| National Museum of the American Indian Act | |
| Fullname: | National Museum of the American Indian Act |
| Acronym: | NMAI |
| Enacted By: | 101st |
| Introducedin: | Senate |
| Introducedby: | Daniel Inouye[1] (D-Hawaii) |
| Introduceddate: | May 11, 1989 |
| Committees: | United States Senate Committee on Rules, United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs |
| Passedbody1: | Senate |
| Passeddate1: | October 3, 1989 |
| Passedvote1: | voice vote |
| Passedbody2: | House |
| Passedas2: | H.R. 2668. House struck all of the Senate bill after the enacting clause and inserted in lieu thereof the provisions of H.R. 2668 |
| Passeddate2: | October 13, 1989 |
| Passedvote2: | without objection |
| Agreedbody3: | Senate |
| Agreeddate3: | October 14, 1989 |
| Agreedvote3: | voice vote |
| Signedpresident: | George H. W. Bush |
| Signeddate: | November 28, 1989 |
| Amendments: | National Museum of the American Indian Act Amendments of 1996, Pub. L. 104-278, October 9, 1996 |
The National Museum of the American Indian Act (NMAI Act) was enacted on November 28, 1989, as Public Law 101-185. The law established the National Museum of the American Indian as part of the Smithsonian Institution. The law also required the Secretary of the Smithsonian to prepare an inventory of all Indian and Native Hawaiian human remains and funerary objects in Smithsonian collections, as well as expeditiously return these items upon the request of culturally affiliated federally recognized Indian tribes and Native Hawaiian organizations.
The NMAI Act expands the Smithsonian Institution by authorizing erection of a new museum on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., to house Native American artifacts from the Heye Foundation's Museum of the American Indian. As part of a legal compromise regarding the Heye Foundation's New York state charter, the George Gustav Heye Center of the National Museum of the American Indian was also created by the NMAI Act in the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House in New York City.
The purpose of the NMAI is threefold:
Prior to enactment of the NMAI Act, representatives of the Native American Rights Fund and the Association for Native American Affairs told Congressional staffers that they would oppose the bill if repatriation provisions were not included. At an August 1989, meeting in Santa Fe, New Mexico, Secretary of the Smithsonian Robert McCormick Adams, Jr., agreed that the Smithsonian would abide by new repatriation provisions.[2] As a result of the law, the Secretary of the Smithsonian is required to inventory Indian and Native Hawaiian human remains and funerary objects in the possession or control of the Smithsonian Institution and return them upon request by a descendant or culturally affiliated Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization. These items are housed primarily in the National Museum of Natural History, National Museum of the American Indian, and National Museum of American History.
The Smithsonian had amassed a huge collection of Native American items including:
The 1989 NMAI Act applied only to the return of Indian and Native Hawaiian human remains and funerary objects. The NMAI Act was amended in 1996 to include additional categories derived from the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act enacted in 1990, with similar definitions:
The 1996 amendment also established specific deadlines for the Smithsonian to complete its summary and inventory tasks. The National Museum of Natural History posted summaries of its cultural affiliation case reports on its website. By 2007, the remains of 18,568 individuals had been identified. Of these, remains representing 5,435 individuals (29%) had been offered for repatriation to lineal descendants or culturally affiliated Indian tribes or Native Hawaiian organizations. By 1996, the National Museum of the American Indian had identified the remains of 524 individuals in its collection, of which 227 (41%) had already been repatriated.[3]
In 2011, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) completed a study of the extent to which the Smithsonian had fulfilled the repatriation requirements of the NMAI Act.[4] The GAO found that while the Smithsonian had inventoried, identified, and returned thousands of Indian human remains, at the current pace it may take decades more for it to complete the process. The GAO suggested that Congress consider ways to expedite the process including, but not limited to, directing the Smithsonian to make cultural affiliation determinations as efficiently and effectively as possible. The GAO also recommended certain administrative changes to enhance oversight of the process.
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