National Institute for Health and Care Research explained

National Institute for Health and Care Research
Established:April 2006
Founders:-->
Defunct:-->
Type:research institute
Purpose:funding, enabling and delivering health and social care research
Method:-->
Field:-->
Languages:-->
Owners:-->
Leader Title:Responsible officer
Leader Name:Lucy Chappell[1]
Parent Organization:Department of Health and Social Care

The National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) is the British government's major funder of clinical, public health, social care and translational research.[2] With a budget of over £1.2 billion in 2020–21,[3] its mission is to "improve the health and wealth of the nation through research". The NIHR was established in 2006 under the government's Best Research for Best Health strategy, and is funded by the Department of Health and Social Care. As a research funder and research partner of the NHS, public health and social care, the NIHR complements the work of the Medical Research Council.[4] NIHR focuses on translational research (translating discoveries from the laboratory to the clinic), clinical research and applied health and social care research.

History

The NIHR (originally named National Institute for Health Research) was created in April 2006 under the government's health research strategy, Best Research for Best Health.[5] This strategy outlined the direction that NIHR research and development should take. Its predecessor was the NHS Research & Development programme which was established in 1991. Factors influencing the creation of the NIHR were the growing importance of evidence-based medicine in science and policymaking, the spread of New Public Management thinking and increased government funding.[6]

Its budget was over £1.2 billion in 2020–21.[3] it was the largest national clinical research funder in Europe.[7] In 2022 NIHR changed its name to National Institute for Health and Care Research in order to emphasise its role in social care research.[8]

Notable discoveries and developments

Research

Areas of focus

In June 2021 NIHR published Best Research for Best Health: The Next Chapter. The document, building on the 2006 Best Research for Best Health strategy, outlined the updated operational principles, core work-streams and areas of strategic focus of the NIHR.[23] Their work-streams include funding research for the NHS, public and global health and social care; investing in expertise and facilities; and involving patients and communities in research. Their current areas of strategic focus include learning from impact of COVID-19 on research and healthcare; researching for patients with multiple long-term conditions, involving under-served communities and regions in research; and improving equality, diversity and inclusion across the Institution.[24]

Research programmes

The NIHR's funding programmes offer a focused source of funding for researchers within the health and care system in England. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland also participate in some of these programmes. The programmes give researchers access to funding to undertake clinical and applied health and social care research.[25]

NIHR's funding programmes are:

Research schools

The NIHR has established three national research schools: the School for Primary Care Research,[31] [32] the School for Social Care Research,[33] and the School for Public Health Research. Each national school is a research collaboration between academic centres in England. The three schools take part in developing evidence for use in practice and provide training and career development opportunities for researchers in their respective sectors.

Research units

NIHR funds a range of university-based collaborations that undertake research in priority areas: blood and organ donor health,[34] health protection,[35] and health and social care policy.[36] Each unit focuses on a priority topic, for example blood donation, healthcare-associated infections, and adult social care.

Global health research

Supporting the UK International Development Strategy and the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, NIHR launched its Global Health portfolio in 2016.[37] It funds applied health research that directly addresses the diverse health needs of people in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) using UK Aid from the UK government. As well as funding Global Health Research Units and Groups, partnerships between British universities and LMIC institutions, NIHR invests in training and development in global health research and strengthening the research capacity of LMICs at individual, institutional and system level.[38] Engaging and involving local communities in the design and delivery of health research is also part of the programme.[39]

In accordance with NIHR's open access policy, research created with such funding needs to be published in an open access journal.[40] NIHR's global health spendings can be checked through the database of the International Aid Transparency Initiative.

Since 2020, NIHR's global health research units and groups have been involved in efforts to tackle the spread and impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in LMICs.[41]

Public partnerships

The NIHR offers several ways for patients and the public to participate in health and care research. People can take part in a study as a research participant, for example in a clinical trial that looks for new treatments for a health condition. People who are not affected by a particular condition or who care for someone with a long-term health issue can also take part in research.[42] The NIHR runs the online services Be Part of Research and Join Dementia Research to inform the public about what health and care research is and to help them find studies that are looking for participants.[43] [44]

Patients and the public can also contribute to research through patient and public involvement (PPI). PPI is a partnership between members of the public (including patients, service users, carers) and researchers where public representatives can influence what should be a priority for research and help shape how the research is carried out, applied and communicated.[45] [46] Members of the public can find involvement opportunities in NIHR's research through the database People in Research.[47] The website Learning for Involvement also offers information and resources for learning about public involvement and best practice case studies.[48] The NIHR's global health research funding application process also requires applicants to meaningfully involve affected communities in their research, a practice known in the global health context as Community Engagement and Involvement (CEI).

Infrastructure

NIHR funds research infrastructure that provides expertise, specialist facilities, a delivery workforce and support services. This infrastructure supports and delivers research funded by government bodies, medical research charities, the life sciences industry and other relevant industries.[49]

NIHR coordinates and supports clinical research through its Clinical Research Network (CRN).[50] With 15 local networks scattered across England, the CRN provides help to patients, the public and health and care organisations to participate in research.[51] In 2021-22, the network recruited more than a million participants to clinical research studies, most of whom were taking part in research to help discover new treatments and vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic.[52]

Since 2007, the NIHR also supports translating scientific developments into direct clinical treatments and applications through its twenty Biomedical Research Centres (BRCs).[53] [54] The BRCs operate as partnerships between local NHS organisations and academic institutions such as the University of Oxford or the University College London.[55] [56] The NIHR has also established Clinical Research Facilities (CRFs), dedicated spaces for delivering research and trials, at 28 NHS hospitals.[57] [58]

The NIHR also funds three Patient Safety Translational Research Centres which focus on translating discoveries on patient safety into practice.[59]

Researching specific regional health and care issues, the NIHR has a network of 15 Applied Research Collaborations (ARCs). The ARCs are made up of partnerships between universities, NHS providers, local authorities and other organisations.[60] Based at NHS organisations, the NIHR Medtech and In vitro diagnostic Co-operatives (MICs) work with commercial companies on developing new medical technologies and research in vitro diagnostic tests.[61]

Established by its Office for Clinical Research Infrastructure in 2011, the NIHR has eight Translational Research Collaborations – ready-formed networks of the UK's leading universities, NHS trusts and research centres that conduct early-phase translational research and tackle experimental medicine challenges in selected therapeutic themes.[62] [63]

Career development and support

The NIHR Academy, launched in 2018,[64] develops and coordinates the NIHR's academic training, career and research capacity development.[65] Its launch was an output and recommendation of the strategic review of training[66] which looked at the future training and support needs of researchers.

The NIHR Academy provides training and career development awards from pre-doctoral level to research professorships.[67] the Dean of the NIHR Academy is Professor Waljit Dhillo,[68] Professor in Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Consultant Endocrinologist. He also holds the position of Head of the Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism at Imperial College London.

The award of NIHR Senior Investigator is given to recognise "the most prominent and prestigious researchers funded by the NIHR and the most outstanding leaders of patient and people-based research within the NIHR research community", and held for four years with the possibility of a second term and then alumnus status.[69] The NIHR's flagship award is the Research Professorship which funds the clinical and applied health research of outstanding academics for 5-years. Similarly, the Global Health Research Professorship funds research that benefits low and middle income countries.[70]

Key people and structure

Responsibility for the NIHR lies with the Chief Scientific Advisor to the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC). Professor Sally Davies (Dame Sally from 2009) held this post from 2004 to 2016, and led the founding of the NIHR in 2006.[71] [72] She was succeeded by Professor Chris Whitty (who has also been Chief Medical Officer for England since 2019).[73]

Since August 2021, the current holder of the post is Lucy Chappell, Professor of Obstetrics at King's College London.[74]

For operating the NIHR, the DHSC contracts with a number of NHS Trusts, universities and life science organisations that host NIHR's two coordinating centres:[75]

The Dean of the NIHR Academy and the Research Programme Directors are also contracted by the DHSC.

Publications

The NIHR publishes five peer-reviewed, open access journals which make up the NIHR Journals Library.[76] The journals are titled Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation, Health and Social Care Delivery Research, Health Technology Assessment, Public Health Research, and Programme Grants for Applied Research. Researchers working in relevant, NIHR-funded projects are required to publish in an NIHR journal. Besides publishing the final research articles, the NIHR Journals Library supports the model of open science by providing a transparent, 'living' document for each research project which is updated alongside the progress of the study. This involves publishing all relevant materials from the outset of the studies, including the relevant systematic reviews, research protocol, study documentation, plain English descriptions, and data.[77] [78]

The NIHR publishes short, easy-to-read summaries and thematic overviews of the most important research findings on the NIHR Evidence website.[79] [80] Some of the summaries are also published in The British Medical Journal.[81]

The NIHR also has an open science platform where researchers can share any kind of relevant articles, documents and data including negative or null results.[82] [83]

Open access

NIHR has an open access policy and was one of the original funders of Europe PubMed Central.[84] [85] Their updated policy requires all NIHR-funded, peer-reviewed research articles submitted after June 2022 have to be immediately, freely and openly accessible to all.[86] The articles are required to use the Creative Commons attribution (CC BY) or the Open Government Licence (OGL).

Achievements and recognition

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 2021-04-19. Professor Lucy Chappell appointed as Chief Scientific Adviser. King's College London.
  2. Web site: Professor Lucy Chappell . 2022-07-21 . GOV.UK . en.
  3. Web site: NIHR Annual Report 2020/2021 . 21 July 2022 . National Institute for Health Research.
  4. Web site: Best Research for Best Health: The Next Chapter. 2021-12-13. www.nihr.ac.uk. EN.
  5. Web site: 25 Jan 2006. Best research for best health: a new national health research strategy. Department of Health and Social Care. How the NHS in England will contribute to health research and development over the next 5 years.
  6. Atkinson. Paul. Sheard. Sally. Walley. Tom. December 2019. 'All the stars were aligned'? The origins of England's National Institute for Health Research. Health Research Policy and Systems. en. 17. 1. 95. 10.1186/s12961-019-0491-5. 1478-4505. 6894247. 31801552 . free .
  7. Davies . Sally . Whalley . Tom . Smye . Stephen . Cotterill . lisa . Whitty . Christopher . 2016-12-01 . The NIHR at 10: transforming clinical research . Clinical Medicine . 16 . 6 . 501–502 . 10.7861/clinmedicine.16-6-501 . 27927810 . 6297347 . 2017-06-01 . free . 8 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180608124803/http://www.clinmed.rcpjournal.org/content/16/6/501 . dead .
  8. Web site: NIHR changes name to emphasise long-term commitment to social care research . 2022-04-06 . NIHR . EN.
  9. Angus . Derek C. . Gordon . Anthony C. . Bauchner . Howard . 2021-03-23 . Emerging Lessons From COVID-19 for the US Clinical Research Enterprise . JAMA . en . 325 . 12 . 1159–1161 . 10.1001/jama.2021.3284 . 33635309 . 232058163 . 0098-7484. free .
  10. Lurie . Nicole . Keusch . Gerald T . Dzau . Victor J . 9 March 2021 . Urgent lessons from COVID 19: why the world needs a standing, coordinated system and sustainable financing for global research and development . The Lancet . en . 397 . 10280 . 1229–1236 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00503-1 . 7993931 . 33711296.
  11. Web site: NIHR to investigate new potential Covid-19 treatment . 2022-01-03 . National Health Executive . en.
  12. Web site: The RECOVERY trial . 2022-01-03 . UKRI . en-US.
  13. Web site: COVID treatment developed in the NHS saves a million lives . 2021-12-23 . NHS England.
  14. Web site: UK Standards for Public Involvement . 2021-12-23 . NIHR . en.
  15. News: 2017-12-14 . Haemophilia A trial results 'mind-blowing' . en-GB . BBC News . 2022-03-08.
  16. Rangarajan . Savita . Walsh . Liron . Lester . Will . Perry . David . Madan . Bella . Laffan . Michael . Yu . Hua . Vettermann . Christian . Pierce . Glenn F. . Wong . Wing Y. . Pasi . K. John . 2017-12-28 . AAV5–Factor VIII Gene Transfer in Severe Hemophilia A . New England Journal of Medicine . en . 377 . 26 . 2519–2530 . 10.1056/NEJMoa1708483 . 29224506 . 205102399 . 0028-4793. 10044/1/57163 . free .
  17. 2017-03-07 . MRI scan before biopsy could detect more prostate cancer . NIHR Evidence . 10.3310/signal-000393.
  18. Ahmed . Hashim U . El-Shater Bosaily . Ahmed . Brown . Louise C . Gabe . Rhian . Kaplan . Richard . Parmar . Mahesh K . Collaco-Moraes . Yolanda . Ward . Katie . Hindley . Richard G . Freeman . Alex . Kirkham . Alex P . January 19, 2017 . Diagnostic accuracy of multi-parametric MRI and TRUS biopsy in prostate cancer (PROMIS): a paired validating confirmatory study . The Lancet . en . 389 . 10071 . 815–822 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32401-1. 28110982 . 54563595 . free . 10044/1/53559 . free .
  19. Web site: 26 February 2020 . Trials show new drug can ease symptoms of chronic cough . 2022-01-03 . The University of Manchester . en.
  20. Smith . Jaclyn A . Kitt . Michael M . Morice . Alyn H . Birring . Surinder S . McGarvey . Lorcan P . Sher . Mandel R . Li . Yu-Ping . Wu . Wen-Chi . Xu . Zhi Jin . Muccino . David R . Ford . Anthony P . 25 February 2020 . Gefapixant, a P2X3 receptor antagonist, for the treatment of refractory or unexplained chronic cough: a randomised, double-blind, controlled, parallel-group, phase 2b trial . The Lancet Respiratory Medicine . en . 8 . 8 . 775–785 . 10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30471-0. 32109425 . 211564345 .
  21. 2019-07-09 . Placental growth factor testing can speed up diagnosis of pre-eclampsia . NIHR Evidence . 10.3310/signal-000787. 241144942 .
  22. Duhig . Kate E . Myers . Jenny . Seed . Paul T . Sparkes . Jenie . Lowe . Jessica . Hunter . Rachael M . Shennan . Andrew H . Chappell . Lucy C . Bahl . Rachna . Bambridge . Gabrielle . Barnfield . Sonia . 4 May 2019 . Placental growth factor testing to assess women with suspected pre-eclampsia: a multicentre, pragmatic, stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial . The Lancet . en . 393 . 10183 . 1807–1818 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)33212-4 . 6497988 . 30948284.
  23. Web site: NIHR publishes Best Research for Best Health: The Next Chapter. NHS R&D Forum.
  24. Web site: NIHR sets out research plans to help NHS recover post-COVID. 2022-01-05. Future Care Capital. en-GB.
  25. Web site: Our funding programmes. 2021-12-31. NIHR.
  26. Book: Rentel. Maike C.. A 10-year impact assessment of the Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation (EME) programme: an independent mixed-method evaluation study.. Simpson. Kelly. Davé. Anoushka. Carter. Scott. Blake. Margaret. Franke. Jan. Hale. Chris. Varnai. Peter. Plain English summary . Nov 2021. NIHR Journals Library. en.
  27. Chinnery. Fay. Bashevoy. Gemma. Blatch-Jones. Amanda. Douet. Lisa. Puddicombe. Sarah. Raftery. James. 2 February 2018. National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Programme research funding and UK burden of disease. Trials. en. 19. 1. 87. 10.1186/s13063-018-2489-7. 1745-6215. 5797405. 29394905 . free .
  28. Marjanovic. Sonja. Krapels. Joachim. Sousa. Sonia. Castle-Clarke. Sophie. Horvath. Veronika. Chataway. Joanna. 2015-11-30. The NIHR Invention for Innovation (i4i) Programme: A Review of Progress and Contributions to Innovation in Healthcare Technologies. Rand Health Quarterly. 5. 2. 4. 2162-8254. 5158284. 28083380.
  29. Web site: Working with other funders of health research .
  30. Dorling. Hannah. Cook. Andrew. Ollerhead. Liz. Westmore. Matt. 11 December 2015. The NIHR Public Health Research Programme: responding to local authority research needs in the United Kingdom. Health Research Policy and Systems. en. 13. 1. 77. 10.1186/s12961-015-0068-x. 1478-4505. 4676828. 26652743 . free .
  31. https://www.spcr.nihr.ac.uk The SPCR internship programme broadens perspectives and increases diversity
  32. Web site: 2021: Refreshed NIHR School for Primary Care Research. 2022-01-05. University of Bristol. en-GB.
  33. https://www.sscr.nihr.ac.uk Improving the evidence base for adult social care in England
  34. Web site: BTRUs . 2022-03-08 . Research and Development - NHS Blood and Transplant . en.
  35. Web site: New £58.7 million funding boost for research to protect the health of the nation . 2022-03-08 . Clinical Services Journal. 28 January 2020 .
  36. Web site: Science . London School of Economics and Political . LSE to lead new health research unit . 2022-03-08 . London School of Economics and Political Science . 11 July 2018 . en-GB.
  37. Web site: Government launches £60 million call for global health research . 2021-12-23 . GOV.UK . en.
  38. Web site: Global health research . 2021-12-23 . National Institute for Health Research.
  39. Web site: Engage and involve communities . 2022-02-22 . NIHR.
  40. Web site: NIHR Open Access policy – for publications submitted on or after 1 June 2022 . 2022-01-05 . www.nihr.ac.uk.
  41. Web site: Supporting a global response . 2021-12-23 . National Institute for Health Research.
  42. Web site: I want to take part in a research study . 2022-08-08 . NIHR.
  43. Web site: Be Part of Research . 2022-08-08 . bepartofresearch.nihr.ac.uk.
  44. Web site: Join Dementia Research . 2022-08-08 . www.joindementiaresearch.nihr.ac.uk . en-GB.
  45. Web site: I want to help with research . 2022-08-08 . NIHR.
  46. Web site: About Public Involvement . 2022-08-08 . People in Research . en-gb.
  47. Web site: People in Research . 2022-08-08 . People in Research . en-gb.
  48. Web site: About Us . 2022-08-08 . Learning For Involvement . en-GB.
  49. Web site: Research Infrastructure . 2022-03-08 . NIHR.
  50. Lythgoe. Hanna. Price. Victoria. Poustie. Vanessa. Attar. Sabah. Hawcutt. Daniel. Preston. Jennifer. Beresford. Michael W. August 2017. NIHR Clinical Research Networks: what they do and how they help paediatric research. Archives of Disease in Childhood. en. 102. 8. 755–759. 10.1136/archdischild-2016-311057. 28096102. 9587640. 0003-9888.
  51. Web site: Clinical Research Network . 2021-12-13 . NIHR.
  52. Web site: Annual Statistics . 2022-03-08 . www.nihr.ac.uk.
  53. Web site: 2017-09-14. New £816 million investment in health research. 2017-05-31. Department of Health. This content is available under the Open Government Licence v3.0. © Crown copyright.
  54. Kiparoglou. Vasiliki. Brown. Laurence A.. McShane. Helen. Channon. Keith M.. Shah. Syed Ghulam Sarwar. December 2021. A large National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre facilitates impactful cross-disciplinary and collaborative translational research publications and research collaboration networks: a bibliometric evaluation study. Journal of Translational Medicine. en. 19. 1. 483. 10.1186/s12967-021-03149-x. 1479-5876. 8626935. 34838033 . free .
  55. Web site: What is an NIHR BRC?. 2022-01-03. Leeds Biomedical Research Centre. en-GB.
  56. Web site: About the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. 2022-01-05. NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. en-US.
  57. Web site: New £112 million investment in clinical research facilities . 2022-01-03 . GOV.UK . en.
  58. Web site: 2022-02-28 . New NIHR funding for Clinical Research Facilities across England . 2022-03-08 . UKCRF . en-US.
  59. Web site: £17 million invested in NIHR Patient Safety Translational Research Centres . 2023-08-24 . www.nihr.ac.uk . EN.
  60. Web site: New NIHR Applied Research Collaborations to tackle the biggest challenges faced by the health and care system. 2021-12-23. National Institute for Health Research.
  61. Web site: 2017-10-03. Newly funded NIHR Medtech and In vitro diagnostic Co-operatives announced. 2022-01-03. Translate. en.
  62. Web site: Mansell . Peter . 2011-10-11 . First two Translational Research Partnerships launched in UK . 2023-08-24 . PharmaTimes . en.
  63. Web site: New research partnerships set to boost patient treatments and economic growth . 2023-08-24 . GOV.UK . en.
  64. Web site: New NIHR Academy launched to future-proof UK research workforce . 2021-12-23 . National Health Executive.
  65. Web site: Academy. 2021-12-29 . NIHR.
  66. Web site: Ten Years on: Adapting and evolving to new challenges in developing tomorrow's health research leaders . National Institute for Health Research.
  67. Web site: Career development support and training . 2021-12-29 . NIHR.
  68. Web site: Reproductive health researcher named as Dean of the NIHR Academy . 2021-12-23 . Imperial College London . 27 April 2021 . en.
  69. Web site: NIHR Senior Investigators . 13 February 2022 . Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre.
  70. Web site: NIHR Research Professorships . 2022-12-16 . National Institute for Health and Care Research.
  71. Web site: Professor Dame Sally Davies. 2021-05-03. GOV.UK. en.
  72. Web site: Professor Dame Sally Davies. 3 May 2021. Woman's Hour. BBC Radio 4.
  73. Web site: Professor Chris Whitty. 2021-05-03. GOV.UK. en.
  74. Web site: 19 April 2021. New Chief Scientific Adviser and NIHR lead announced. 2021-05-03. www.nihr.ac.uk.
  75. Web site: Our governance . 2023-03-21 . NIHR.
  76. Web site: NIHR Journals Library . 2022-01-14 . www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk.
  77. Wright . David . Williams . Elaine . Bryce . Colin . le May . Andrée . Stein . Ken . Milne . Ruairidh . Walley . Tom . 31 July 2018 . A novel approach to sharing all available information from funded health research: the NIHR Journals Library . Health Research Policy and Systems . en . 16 . 1 . 70 . 10.1186/s12961-018-0339-4 . 1478-4505 . 6069813 . 30064444 . free .
  78. Kirkpatrick . Emma . Gaisford . Wendy . Williams . Elaine . Brindley . Elizabeth . Tembo . Doreen . Wright . David . 9 October 2017 . Understanding Plain English summaries. A comparison of two approaches to improve the quality of Plain English summaries in research reports . Research Involvement and Engagement . en . 3 . 1 . 17 . 10.1186/s40900-017-0064-0 . 2056-7529 . 5632836 . 29062542 . free .
  79. Web site: NIHR Evidence - Informative and accessible health and care research . 2021-12-14 . NIHR Evidence . en-GB.
  80. Web site: Everyone should have easy access to research findings . 2022-10-05 . NHS Health Education England, Knowledge and Library Services.
  81. Web site: NIHR Alerts . 2021-12-14 . The BMJ.
  82. Web site: About NIHR Open Research How It Works Beyond A Research Journal . 2021-12-31 . openresearch.nihr.ac.uk.
  83. Web site: NIHR launch new publishing platform for researchers to share data quicker . 2022-07-07 . National Health Executive . en.
  84. Web site: 2021-11-15 . National Institute of Health Research announces open-access policy . 2022-03-08 . University Business . en-GB.
  85. Web site: NIHR open access policy . 2021-12-29 . www.nihr.ac.uk . EN.
  86. Web site: NIHR Open Access policy - for publications submitted on or after 1 June 2022 . 2021-12-29 . www.nihr.ac.uk.
  87. Web site: The National Institute for Health Research at 10 Years An impact synthesis: 100 Impact Case Studies . RAND Corporation. 2016-05-28 . 2017-05-31. Morgan Jones . Molly . Kamenetzky . Adam . Manville . Catriona . Ghiga . Ioana . MacLure . Calum . Harte . Emma . Spisak . Anton . Kirtley . Anne . Grant . Jonathan .
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  89. Web site: Cochrane-REWARD prizes for reducing waste: 2017 winners . Cochrane. 2017-06-01 . 2020-08-10.
  90. The correlation between National Health Service trusts' clinical trial activity and both mortality rates and care quality commission ratings: a retrospective cross-sectional study . 2018-02-10 . 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.12.022 . 2020-08-10. Jonker . L. . Fisher . S.J. . Public Health . 157 . 1–6 . 29438805 .
  91. Web site: Study names NIHR as best in Europe for clinical trial transparency . 2022-08-08 . National Health Executive . en.
  92. Bruckner . Till . Rodgers . Florence . Styrmisdóttir . Lea . Keestra . Sarai . 2022-08-01 . Adoption of World Health Organization Best Practices in Clinical Trial Transparency Among European Medical Research Funder Policies . JAMA Network Open . en . 5 . 8 . e2222378 . 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.22378 . 35913742 . 9344358 . 251221075 . 2574-3805.
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