| National Republican Party | |
| Lang1: | Other |
| Name Lang1: | Adams-Clay Republicans Adams's Men Anti-Jacksonians |
| Leader: | John Quincy Adams Henry Clay |
| Colors: | Buff |
| Split: | Democratic-Republican Party |
| Predecessor: | Democratic-Republican Party Federalist Party |
| Merged: | Whig Party |
| Country: | the United States |
The National Republican Party, also known as the Anti-Jacksonian Party or simply Republicans,[1] was a political party in the United States which evolved from a conservative-leaning faction of the Democratic-Republican Party that supported John Quincy Adams in the 1824 presidential election.
Known initially as "Adams-Clay Republicans" in the wake of the 1824 campaign, Adams's political allies in Congress and at the state-level were referred to as "Adams's Men" during his presidency (1825–1829). When Andrew Jackson became president, following his victory over Adams in the 1828 election, this group became the opposition, and organized themselves as "Anti-Jackson". The use of the term "National Republican" dates from 1830.
Henry Clay was the party's nominee in the 1832 election, but was defeated by Jackson. The party supported Clay's American System of nationally financed internal improvements and a protective tariff. After the 1832 election, opponents of Jackson coalesced into the Whig Party. National Republicans, Anti-Masons and others joined the new party.
Before the election of John Quincy Adams to the presidency in 1825, the Democratic-Republican Party, which had been the only national American political party for over a decade, began to fracture, losing its infrastructure and identity. Its caucuses no longer met to select candidates because now they had separate interests. After the 1824 election, factions developed in support of Adams and in support of Andrew Jackson. Adams politicians, including most ex-Federalists (such as Daniel Webster and Adams himself), would gradually become members of the National Republican Party; and those politicians that supported Jackson would later help form the modern Democratic Party.
After Adams's defeat in the 1828 election, his supporters regrouped around Henry Clay. Now the "anti-Jackson" opposition, they soon organized as the National Republican Party. Led by Clay, the new party maintained its historic nationalistic outlook and desired to use national resources to build a strong economy. Its platform was Clay's American System of nationally financed internal improvements and a protective tariff, which would promote faster economic development. More important, by binding together the diverse interests of the different regions, the party intended to promote national unity and harmony.
The National Republicans saw the Union as a corporate, organic whole. Hence, the rank and file idealized Clay for his comprehensive perspective on the national interest. Conversely, they disdained those they identified as "party" politicians for pandering to local interests at the expense of the national interest.[2] The party met in national convention in late 1831 and nominated Clay for the presidency and John Sergeant for the vice presidency.
The Whig Party emerged in 1833–1834 after Clay's defeat as a coalition of National Republicans, along with Anti-Masons, disaffected Jacksonians and people whose last political activity had been with the Federalists a decade before. In the short term, the Whig Party formed with the help of other smaller parties in a coalition against President Jackson and his reforms.
John Quincy Adams was the only president to come from the National Republican Party.
| Election | Ticket | Popular vote | Electoral vote | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Presidential nominee | Running mate | Percentage | class=unsortable | Electoral votes | Ranking | |
| 1828 | John Quincy Adams | Richard Rush | 44.0 | 2 | ||
| 1832 | Henry Clay | John Sergeant | 37.4 | 2 | ||
See also: Party divisions of United States Congresses.
| Congress | Years | Senate[3] | House of Representatives[4] | President | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Pro-Jackson | Pro-Adams | Others | Vacancies | Total | Pro-Jackson | Pro-Adams | Others | Vacancies | ||||||||||
| 19th | 1825–1827 | 48 | 26 | 22 | — | — | 213 | 104 | 109 | — | — | rowspan=2 | John Quincy Adams[5] | ||||||
| 20th | 1827–1829 | 48 | 27 | 21 | — | — | 213 | 113 | 100 | — | — | ||||||||
| Congress | Years | Total | Pro-Jackson | Anti-Jackson | Others | Vacancies | Total | Pro-Jackson | Anti-Jackson | Others | Vacancies | President | |||||||
| 21st | 1829–1831 | 48 | 25 | 23 | — | — | 213 | 136 | 72 | 5 | — | rowspan=4 | Andrew Jackson | ||||||
| 22nd | 1831–1833 | 48 | 24 | 22 | 2 | — | 213 | 126 | 66 | 21 | — | ||||||||
| 23rd | 1833–1835 | 48 | 20 | 26 | 2 | — | 240 | 143 | 63 | 34 | — | ||||||||
| 24th | 1835–1837 | 52 | 26 | 24 | 2 | — | 242 | 143 | 75 | 24 | — | ||||||||