National Statuary Hall Collection Explained

The National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol is composed of statues donated by individual states to honor persons notable in their history. Limited to two statues per state, the collection was originally set up in the old Hall of the House of Representatives, which was then renamed National Statuary Hall. The expanding collection has since been spread throughout the Capitol and its Visitor's Center.

With the addition of New Mexico's second statue in 2005, the collection is now complete with 100 statues contributed by 50 states, plus two from the District of Columbia, and one for all the states, a statue of Rosa Parks. Alabama, Arizona, California, Florida, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Nebraska, and Ohio have each replaced one of their first two statues after Congress authorized replacements in 2000. In 2022, Kansas became the first state to replace both of its statues; it will soon be joined by Arkansas, Nebraska and Michigan.

History

The concept of a National Statuary Hall originated in the middle of the nineteenth century, before the completion of the present House wing in 1857. At that time, the House of Representatives moved into its new larger chamber and the old vacant chamber became a thoroughfare between the Rotunda and the House wing. Suggestions for the use of the chamber were made as early as 1853 by Gouverneur Kemble, a former member of the House, who pressed for its use as a gallery of historical paintings. The space between the columns seemed too limited for this purpose, but it was well suited for the display of busts and statuary.

On April 19, 1864, Representative Justin S. Morrill asked: "To what end more useful or grand, and at the same time simple and inexpensive, can we devote it [the Chamber] than to ordain that it shall be set apart for the reception of such statuary as each State shall elect to be deserving of in this lasting commemoration?" His proposal to create a National Statuary Hall became law on July 2, 1864:

Originally, all state statues were placed in National Statuary Hall. However, the aesthetic appearance of the Hall began to suffer from overcrowding until, in 1933, the situation became unbearable. At that time the Hall held 65 statues, which stood, in some cases, three deep. More important, the structure of the chamber would not support the weight of any more statues. Therefore, in 1933 Congress passed a resolution that:

Under authority of this resolution it was decided that only one statue from each state should be placed in Statuary Hall. The others would be given prominent locations in designated areas and corridors of the Capitol. A second rearrangement of the statues was made in 1976 by authorization of the Joint Committee on the Library. To improve the crowded appearance of the collection, thirty-eight statues were rearranged in Statuary Hall according to height and material. Statues representing ten of the thirteen original colonies were moved to the Central Hall of the East Front Extension on the first floor of the Capitol. The remainder of the statues were distributed throughout the Capitol, mainly in the Hall of Columns and the connecting corridors of the House and Senate wings. Legislation was introduced in 2005 that would authorize the collection to include one statue from each U.S. Territory; it did not pass.^[1]

Each statue is the gift of a state, not of an individual or group of citizens. Proceedings for the donation of a statue usually begin in the state legislature with the enactment of a resolution that names the citizen to be commemorated and cites his or her qualifications, specifies a committee or commission to represent the state in selecting the sculptor, and provides for a method of obtaining the necessary funds to carry the resolution into effect. In recent years, the statues have been unveiled during ceremonies in the Rotunda and displayed there for up to six months. They are then moved to a permanent location approved by the Joint Committee on the Library. An act of Congress, enacted in 2000, permits states to provide replacements and repossess the earlier one.

A special act of Congress,, signed on December 1, 2005, directed the Joint Committee on the Library to obtain a statue of Rosa Parks and to place the statue in the United States Capitol in National Statuary Hall in a suitable permanent location. On February 27, 2013, Parks became the first African-American woman to have her likeness in the Hall.^[2] Though located in Statuary Hall, Parks' statue is not part of the Collection; neither Alabama (her birth state) nor Michigan (where she lived most of her later years) commissioned it, and both states are represented in the Collection by other statues.

In 2002, Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton introduced a bill in Congress to allow the District of Columbia to place two statues in the collection, in parity with the 50 states. While the bill was not enacted, the district commissioned two statues, one of abolitionist Frederick Douglass, the other of D.C. master planner Pierre L'Enfant, and housed them in One Judiciary Square in hopes of eventually placing them in the Capitol. A 2010 version of the bill to accept D.C.'s statues stalled after House Republicans began adding amendments in an attempt to soften D.C.'s gun laws.^[3] A 2012 compromise bill led to the placement of the statue of Douglass, but not L'Enfant, on June 19, 2013. Norton continued to pursue legislation to move the second statue to the Capitol.^[4] The statue of L'Enfant was later placed in the Capitol in February 2022.^[5]

Amid national debates about Confederate statues and monuments, Democrats in Congress introduced bills in 2017 to remove statues of people who served in the Confederacy from the National Statuary Hall Collection, but the legislation made no progress.^{[6] [7]} Alabama, Florida, Arkansas, and Virginia have passed resolutions to remove statues of individuals with Confederate ties,^[8] although Alabama retained a second statue of a Confederate veteran.^[9] North Carolina and Arkansas have authorized replacing statues of Jim Crow-era politicians with racist views.

Demographics

Women

There are twelve statues of women representing states in the collection:^[10] Frances E. Willard (Illinois), the first statue of a woman in the collection, was also sculpted by a woman, Helen Farnsworth Mears;^[11] Helen Keller (Alabama); Florence Sabin (Colorado); Maria Sanford (Minnesota); Jeannette Rankin (Montana), the first woman elected to the House and, famously, the only Member of Congress to vote against U.S. entry into both World Wars; Sacagawea (North Dakota) and Sarah Winnemucca (Nevada), two of the six American Indians in the collection; Mother Joseph (Washington), a native of Canada; Esther Hobart Morris (Wyoming), Mary McLeod Bethune (Florida), Martha Hughes Cannon (Utah), Amelia Earhart (Kansas), Willa Cather (Nebraska), and Daisy Bates (Arkansas). The statue of Rosa Parks in the Capitol does not represent a state and "is not a part of the National Statuary Hall Collection."^[12] A statue of Barbara Johns (Virginia) have been authorized.^{[13] [14]}

Native Hawaiian and Native American members

The collection includes statues of Hawaiian king Kamehameha I and of six Native Americans: Popé (New Mexico), Will Rogers (Oklahoma), Sequoyah (Oklahoma), Sacagawea (North Dakota), Washakie (Wyoming), and Sarah Winnemucca (Nevada). Nebraska has authorized the addition of a statue of Chief Standing Bear, and Washington has authorized a statue of Billy Frank Jr.^[15]

Members of Hispanic descent

Dennis Chávez, the first person of Hispanic descent to be elected to a full term in the U.S. Senate, represents New Mexico. Saint Junípero Serra, born in Spain, was a Spanish-era founder of the California mission system.

African American members

In February 2013, a statue of Rosa Parks was placed as the first full-length statue of an African American in the Capitol. It did not represent a particular state, but was commissioned directly by Congress.^{[16] [17]} A few months later, on Juneteenth, 2013, a statue of Frederick Douglass was placed in the Capitol Visitor Center as a gift of the District of Columbia.^[18] There are also busts of Martin Luther King Jr. (1986) and Sojourner Truth (2009).^[19]

Until 2018, no state had designated an African American as one of its two statues. In March 2018, Florida Governor Rick Scott signed legislation to replace the statue of Edmund Kirby Smith with one of African American educator and civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune.^[20] The new statue was unveiled July 13, 2022. In April 2019, Arkansas also authorized a statue of Daisy Bates, which was installed in May 2024. In December 2020, Virginia Governor Ralph Northam announced that the statue of Confederate General Robert E. Lee would be replaced by a statue of African American civil rights activist Barbara Johns.^[21]

Catholic clergy and nun

The collection includes Father Damien from Hawaiʻi, Father Jacques Marquette from Wisconsin, Father Junipero Serra from California, and Father Eusebio Kino from Arizona, as well as Mother Joseph Pariseau from Washington.

Confederates

The collection contains several statues of leaders of the Confederate States of America.^[22] These include CSA President Jefferson Davis and Vice President Alexander Stephens and Confederate soldiers, most in Confederate Army uniforms: Generals Joseph Wheeler, James Z. George, Wade Hampton III, as well as Colonel Zebulon Baird Vance and former enlisted soldiers John E. Kenna and Edward Douglass White.

Alabama replaced its statue of Confederate politician and army officer Jabez Curry in 2009. In 2018 the Florida legislature voted to replace its statue of Confederate general Edmund Kirby Smith with a statue of African American educator and Civil Rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune; Smith's statue was removed in 2021 ahead of the unveiling of Bethune's statue in 2022.^{[23] [24]} In 2019, Arkansas decided to replace both its statues, including the one of Uriah M. Rose, with civil rights activist Daisy Bates and Johnny Cash.^[25] In 2020, Virginia decided to replace its statue of Robert E. Lee, which had stood in the collection since 1909, with one of Barbara Rose Johns Powell and the Lee statue was removed December 20–21, 2020.^{[26] [27]} A statue of Uriah M. Rose, "an attorney who sided with the Confederacy" and was the chancellor of Pulaski County, Arkansas, while Arkansas was part of the Confederacy,^[28] was replaced with a statue of civil rights activist Daisy Bates.

Collection

See main article: Statues of the National Statuary Hall Collection.

Replacement of statues

A 2000 change in the law allows a state to remove a previously placed statue from the collection and replace it with another.^[29] Since then, thirteen states have replaced statues and other states have either considered or passed legislation calling for replacing one or both of their statues.

Replacements

• Alabama replaced its statue of Jabez Curry in 2009 with one of Helen Keller. The Curry statue is now in the Alabama Department of Archives and History in Montgomery.^[30]
• Arizona replaced its statue of John Campbell Greenway in 2015 with one of Barry Goldwater. The Greenway statue is now at the Polly Rosenbaum Archives and History Building near the Arizona State Capitol in Phoenix.^[31]
• Arkansas replaced its statue of U. M. Rose with one of Daisy Bates.^[32]
• California replaced its statue of Thomas Starr King with one of Ronald Reagan in 2009. The King statue now stands in Capitol Park at the California State Capitol in Sacramento.^[33]
• Florida replaced its statue of Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith with one of the African-American civil rights activist and educator Mary McLeod Bethune on July 13, 2022, pursuant to a 2018 state law.^[34] The Smith statue was to have been moved to the Lake County Historical Museum in Tavares, after residents of St. Augustine, his birthplace, expressed no interest.^[35] However, at a County Commission meeting on July 24, 2018, about 24 residents spoke against, and none in favor, of bringing the statue to Lake County. Chairman Sullivan assured the crowd that the commission would tell the Historical Museum "that there is no longer a want or desire to bring this statue to Lake County".^[36]
• Iowa replaced its statue of James Harlan in 2014 with one of Norman Borlaug, who is considered the founder of the Green Revolution.^[37] The Harlan statue is now displayed at Iowa Wesleyan College in Mount Pleasant, Iowa.^[38]
• Kansas replaced its statue of George Washington Glick with one of Dwight D. Eisenhower in 2003.^[39] The Glick statue now resides at the Kansas State Historical Society in Topeka. Almost 20 years later, in 2022, the Kansas legislature approved replacing the statue of John James Ingalls with one of female aviation pioneer Amelia Earhart in the same 1999 resolution that authorized replacing their statue of George Washington Glick with one of Eisenhower, but progress on the project was stalled by funding and paperwork delays.^{[40] [41] [42]} The Ingalls statue was replaced overnight on July 26 and the Earhart statue was unveiled on July 27 of the same year.^[43] It is unknown what will happen with the Ingalls statue now.
• Michigan replaced its statue of Zachariah Chandler with one of Gerald Ford in 2011.^{[44] [45]} The Chandler statue is now in the atrium of Constitution Hall in Lansing, Michigan.^[46]
• Missouri: In 2002, Governor Bob Holden signed a resolution to add a statue of President Harry S. Truman to the collection, but nothing happened for years after the state's request to the Architect of the Capitol was improperly filed. In 2019 a new resolution for a Truman statue passed the state senate and was forwarded to the Missouri House.^[47] The Truman Library Institute commissioned Kansas City sculptor Tom Corbin to create the statue, with a target completion date of 2020, the 75th anniversary of Truman's inauguration. It was finally installed in September 2022, replacing the statue of Thomas Hart Benton. ^[48] Benton's statue was moved to the State Historical Society of Missouri in Columbia.
• Nebraska: In 2018, the Nebraska legislature passed LB 807, calling for the replacement of both of the state's statues, which date to 1937. It replaced Its statue of William Jennings Bryan with one of Ponca Chief Standing Bear.^[49] The Standing Bear statue is the work of Ben Victor, who created two similar statues of the chief that were previously installed in Nebraska, and was installed in September 2019.^{[50] [51]} The Bryan statue was relocated to the Nebraska National Guard Museum in Seward, Nebraska.^[52] In 2023, a statue of author Willa Cather was installed, replacing a statue of Julius Sterling Morton.^{[53] [54]} Its sculptor, Littleton Alston, is the first Black sculptor to create a statue for the National Statuary Hall Collection.^[55] The Morton statue was relocated to a library in Nebraska City, Nebraska.
• North Carolina: On October 2, 2015, North Carolina governor Pat McCrory signed a bill replacing the statue of Charles Aycock with one of Reverend Billy Graham.^[56] However, the replacement was delayed because the statues must represent deceased individuals; Reverend Graham did not die until February 2018. One week after Graham's death, McCrory's successor, Roy Cooper, submitted a formal request for replacement of the Aycock statue.^[57] The North Carolina Statuary Hall Selection Committee issued a request for proposals for the statue indicating a desired completion date of September 2020.^[58] The statue of Billy Graham was installed in National Statuary Hall in May 2024.^[59]
• Ohio replaced its statue of William Allen with one of inventor and businessman Thomas Edison in 2016.^{[60] [61]} Allen's statue was returned to his hometown of Chillicothe.^[62]

Replacement pending

• Arkansas: On April 11, 2019, Governor Asa Hutchinson signed legislation replacing the statue of James P. Clarke with one depicting musician Johnny Cash.^{[63] [64]}
• Utah: On April 4, 2018, Governor Gary Herbert signed legislation replacing its statue of Philo Farnsworth with a statue sculpted by Ben Hammond of Martha Hughes Cannon, the first woman elected as a state senator in US history.^[65]
• Virginia: A state commission suggested to the Governor to replace Virginia's statue of Robert E. Lee with one of civil rights activist Barbara Johns in December 2020.^[66] The statue of Lee was removed on December 21, 2020.^{[67] [68]} The statue will be sculpted by Steven Weitzman and is expected to be installed in 2024.^[69]
• Washington: Governor Jay Inslee signed a bill in April 2021 that starts the process to replace Washington's Marcus Whitman statue with one of Billy Frank Jr.

Considered for replacement

• California: A resolution to replace California's statue of Junípero Serra with one of astronaut Sally Ride passed the state senate in April 2015,^[70] but the vote in the state assembly was placed on hold as the date for Serra's canonization as a saint approached.^{[71] [72]} Governor Jerry Brown declared in July 2015 that the Serra statue would stay in the Capitol "until the end of time."^[73]
• New Jersey: A bill to replace New Jersey's statue of Philip Kearny with one of suffragist Alice Paul passed the state Senate on February 10, 2020.^[74]

Rejected replacements

• Maryland: In 2011, a citizens' petition was rejected by the Maryland General Assembly. The petition requested that a statue of Harriet Tubman replace John Hanson, the 1781 President of the Continental Congress and a merchant slaveholder.^[75]

See also

• Hall of Fame for Great Americans

External links

• Aoc.gov: Official National Statuary Hall Collection website
• Aoc.gov: The origins of the National Statuary Hall Collection
• Guide to State Statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection
• Fas.org: "The National Statuary Hall: assignment, use, and historic events" – from the Congressional Research Service.

Notes and References

1. Web site: To permit each of the territories of the United States to provide and furnish a statue honoring a citizen of the territory to be placed in Statuary Hall in the same manner as statues honoring citizens of the States are placed in Statuary Hall. (2005 – H.R. 4070). GovTrack.us. April 20, 2019. November 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201128162221/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/109/hr4070. live.
2. News: Rosa Parks: First Statue of African-American Female to Grace Capitol. ABC News. February 27, 2013. February 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210224122729/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/rosa-parks-full-bodied-statue-african-american-depicted/story?id=18608892. live.
3. Web site: First Statue Representing D.C. Unveiled in U.S. Capitol. Wexler. Ellen. June 14, 2014. Boundary Stones: WETA's Washington DC History Blog. April 20, 2019. June 10, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200610214217/https://blogs.weta.org/boundarystones/2014/06/19/first-statue-representing-dc-unveiled-us-capitol. live.
4. Web site: As Part of Her 'Free and Equal D.C.' Series, Norton Introduces Bill to Place Pierre L'Enfant Statue in U.S. Capitol. July 12, 2017. Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton. April 20, 2019. April 20, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190420183057/https://norton.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/as-part-of-her-free-and-equal-dc-series-norton-introduces-bill-to-place. live.
5. News: Williams . Elliot C. . D.C.'s Second Statue At The U.S. Capitol Will Be Unveiled This Month . July 28, 2022 . . WAMU . February 7, 2022 . en . March 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220304101809/https://dcist.com/story/22/02/07/dc-statue-unveiling-pierre-lenfant-us-capitol-eleanor-holmes-norton/ . live .
6. News: Controversial Confederate statues remain in U.S. Capitol despite being removed elsewhere. Theobald. Bill. September 19, 2018. USA Today. April 20, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20200225124055/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/09/19/confederate-statues-remain-u-s-capitol-despite-opposition/1269270002/. February 25, 2020. live.
7. News: Confederate statues in U.S. Capitol likely going nowhere. Schor. Elana. August 15, 2017. Politico. April 20, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20200614052018/https://www.politico.com/story/2017/08/15/confederate-statues-washington-241663. June 14, 2020. live.
8. News: U.S. Capitol's National Statuary Hall: Curry comes home barely known. October 11, 2009. AL.com. April 22, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190422014527/http://blog.al.com/birmingham-news-commentary/2009/10/us_capitols_national_statuary.html. April 22, 2019. live.
9. Web site: Joseph Wheeler. Architect of the Capitol. April 20, 2019. June 11, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160611024224/https://www.aoc.gov/art/national-statuary-hall-collection/joseph-wheeler. live.
10. Web site: The Nine Women of Statuary Hall : EVE Equal Visibility Everywhere. April 20, 2019. April 28, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190428005506/http://equalvisibilityeverywhere.org/what-we-do/statuary-hall-project/background/the-nine-women-of-statuary-hall/. dead.
11. Web site: Frances E. Willard. Architect of the Capitol. April 20, 2019. May 1, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200501080703/https://www.aoc.gov/art/national-statuary-hall-collection/frances-e-willard. live.
12. Web site: Rosa Parks. Architect of the Capitol. March 31, 2018. April 1, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180401004723/https://www.aoc.gov/art/other-statues/rosa-parks. live.
13. Web site: Senate Bill 472 Analysis. Committee on Rules, Florida Senate. January 9, 2018. January 14, 2018. August 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200803234457/https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2018/472/Analyses/2018s00472.rc.PDF. live.
14. Web site: Davis-Marks. Isis. Statue of Civil Rights Activist Barbara Rose Johns Will Replace U.S. Capitol's Likeness of Robert E. Lee. February 26, 2021. Smithsonian Magazine. en. February 1, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210201221230/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/workers-remove-robert-e-lee-statue-us-capitol-building-180976612/. live.
15. News: Mapes. Lynda. April 14, 2021. Inslee signs into law bill to put statue honoring Billy Frank Jr. in U.S. Capitol. Seattle Times. April 15, 2021. April 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210415002711/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/inslee-signs-into-law-bill-to-put-statue-honoring-billy-frank-jr-in-u-s-capitol/. live.
16. Web site: ROSA PARKS. Architect of the Capitol. April 24, 2018. April 1, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180401004723/https://www.aoc.gov/art/other-statues/rosa-parks. live.
17. Web site: Rosa Parks has a Permanent Place in the U.S. Capitol. February 27, 2013. whitehouse.gov. April 20, 2019. January 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210107064149/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2013/02/27/rosa-parks-has-permanent-place-us-capitol. live.
18. News: Frederick Douglass statue unveiled in the Capitol. Pershing. Ben. June 19, 2013. The Washington Post. April 19, 2019. April 20, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190420014858/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/frederick-douglass-statue-unveiled-in-the-capitol/2013/06/19/a64916cc-d906-11e2-a9f2-42ee3912ae0e_story.html. live.
19. Web site: MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. BUST. Architect of the Capitol. April 24, 2018. May 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200502012046/https://www.aoc.gov/capitol-hill/busts/martin-luther-king-jr-bust. live.
20. News: Florida to replace Confederate statue at US Capitol with civil-rights leader . Sexton . Christine . Saunders . Jim . March 21, 2018 . . April 24, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200616170252/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/state--regional-govt--politics/mary-bethune-statue-bill-one-gov-scott-signs-far-this-week/J2ckXPaJkSY1h4VlgI6tzH/ . June 16, 2020 . live.
21. News: Leah. Asmelash. This is the woman whose statue will replace that of Robert E. Lee in the US Capitol. February 26, 2021. CNN. January 1, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210101044533/https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/21/us/barbara-johns-virginia-statue-capitol-trnd/index.html. live.
22. News: How statues of Robert E. Lee and other Confederates got into the U.S. Capitol. Gillian. Brockell. August 17, 2017. Washington Post. December 4, 2019. March 12, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210312182342/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/08/16/how-statues-of-robert-e-lee-and-other-confederates-got-into-the-u-s-capitol/. live.
23. Web site: Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune. Architect of the Capitol. July 13, 2022. July 14, 2022. July 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220720090136/https://www.aoc.gov/explore-capitol-campus/art/mary-mcleod-bethune-statue. live.
24. 1434144627372744705 . USRepKCastor . Progress! The confederate general that has represented the State of Florida in the U.S. Capitol since the Jim Crow era has left the building, paving the way for a great Floridian who can unite us all: educator and civil rights leader, Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune! . September 4, 2021 . TweetCiteBot . Kathy . Castor . Kathy Castor.
25. News: Daisy Bates, Johnny Cash statues headed to U.S. Capitol. April 11, 2019. Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. The Associated Press. July 23, 2020. April 12, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190412150518/https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2019/apr/11/daisy-bates-johnny-cash-statues-headed-us-capitol/. live.
26. News: Gen. Robert E. Lee statue removed from U.S. Capitol . Schneider . Gregory S. . December 21, 2020 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20201221184451/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/virginias-statue-of-gen-robert-e-lee-removed-from-us-capitol/2020/12/20/07cb9c18-432a-11eb-975c-d17b8815a66d_story.html . December 21, 2020 . live . December 21, 2020.
27. News: Kennedy. Merrit. December 21, 2020. Virginia Removes Its Robert E. Lee Statue From U.S. Capitol. NPR. live. December 21, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201221163057/https://www.npr.org/2020/12/21/948736896/virginia-removes-its-robert-e-lee-statue-from-u-s-capitol. December 21, 2020.
28. News: Johnny Cash to replace Confederate statue on Capitol Hill. Colby. Itkowitz. April 17, 2019. Washington Post. April 18, 2019. March 12, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210312182338/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/johnny-cash-to-replace-confederate-statue-on-capitol-hill/2019/04/17/27058054-6153-11e9-9412-daf3d2e67c6d_story.html. live.
29. Web site: Procedure and Guidelines for Replacement of Statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection . Architect of the Capitol . January 2014 . October 7, 2015 . January 9, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190109223915/https://www.aoc.gov/sites/default/files/statue_replacement_guidelines_2014.pdf . dead .
30. Web site: Bains. David R.. July 9, 2019. Remembering Jabez Curry and his Statue at Samford. January 21, 2022. Chasing Churches. en. February 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210225203820/https://chasingchurches.com/2019/07/08/remembering-jabez-curry-and-his-statue-at-samford/. live.
31. News: Goldwater statue dedicated in National Statuary Hall . Bill . Theobald . . . February 11, 2015 . March 1, 2015 . March 12, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210312181902/https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/arizona/politics/2015/02/11/goldwater-statue-dedicated-national-statuary-hall/23227893/ . live .
32. Web site: Daisy Lee Gatson Bates Statue, U.S. Capitol for Arkansas. Architect of the Capitol.
33. News: Thomas Starr King deserves better. Cheevers. Jack. May 29, 2009. Los Angeles Times. February 27, 2013. March 12, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210312181243/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-may-29-oe-cheevers29-story.html. live.
34. Palm Beach Post, March 11, 2018, p. A12.
35. News: Commentary: Statue of Confederate general is no 'piece of art,' has no place in Lake County museum . https://web.archive.org/web/20200811171054/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/lake/os-lk-lauren-ritchie-confederate-statute-tavares-museum-20180629-story.html . August 11, 2020 . dead . Orlando Sentinel . July 2, 2018.
36. News: Lake County Commission does about-face on confederate statue . July 24, 2018 . . Tim . McNiff . September 15, 2018 . July 29, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180729001827/http://www.dailycommercial.com/news/20180724/lake-county-commission-does-about-face-on-confederate-statue . live .
37. News: Norman Borlaug enters U.S. Capital's Statuary Hall. Doering. Christopher. March 26, 2014. The Des Moines Register. June 18, 2014. March 12, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210312181219/https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/2014/03/26/norman-borlaug-enters-us-capitols-statuary-hall/6900501/. live.
38. News: Harlan statue will move from U.S. Capitol to Mt. Pleasant. Henderson. O. Kay. April 9, 2013. Iowa Public Radio. June 18, 2014. March 12, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210312181311/https://www.radioiowa.com/2013/04/09/harlan-statue-will-move-from-u-s-capitol-to-mt-pleasant/. live.
39. News: Capitol statues switched as subjects' fame fades. https://archive.today/20130411210139/http://www.startribune.com/nation/17113171.html?refer=y. dead. April 11, 2013. Holland. Judy. Star Tribune. Minneapolis. March 29, 2008. February 27, 2013.
40. Web site: Kansas to send Amelia Earhart to National Statuary Hall : EVE Equal Visibility Everywhere. April 20, 2019. March 29, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190329025324/http://equalvisibilityeverywhere.org/press-room/press-releases/kansas-to-send-amelia-earhart-to-national-statuary-hall/. dead.
41. News: Amelia's monument about to take flight. Biles. Jan. The Topeka Capital-Journal. March 12, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20121007094155/http://www.cjonline.com/life/connected/2011-03-12/amelias-monument-about-take-flight. October 7, 2012. February 27, 2013.
42. News: Updating History: the State of Statue Swaps. Newhauser. Daniel. May 2, 2011. April 20, 2019. October 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191017050043/http://www.rollcall.com/news/Capitol-Statues-States-Statuary-Hall-205266-1.html. live.
43. News: Romo . Vanessa . July 27, 2022 . Amelia Earhart statue joins the U.S. Capitol's Statuary Hall . NPR . July 28, 2022 . August 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220809145200/https://www.npr.org/2022/07/27/1114074975/amelia-earhart-us-capitol-statuary-hall . live .
44. News: Zachariah who? States swap out statues in Capitol hall of fame. Simon. Richard. September 10, 2011. Los Angeles Times. February 27, 2013. March 6, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160306033525/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/sep/10/nation/la-na-capitol-statues-20110911. live.
45. News: Gerald Ford honored with statue in U.S. Capitol. USA Today. May 3, 2011. Camia. Catalina. February 27, 2013. July 2, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170702153809/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/onpolitics/post/2011/05/gerald-ford-statue-dedicated-us-capitol-/1. live.
46. News: Statue swap: Zachariah Chandler comes home to Michigan as Gerald R. Ford heads to U.S. Capitol. April 22, 2011. Associated Press. The Grand Rapids Press. February 27, 2013. June 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180627202046/https://www.mlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/04/today_in_statues_zachariah_cha.html. live.
47. News: Missouri lawmakers are trying again to replace a statue at the U.S. Capitol with one of former President Harry Truman. February 7, 2019. Southeast Missourian. Associated Press. April 19, 2019. subscription.
48. News: Truman statue artist commssioned. Fox. Jeff. April 17, 2019. The Examiner. April 20, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20200804124241/https://www.examiner.net/news/20190417/truman-statue-artist-commssioned. August 4, 2020. live.
49. News: Group commissioning statue of Willa Cather for Statuary Hall. Raun. Andy. March 1, 2019. Hastings Tribune. April 20, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20200804075842/http://www.hastingstribune.com/news/group-commissioning-statue-of-willa-cather-for-statuary-hall/article_4bf84620-3b0c-11e9-b216-db1a6410a0fc.html. August 4, 2020. live.
50. News: Standing Bear Statue Looks To The Future For Ponca Tribe. Dockendorf. Randy. August 28, 2018. Yankton Daily Press & Dakotan. April 20, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20200804072445/https://www.yankton.net/community/article_7898adf8-ab3a-11e8-bbd4-cf3857922583.html. August 4, 2020. live.
51. News: Rotary learns about Capitol statue replacement. Rach. Julie. March 5, 2019. Nebraska City News-Press. April 20, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20200804083246/https://www.ncnewspress.com/news/20190304/rotary-learns-about-capitol-statue-replacement. August 4, 2020. live.
52. Web site: William Jennings Bryan statue finds new home in Nebraska National Guard Museum. Crawford. Lisa. October 18, 2019. Defense Visual Information Distribution Service. January 26, 2020. September 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200920050617/https://www.dvidshub.net/news/348239/william-jennings-bryan-statue-finds-new-home-nebraska-national-guard-museum. live.
53. Web site: 2023-06-07 . Bronze statue of noted American author Willa Cather unveiled in US Capitol . 2023-10-08 . AP News . en . November 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231124095516/https://apnews.com/article/willa-cather-statue-us-capitol-rotunda-nebraska-a9f88f5f057a63db5aa9a1c0600b0475 . live .
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55. Web site: Willa Cather Statue . Architect of the Capitol . October 8, 2023 . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230607160013/https://www.aoc.gov/explore-capitol-campus/art/willa-cather-statue . live .
56. Governor McCrory Signs Bill Requesting Statue of Billy Graham be Placed in U.S. Capitol. October 7, 2015. North Carolina Office of the Governor. October 8, 2015. December 29, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161229115932/https://governor.nc.gov/press-release/governor-mccrory-signs-bill-requesting-statue-billy-graham-be-placed-us-capitol. dead.
57. News: NC leaders move forward with another honor for Billy Graham: US Capitol statue . Brian . Murphy . . . February 28, 2018 . February 17, 2019 . December 7, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201207234607/https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/politics-columns-blogs/under-the-dome/article202736544.html . live .
58. News: A Year After His Death, Steps Underway to Install Billy Graham Statue in US Capitol. Frey. Kevin. February 21, 2019. Spectrum News 1 North Carolina. April 20, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20200804073621/https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nc/charlotte/politics/2019/02/22/steps-underway-to-install-billy-graham-statue-in-us-capitol. August 4, 2020. live.
59. News: The late Rev. Billy Graham is immortalized in a statue unveiled at the US Capitol. Associated Press. May 16, 2024.
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61. News: Panel recommends Thomas Edison statue go in U.S. Capitol. August 26, 2010. The Plain Dealer. Associated Press. February 27, 2013. Cleveland. May 21, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130521164603/http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2010/08/panel_recommends_thomas_edison.html. live.
62. News: Thomas Edison statue dedicated in U.S. Capitol's Statuary Hall . Jessica . Wehrman . . September 21, 2016 . February 3, 2017 . February 4, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170204011944/http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2016/09/21/thomas-edison-statue-dedicated-in-u-s--capitols-statuary-hall.html . live .
63. News: Daisy Bates, Johnny Cash statues headed to U.S. Capitol. April 11, 2019. Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. April 12, 2019. April 12, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190412150518/https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2019/apr/11/daisy-bates-johnny-cash-statues-headed-us-capitol/. live.
64. Web site: Simpson . Stephen . 2023-01-01 . Arkansas' Bates, Cash statues receive final approvals, ready for bronzing . 2023-11-06 . Arkansas Online . en . May 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230530183135/https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2023/jan/01/arkansas-bates-cash-statues-receive-final/ . live .
65. News: Weaver . Jennifer . April 4, 2018 . Statue of Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon heads to U.S. Capitol . . September 3, 2018 . March 12, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210312182735/https://kutv.com/news/local/statue-of-dr-martha-hughes-cannon-heads-to-us-capitol . live .
66. News: Virginia commission chooses civil rights leader Barbara Johns to replace Robert E. Lee statue in U.S. Capitol - The Washington Post. The Washington Post. December 17, 2020. March 12, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210312182730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/barbara-johns-lee-statue-capitol/2020/12/16/68d39534-3fcd-11eb-8db8-395dedaaa036_story.html. live.
67. News: Pietsch. Bryan. December 22, 2020. Robert E. Lee Statue Is Removed From U.S. Capitol. en-US. The New York Times. December 22, 2020. 0362-4331. December 23, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201223004336/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/21/us/robert-e-lee-statue-us-capitol.html. live.
68. Web site: Robert E. Lee statue removed from U.S. Capitol. December 22, 2020. NBC News. December 21, 2020 . en. March 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210302124629/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/robert-e-lee-statue-removed-u-s-capitol-n1251925. live.
69. Web site: Stewart . Ian M. . 2023-01-04 . Barbara Rose Johns statue design unveiled . 2023-11-06 . VPM . en . December 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231208045524/https://www.vpm.org/news/2023-01-04/barbara-rose-johns-statue-design-unveiled . live .
70. News: Senate barely approves Sally Ride statue. Nichols. Chris. April 13, 2015. San Diego Union-Tribune. April 20, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20200804100444/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/politics/sdut-sally-ride-statue-approved-california-senate-2015apr13-story.html. August 4, 2020. live.
71. News: Resolution to replace Junipero Serra statue in U.S. Capitol put on hold. Chirbas. Kurt. July 2, 2015. Los Angeles Times. April 20, 2019. February 11, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210211014044/https://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-me-ln-resolution-to-replace-junipero-serra-statue-put-on-hold-20150702-story.html. live.
72. News: State Senate calls for swapping Father Serra statue with one of Sally Ride . Patrick . McGreevy . . April 13, 2015 . April 14, 2015 . February 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210225012216/https://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-me-pc-cal-senate-supports-swapping-sally-ride-statue-for-junipero-serra-20150413-story.html . live .
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73. News: Gov. Brown: Serra statue not going anywhere. Smolens. Michael. July 25, 2015. San Diego Union-Tribune. April 20, 2019. February 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210225093852/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/politics/sdut-gov-brown-serra-statue-not-going-anywhere-2015jul25-story.html. live.
74. News: Bill to replace Kearny statue at U.S. Capitol passes N.J. Senate, angering residents. D'Auria. Peter. February 10, 2020. NJ.com. February 13, 2020. October 17, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201017004051/https://www.nj.com/hudson/2020/02/bill-to-replace-kearny-statue-at-us-capitol-passes-nj-senate-angering-residents.html. live.
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