| National Front of the German Democratic Republic | |
| Native Name: | Nationale Front der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik |
| Chairman: | Erich Correns (1950–1981) Lothar Kolditz (1981–1990) |
| Predecessor: | Democratic Bloc |
| Foundation: | 30 March 1950 |
| Dissolution: | 20 February 1990 |
| Headquarters: | East Berlin, German Democratic Republic |
| Position: | Far-left |
| Country: | East Germany |
The National Front of the German Democratic Republic (German: Nationale Front der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik) was officially an alliance of parties and mass organisations (1950–1990). In fact, only one party held power in the GDR, namely the communist SED. The National Front was an instrument to exercise control over the other parties and organisations. The precursor of the National Front was the Democratic Bloc (since 1945).
The main task of the National Front was to draw up a common electoral list ("Einheitsliste") in elections to the East German parliament, the Volkskammer ("People's Chamber"). This "unity list" was the only list that citizens could vote for. Other parties or lists were prohibited. The National Front system was intended to give to the outside world the impression that there was a democracy with a multi-party system in the GDR.
After the Second World War, the Allies initially allowed four parties: the Communists, the Social Democrats, the Christian Democrats and the Liberals. In the Soviet Occupation Zone, the Communist Party forced the Social Democrats to merge (1946). Thus the communist-dominated Socialist Unity Party (SED) was formed.
The other two parties, the Christian Democrats and Liberals, were initially independent. The SED, with the help of the Soviet occupation authorities, intimidated these parties and forced them to get on course. Finally, the occupying authorities allowed two new parties to be founded: the Peasants' Party and the National Democratic Party (1948). Both parties were founded under the secret leadership of the Communist Party. Their task was to poach voters from the Christian Democrats and Liberals. The National Democrats were also supposed to be a collecting ground for former National Socialists. The parties that were not the SED were called Blockpartei.
Finally, there were so-called mass organisations in the Soviet occupation zone and then in the GDR. Some of them were represented on the electoral list, such as the trade union and the women's organisation. Nearly all of these MPs were members of the SED. Therefore, although the SED faction in parliament did not have an absolute majority, most MPs were nevertheless SED members.[1]
All parties and mass organisations in the National Front had to officially accept the SED's leading role as a condition of their existence. Only in the last weeks prior to the fall of the Berlin Wall (November 1989), some politicians of non-SED parties started to moderately criticize SED dominance. The Front disbanded in February 1990, a month before the first free elections in the GDR.
| Party | Emblem | Flag | Foundation | Dissolution | Seats in the Volkskammer (1986) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socialist Unity Party SED | 21 April 1946 | 16 December 1989 | 127 | ||
| Christian Democratic Union CDU | 26 June 1945 | 1/2 October 1990 | 52 | ||
| Liberal Democratic Party LDPD | 5 July 1945[2] | 11 August 1990 | 52 | ||
| Democratic Farmers' Party DBD | 17 June 1948 | 15 September 1990 | 52 | ||
| National Democratic Party NDPD | 5 May 1948[3] [4] | 27 March 1990 | 52 | ||
| Organization | Emblem | Flag | Foundation | Dissolution | Assigned representatives in the Volkskammer (1986) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Free German Trade Union Federation FDGB | 1946 | 1990 | 61 | ||
| Free German Youth FDJ | 1946 | exists today | 37 | ||
| Democratic Women's League of Germany DFD | 1947 | 1990 | 32 | ||
| Cultural Association of the DDR KB | 1945 | 1990 | 21 | ||
| Peasants Mutual Aid Association VdgB | 1945 | 1994 | 14 | ||
The following organizations, which were part of the NF, did not send elected representatives to the Volkskammer but were active in the performance of its activities.
| Organization | Emblem | Foundation | Dissolution |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1949 | 1992 | ||
| 1945 | exists today | ||
| 1952 | 1990 | ||
| 1957 | 1990 | ||
| 1948 | 1990 | ||
| 1945 | 1990 | ||
| 1952 | 1990 | ||
| 1966 | 1990 | ||
| 1945 | 1990 | ||
| 1946 | 1990 | ||
| 1949 | 1990 | ||
| 1947 | banned in East Germany in 1953, exists today | ||
| 1949 | exists today (Zentralkonsum eG) | ||
| 1952 | 1991 | ||
| 1953 | 1991 | ||
| 1960 | 1990 | ||
| 1912 founded before the creation of the GDR | exists today | ||
The National Front was the successor to the Demokratischer Block which had been founded in the Soviet occupation zone. The Front itself was founded on 30 March 1950. It operated through the issuing of a generally consistent proportion of seats (divided between the Front's parties and SED-controlled mass organisations) submitted in the form of a single list of candidates during each election to the People's Chamber. Seats were awarded on the basis of a set quota rather than vote totals.[5] As voters only had the option of approving or rejecting the list in far-from-secret conditions, it "won" with virtually unanimous levels of support.[6]
Although nominally a broad-based coalition of parties, in practice the SED was the only one with any real power. By ensuring that Communists dominated the lists, the SED essentially predetermined the composition of the People's Chamber.
In 1950-1951, the public rejection of the validity of the list by some German politicians resulted in some of them being imprisoned for "rejecting the electoral law of the German Democratic Republic" (as in the case of LDPD leader Günter Stempel). Although the SED had already become a full-fledged Stalinist "party of the new type" by the formation of the GDR, the other parties did not completely bend to the SED's will for a time. By the mid-1950s, however, the more courageous members of the constituent parties had been pushed out, and the parties had all been transformed into loyal partners of the SED. By this time, the SED itself had purged its few independent-minded members as well. The Front now took on a character similar to other groupings in the Eastern Bloc. For the next three decades, the minor parties in the Front had to accept the SED's "leading role" as a condition of their continued existence.
On 1 December 1989, the Front was effectively rendered impotent when the Volkskammer deleted the provision of the Constitution of East Germany that gave the SED a monopoly of power. Four days later, the Christian Democratic Union and Liberal Democratic Party, having thrown out their pro-Communist leaderships, withdrew from the Front. On 16 December the SED, having transformed itself into a democratic socialist party, reformed itself into the Party of Democratic Socialism. On 20 February 1990, an amendment to the constitution removed mention of the Front.[7]
| Election | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Position | Government | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | 12,088,745 | 99.6% | 136 | 1st | |||
| 1954 | 11,828,877 | 99.46% | 1st | ||||
| 1958 | 11,689,110 | 99.87% | 1st | ||||
| 1963 | 11,533,859 | 99.25% | 32 | 1st | |||
| 1967 | 11,197,265 | 99.93% | 1st | ||||
| 1971 | 11,207,388 | 99.5% | 1st | ||||
| 1976 | 11,245,023 | 98.58% | 1st | ||||
| 1981 | 12,235,515 | 99.9% | 66 | 1st | |||
| 1986 | 12,392,094 | 99.94% | 1st |