Apology to Australia's Indigenous peoples explained

On 13 February 2008, the Parliament of Australia issued a formal apology to Indigenous Australians for forced removals of Australian Indigenous children (often referred to as the Stolen Generations) from their families by Australian federal and state government agencies. The apology was delivered by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, and is also referred to as the National Apology, or simply The Apology.

Background

Howard government

The Bringing Them Home (1997) report commissioned by the Keating Labor Government recommended an official apology be offered by the Australian Government for past government welfare policies which had separated children from their parents on racial grounds. Keating's Liberal successor John Howard received the report, but eschewed use of the term "sorry", believing a Parliamentary "apology" would imply "intergenerational guilt". He instead moved to draft a Parliamentary "Motion of Reconciliation", in consultation with Democrat Senator Aden Ridgeway, the only Aboriginal person then sitting in the federal parliament.[1] [2]

On 26 August 1999, Howard moved the Motion of Reconciliation expressing "deep and sincere regret that indigenous Australians suffered injustices under the practices of past generations, and for the hurt and trauma that many indigenous people continue to feel as a consequence of those practices" and dedicating Parliament to the "cause of reconciliation" for historic mistreatment of Indigenous Australians as the "most blemished chapter" in Australian history.[3]

From the outset, the Labor opposition, led by Kim Beazley, argued the need for an "apology". Following Howard's Motion of Reconciliation, Beazley moved to replace the motion of regret with an unreserved apology, but was unsuccessful.[3] The Liberal-National Howard government maintained its opposition to an "apology" for the remainder of its term in office (1996-2007).

Rudd government

After the 2007 election of the Rudd government, Labor Prime Minister Kevin Rudd announced on 11 December 2007 that the government would make an apology to Indigenous Australians, the wording of which would be decided in consultation with Aboriginal leaders.[4]

The Liberal Party opposition was split on the issue. Its leader, Brendan Nelson, initially said that an apology would risk encouraging a "culture of guilt" in Australia. However, support for an apology was expressed by other senior Liberals, such as Malcolm Turnbull, Peter Costello, Bill Heffernan, and former Liberal Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser.[5] Former Liberal minister Judi Moylan said: "I think as a nation we owe an apology. We shouldn't be thinking about it as an individual apology — it's an apology that is coming from the nation state because it was governments that did these things".[6] Nelson later said that he supported the government apology.[7] Following a party meeting, the Liberal Party as a whole expressed its support for an apology, and it achieved bipartisan consensus. Nelson stated, "I, on behalf of the Coalition, of the alternative government of Australia, are providing in-principle support for the offer of an apology to the forcibly removed generations of Aboriginal children".[8]

Lyn Austin, chairwoman of Stolen Generations Victoria, expressed why she believed an apology was necessary, recounting her experiences as a stolen child:

I thought I was being taken just for a few days. I can recall seeing my mother standing on the side of the road with her head in her hands, crying, and me in the black FJ Holden wondering why she was so upset. A few hundred words can't fix this all but it's an important start and it's a beginning[...]I see myself as that little girl, crying myself to sleep at night, crying and wishing I could go home to my family. Everything's gone, the loss of your culture, the loss of your family, all these things have a big impact.[9]

Details

On 13 February 2008, Rudd presented the apology to Indigenous Australians as a motion to be voted on by the house. It has since been referred to as the National Apology,[10] or simply The Apology.[11]

The apology read as follows:[12] [13]

The text of the apology did not refer to compensation to Aboriginal people as a whole, nor to members of the Stolen Generations specifically. Rudd followed the apology with a 20-minute speech to the house about the need for this action.[14] [15]

Opposition leader's reply

Liberal Opposition Leader Brendan Nelson rose to offer bipartisan support for the apology:

Nelson's speech also expressed empathy for how the often "good intentions" of the public servants who carried out the removal of children had led to unintended consequences.[16] [17]

His speech also referred to the "under-policing" of child welfare in Aboriginal communities, as well as a host of social ills blighting the lives of Aboriginal people.

The Alice Springs Crown Prosecutor Nanette Rogers with great courage revealed to the nation in 2006 the case of a four-year-old girl drowned while being raped by a teenager who had been sniffing petrol. She told us of the two children – one a baby – sexually assaulted by two men while their mothers were off drinking alcohol. Another baby was stabbed by a man trying to kill her mother.[18]

After the ceremony, the House of Representatives unanimously adopted the proposed apology motion. Six members of Nelson's opposition caucus—Don Randall, Sophie Mirabella, Dennis Jensen, Wilson Tuckey, Luke Simpkins, and Alby Schultz—left the House in protest at the apology.[19] Peter Dutton was the only Opposition front bencher to abstain from the apology.[20] Dutton apologised for boycotting the apology in 2023, after becoming opposition leader.[21]

Reaction

The conclusion of Nelson's speech was met with applause from Members and the public gallery and further bipartisan scenes as the Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition met with representatives of Australia's Indigenous peoples in the distinguished visitors gallery.[17] Former prime ministers Gough Whitlam, Malcolm Fraser and Paul Keating all expressed appreciation for Nelson's role. Whitlam called the speech "very good" and Keating said Nelson "picked up the spirit of the day".[16]

However, outside the chamber, reactions were less bipartisan and Nelson's speech received mixed reactions and some criticism. In the Great Hall of Parliament, members of the audience (including Kevin Rudd's Press Secretary and Media Advisor) began a slow clap and turned their backs during Nelson's speech (Rudd later instructed his advisors to apologise to Nelson).[16] In Melbourne's Federation Square, Labor's Barry Jones joined others in turning their backs.[16] In Perth, people booed and jeered until the screen was switched off. There were similar reactions and walk-outs in Sydney and elsewhere.[19] Academic Lowitja O'Donoghue objected to Nelson's discussion of domestic violence and paedophilia, and said "I think Brendan Nelson actually spoilt it today", and Olympian (and future Labor Senator) Nova Peris-Kneebone also expressed disappointment.[16]

Reception and response

The government's apology and his speech were widely applauded among both Indigenous Australians and the non-indigenous general public.[22] [23] A Newspoll released the week after the apology found 69% of the country supported it. However, the poll also found that only 30% of the population supported government compensation to the victims.[24] This represented a significant shift in public opinion since 2000, with one poll finding 57% of Australians against an apology.[25]

Tom Calma, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner of the Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, gave a speech formally responding to the government's apology. Calma thanked the Parliament for acknowledging and paying respects to the Stolen Generations, stating that "By acknowledging and paying respect, Parliament has now laid the foundations for healing to take place and for a reconciled Australia in which everyone belongs".[26] However, Calma did note that there were many recommendations in the Bringing Them Home report that (as of 2009) had not yet been implemented.[27]

Professor Alice MacLachlan has criticized this apology of the Australian government as it has apologised for a specific policy, "avoiding the broader question of apologizing for a much longer history of genocidal appropriation and displacement".[28]

Senate consideration

Later that day, the Senate considered a motion for an identical apology. The Leader of the Greens, Senator Bob Brown, attempted to amend the motion to have it include words committing parliament to offering compensation to those who suffered loss under past indigenous policies, but was opposed by all the other parties. The original motion was passed unanimously.[29] [30]

In film

Eualeyai/Kamillaroi writer and academic Larissa Behrendt (along with Michaela Perske as writer and producer)[31] made the documentary film After the Apology,[32] [33] which had its world première on 9 October 2017 at the Adelaide Film Festival.[34] The film focuses on a group of grandmothers (Grandmothers Against Removals) taking on the system over the increase in Indigenous child removal in the years following the apology.[35] It won Best Direction of a Documentary Feature Film from the Australian Directors Guild in 2018 and was nominated in three categories in the 2018 AACTA Awards.[36] [37]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: The history of apologies down under . Frank. Brennan. Frank Brennan (priest). . 21 February 2008 . 10 October 2021.
  2. Web site: Wright . Tony . MacDonald . Janine . From the Archives, 1999: Howard sends his regrets . . 25 August 2021 . 10 October 2021. First published in The Age on August 27, 1999..
  3. Web site: House of representatives Hansard Thursday 26 August 1999. 26 August 1999. 152. Parliament of Australia, Hansard. 4 November 2006. 29 August 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060829063426/http://www.aph.gov.au/hansard/reps/dailys/dr260899.pdf. dead.
  4. News: How to say sorry and heal the wounds. 11 December 2007. Peatling. Stephanie. 11 December 2007. The Sydney Morning Herald.
  5. News: Steve. Lewis. Liberals ready to think about saying sorry. Herald Sun. 1 February 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080203143500/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0%2C21985%2C23140963-662%2C00.html. 3 February 2008. dmy-all.
  6. Schubert, Misha (30 January 2008), "Liberal division grows on apology", The Age.
  7. News: Adam. Gartrell. Howard will not attend apology. The Sydney Morning Herald. 8 February 2008. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20091027235926/http://news.smh.com.au/national/howard-will-not-attend-apology-20080208-1qzm.html. 27 October 2009. dmy-all.
  8. News: Daniel. Hoare. Opposition joins rush to say sorry. ABC News. 7 February 2008. 24 November 2016.
  9. Cooke, Dewi (1 February 2008), "'Sorry' statement should acknowledge cultural loss, says state leader", The Age.
  10. Web site: National apology . July 4, 2021 . . Canberra .
  11. Web site: Daley . Paul . The Apology 10 years on . Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House . 13 Feb 2018 . 4 October 2021.
  12. News: Ping. Lo. The words Rudd will use to say 'sorry'. abc.net.au. 12 February 2008. 24 November 2016.
  13. News: Dylan. Welch. Kevin Rudd says sorry. The Sydney Morning Herald. 13 February 2008. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20100227111927/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/rudd-says-sorry/2008/02/13/1202760342960.html. 27 February 2010.
  14. News: Video: Watch Kevin Rudd's full apology. 14 February 2008.
  15. News: Full text of Kevin Rudd's speech. 14 February 2008. News Limited. 13 February 2008. 17 February 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080217222532/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0%2C21985%2C23206474-661%2C00.html. dead. dmy-all.
  16. https://www.theage.com.au/national/rudd-staff-rebuked-for-shunning-nelson-20080214-ge6q4q.html Rudd staff rebuked for shunning Nelson
  17. https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;db=CHAMBER;id=chamber%2Fhansardr%2F2008-02-13%2F0004;query=Id%3A%22chamber%2Fhansardr%2F2008-02-13%2F0003%22 Parliamentary Hansard, 13 Feb 2008
  18. The Sydney Morning Herald, 13 February 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  19. News: Fury over Nelson's 'sorry' response. The Age. 13 February 2008. 12 April 2012.
  20. News: To some he's the messiah, to others a duplicitous polly . The Age. 6 October 2009 . 24 May 2014.
  21. News: Evans . Jake . 2023-02-13 . Peter Dutton apologises for boycotting apology to Stolen Generations . en-AU . ABC News .
  22. http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/thunderous-applause-in-sydney-for-rudds-speech/2008/02/13/1202760345966.html "Thunderous applause in Sydney for Rudd's speech"
  23. McKenny, Leesha, "Speech gets standing ovation in Redfern", The Sydney Morning Herald, 13 February 2008.
  24. News: Shanahan . Dennis . 19 February 2008 . Rudd sets record as Mr 70 per cent . subscription . The Australian . . .
  25. News: Grattan . Michelle . 8 March 2000 . Senate dumps on PM over reconciliation . subscription . Sydney Morning Herald . . .
  26. Web site: Response to government to the national apology to the Stolen Generations. 18 May 2020.
  27. Web site: Apology to Australia's Indigenous peoples. 18 May 2020.
  28. MacLachlan, Alice (2013). Government Apologies to Indigenous Peoples. In: MacLachlan, A., Speight, A. (eds) Justice, Responsibility and Reconciliation in the Wake of Conflict. Boston Studies in Philosophy, Religion and Public Life, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. Page 189.
  29. Web site: Senate: Official Hansard, No. 1, 2008. Parliament of Australia, Hansard. 13 February 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120216213456/http://www.aph.gov.au/hansard/senate/dailys/ds130208.pdf. 16 February 2012.
  30. News: David. Crawshaw. Brown defeated in 'sorry' compo bid. news.com.au. 13 February 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20081216145347/http://www.news.com.au/story/0%2C23599%2C23206550-29277%2C00.html. 16 December 2008. dmy-all.
  31. Web site: Michaela Perske . Ronin Films . 11 September 2020.
  32. Web site: Female Producer and Director Team Receive $738,000 to Make Landmark Documentary About Child Removal . Adelaide Film Festival . 19 August 2016 . 11 September 2020.
  33. Web site: Female producer and director team receive funding to make landmark documentary about child removal . Screen Australia . 19 August 2016 . 11 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214047/https://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/sa/media-centre/news/2016/in-160819-after-the-apology. 7 Feb 2023.
  34. Web site: World Premiere of After the Apology . Better Care Network . 15 October 2017 . 26 June 2024.
  35. Web site: Director Larissa Behrendt - After the Apology- a landmark documentary about child removal. Screen NSW . 11 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20230730030857/https://www.screen.nsw.gov.au/news/director-larissa-behrendt-after-the-apology-a-landmark-documentary-about-child-removal. 30 July 2023.
  36. Web site: After The Apology . Adelaide Film Festival . 5 July 2020 . 11 September 2020.
  37. Web site: After the Apology (2017) . Screen Australia . 11 September 2020.