkic States is light blue and white, turquoise is the colour most associated with the Turkic region.
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation		Gold and white
United Nations		Light blue and white				Flag of the United Nations

Examples of use of these colours

• United Nations: the recognisable blue helmets of the peacekeeping operations and the flags of associated UN agencies like the World Health Organization, with the UN's light blue and white.
• European Union: the blue and yellow of the EU flag; uses include the blue European Health Insurance Card and the Blue Card for skilled immigration.

See also

• Tricolour
• List of international auto racing colours
• Lists of national symbols

Notes and References

1. Web site: National flag. South African Government. 2018-02-19.
2. Web site: National Colours: Red and White . Government of Canada . 2013-10-26.
3. Book: The World Factbook . National Symbols . 2014 . Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Public Affairs . Washington, DC . 52nd . 978-0-16-092553-5 . 913577992 . 2015-05-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161108112336/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2230.html . 2016-11-08 . dead .
4. Web site: Símbolos nacionales . Government of Argentina . 2015-10-09 . La primera enseña patria es la Bandera Nacional. Creada por el general Manuel Belgrano el 27 de febrero de 1812, fue consagrada con los mismos coloures ‘celeste y blanco’ por el Congreso de Tucumán el 20 de julio de 1816 y ratificada por el mismo cuerpo en Buenos Aires, el 25 de febrero de 1818. . https://web.archive.org/web/20151009192353/http://www.casarosada.gob.ar/nuestro-pais/simbolos-nacionales . dead .
5. Web site: Bangladesh national team . Colours of Football . 2018-07-11.
6. Book: Minahan, James B. . The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems . ABC-CLIO . 2009 . 65 . 978-0-313-34497-8 . 2015-10-26 . National colours: Red and white.
7. Web site: Israel National Symbols: The Israeli Flag . Jewish Virtual Library . 2014-06-11.
8. News: Noor . Saleha . 2023 . Lavender and the Kingdom: Vogue Arabia Celebrates Saudi Arabia's New Color Identity . Vogue Arabia . 2024-01-28.
9. Web site: Rode Duivels brengen eerbetoon aan wielrenners met uitshirts . Sporza . 2016-08-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071838/http://sporza.be/cm/sporza/voetbal/Rode_Duivels/1.2494874 . 2016-03-04 . dead .
10. Web site: Státní symboly . hrad.cz.
11. Web site: Symboly současné České republiky . vlast.cz.
12. Web site: Státní symboly České republiky . toulkypocechach.com . 2014-01-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140202104001/http://www.toulkypocechach.com/symboly.php . 2014-02-02 . dead .
13. Web site: National symbols of Estonia . 2016-07-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160801223844/http://www.estinst.ee/publications/symbols/ . 2016-08-01 . dead .
14. Web site: Le drapeau tricolour . 2002-06-20 . French . The Tricolour Flag . https://web.archive.org/web/20050128084005/http://archives.premier-ministre.gouv.fr/juppe_version1/HIST/DRAPEAU.HTM . 2005-01-28 . 2015-07-18 . Le pavillon, ainsi que le drapeau national, sera formé des trois couleurs nationales disposées en trois bandes égales, de manière à ce que le bleu soit attaché à la garde du pavillon, le blanc au milieu et le rouge flottant. . dead .
15. Book: Ferorelli, Nicola . La vera origine del tricoloure italiano . Rassegna storica del Risorgimento . 12 . 1925 . 654–680.
16. Book: The Journal of the Orders & Medals Research Society of Great Britain . 1969 . Orders and Medals Research Society . 207).
17. Book: Chronicles . 1994 . Rockford Institute . 39.
18. Book: Nigel . Thomas . Krunoslav . Mikulan . The Yugoslav Wars (2): Bosnia, Kosovo and Macedonia 1992–2001 . 2006 . Osprey Publishing . 978-1-84176-964-6 . 58.
19. Web site: National Insignia . Government of the Republic of Slovenia . the three national colours (white, blue and red) of Carniola - the central historic state on the territory of the Slovenian people - are used . 2016-08-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111004115157/http://www.vlada.si/en/about_slovenia/political_system/national_insignia/ . 2011-10-04 . dead .
20. Web site: Sport in Slovenia . Government Communication Office of the Republic of Slovenia . The Olympic Committee of Slovenia suggests that sports organisations use the following ratio when designing national sports equipment: 50% green, 30% blue and 20% white. . 2016-08-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160821151616/http://www.ukom.gov.si/fileadmin/ukom.gov.si/pageuploads/dokumenti/Publikacije/sport_web.pdf . 2016-08-21 . dead .
21. Web site: Design of The New Zealand Orders Insignia . . 2013-03-20 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20170621220938/http://www.dpmc.govt.nz/honours/overview/design-insignia. 2017-06-21. dead.
22. Web site: ACT Flags and Emblems. ACT Government Chief Minister's Department . 27 February 2023 .
23. http://www.nsw.gov.au/symbols-emblems-nsw Symbols and emblems of NSW
24. Web site: Northern Territory Flag . Department of the Chief Minister . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100308131456/http://www.dcm.nt.gov.au/strong_service_delivery/supporting_government/official_symbols_and_protocol/northern_territory_flag . 2010-03-08 .
25. Web site: State colour . Department of the Premier and Cabinet.
26. Web site: State Emblems and Insignia . 2016-09-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150122233030/http://www.sa.gov.au/about-sa/state-emblems-and-insignia . 2015-01-22 . dead ., Government of South Australia
27. https://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/divisions/People_Performance_and_Governance/Executive_Services/protocol_office/sporting_colours Department of Premier and Cabinet - TASMANIA : Sporting colours
28. News: Tasmanian Sporting Colours - Story of their Origin . The Mercury . 13 February 1925.
29. Web site: Ensigns of Public Authority . Department of Premier and Cabinet . 2019-05-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110527161022/http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au/CA256D8000265E1A/page/Listing-Symbols+and+Flags-Ensigns+of+Public+Authority%21OpenDocument%261%3D90-Protocol~%262%3D10-Symbols+and+Flags~%263%3D0-Ensigns+of+Public+Authority~ . 2011-05-27 . dead .
30. Official Colours of Chinese Regimes: A Panchronic Philological Study with Historical Account of China . Trames. A Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences . 237–285 . 10.3176/tr.2012.3.03 . free . Estonian Academy Publishers . Jingyi . Gao . 16(66/61) . 3 . 2012.
31. Web site: West Indies Cricket Board. 2020-06-23. CARICOM. en-US.