National Academy of Sciences of Belarus explained

National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
Abbreviation:	NANB / НАНБ
Type:	National academy
Purpose:	Science, arts, academics
Headquarters:	Minsk, Belarus
Leader Title:	President
Leader Name:	Vladimir Grigorievich Gusakov
Website:	nasb.gov.by

The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (NASB; Belarusian: Нацыянальная акадэмія навук Беларусі|Nacyjanalnaja akademija navuk Biełarusi; Russian: Национальная академия наук Беларуси|Natsional'naya akademiya nauk Belarusi, Russian: НАН Беларуси|NAN Belarusi|label=none, Russian: НАНБ|NANB|label=none) is the national academy of Belarus.

History

Inbelkult - predecessor to the Academy

The Academy has its origins in the Institute of Belarusian Culture (Inbelkult), a Belarusian academic and research institution founded on 30 January 1922.^[1]

In the early 1920s, a key policy of newly established Soviet Belarus was the advancement of science, aimed at accelerating the technological, economic and social development of the republic and resolving a broad range of regional issues. The idea of creating a Belarusian academic and research institution was discussed during 1920 - 1921 and by November 1921, a commission consisting of academicians Yefim Karsky, Jazep Dyla and Ściapan Niekraševič prepared a founding charter of Inbelkult. Pursuant to the charter, Inbelkult was both research and cultural-educational institution, a multidisciplinary organisation focusing on ethnographic, linguistic, literary, artistic, cultural, historical, natural and geographical studies. The first meeting of Inbelkult took place on 30 January 1922, which is considered its foundation date.^[2]

At first Inbelkult consisted of two departments - ethnological-linguistic and natural science and had among its members a number of prominent academics, poets and writers such as Ściapan Niekraševič (who was the first Chairman of Inbelkult), Yefim Karsky, Jasep Losik, Janka Kupala, Jakub Kolas, and Źmitrok Biadula. Meticulous work was carried out to standardise the modern Belarusian language and between 1922 – 1924 six compilations of Belarusian terminology were published comprising 15 thousand Belarusian terms. In 1923, archaeological and ethnographic expeditions were carried out and the publication of a monthly magazine in this area was initiated. Works of Inbelkult's academics were published in "The Notes of the Department of Nature and National Economy" and "The Notes of the Department of Humanities".

In July 1924, the government of Soviet Belarus designated Inbelkult "the highest state academic institution" whose role was to coordinate all academic work in the republic, with a right to organise museums, libraries and archives, convene academic conferences and carry out expeditions. Inbelkult was able to purchase foreign publication and research tools duty-free. In January 1925, Usievalad Ihnatoŭski was appointed as new chairman of Inbelkult. By 1926, the number of Inbelkult's departments has grown to include Belarusian language and literature, Belarusian art, historical and archeological (since 1927 socio-historical), the study of the revolutionary movement in Belarus, natural sciences, medicine, agriculture and others. The institute also had two ethnic minorities departments, Jewish and Polish, with independent academic commissions. The Institute also boasted its own library and a natural history museum.

By the end of the 1920s, Inbelkult has attained significant academic achievements in the areas of humanities and natural sciences and further broadened its studies, which prompted the Soviet Belarusian government to reorganise Inbelkult into the Belarusian Academy of Sciences on 1 January 1929.

Academy in Soviet Belarus

During the Soviet period, the Academy was called the Belarusian Academy of Sciences in 1929–1936 and the Academy of Sciences of the Byelorussian SSR in 1936–1991. The first president of the Academy was Usievalad Ihnatoŭski (1881-1931), Belarusian politician and historian, professor of the Belarusian State University.^[3]

Although at inception the Academy had only 128 staff members, among them 87 scientists, it became a leading academic center influencing the economic, technological, social and cultural development of Soviet Belarus. By 1941 the Academy had grown to 750 staff and 12 subdivisions.^[4]

Stalin's purges caused great damage to the Academy's intellectual potential. The first chairman of Inbelkult and famous linguist Ściapan Niekraševič was executed in 1937 and the first president of the Academy Usievalad Ihnatoŭski committed suicide in 1931.

During World War II the normal activity of the Academy was severely interrupted. Some scientists continued their research at institutions in Russia and other regions of the former Soviet Union but many employees of the Academy were conscripted. Scientific laboratories, equipment, buildings and library funds were burned or looted. In 1945, the total number of employees of the Academy was only 360 people. However the Academy was rapidly rebuilt after the war. Right after the war's end, eight institutes started their activity again and by 1951 the Academy had 29 subdivisions with 1234 staff including 33 academicians. The Academy was supported by the governments of Belarus and the USSR as well as by leading scientific centres in Moscow, Leningrad and other Soviet cities.

Through its history the National Science Academy of Belarus has grown up to a respectful scientific center. A USSR-wide fame had Belarusian scientists like Panas Achrem (chemistry), Mikałaj Barysievič (physics), Fiodar Fiodaraŭ (physics), Vienijamin Vaciakoŭ (medicine, biology), Uładzimier Ułaščyk (medicine, biology).

Academy in independent Belarus

After Belarus gained its independence, the Academy continued its work as the Academy of Sciences of Belarus between 1991–1997. In 1997, it was reorganised as the National Academy of Sciences with the status of the highest state scientific organization of Belarus, responsible for coordinating and conducting fundamental and applied scientific research.

The main tasks of the Academy are defined by legislation as:

scientific support for the economic, social and state-legal development of the Republic of Belarus, its culture, as well as the rational use and protection of nature;
organisation and coordination of fundamental and applied scientific research carried out by all subjects of scientific activity, including in the fields of nano- and biotechnologies, robotics, fundamental and applied scientific research, developments in the most important areas of natural, technical, humanitarian, social sciences and arts in order to obtaining new knowledge about a person, society, nature and artificially created objects, increasing the scientific, technical, intellectual and spiritual potential of the Republic of Belarus;
implementation of a unified state policy, coordination and state regulation of the activities of organizations in the field of exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, with the exception of planning, distribution and efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum;
organising and conducting research into the polar regions of the Earth;
ensuring the introduction of domestic technologies in pharmaceuticals, agro-industrial complex, biotechnological production, industries of new materials and other high-tech sectors of the economy;
implementation of scientific and methodological support for the organisation of fundamental and applied scientific research carried out by all subjects of scientific activity;
determination and submission for approval in the manner prescribed by law of lists of priority areas of fundamental and applied scientific research of the Republic of Belarus;
identification of fundamentally new ways of scientific and technological progress, participation in the development of recommendations on the use of the achievements of domestic and world science in practice;
ensuring the development of science in the Republic of Belarus;
implementation, together with the State Committee for Science and Technology, of accreditation of scientific organisations;
creation of conditions for the development of scientific schools, training of highly qualified scientists, advanced training of scientists and specialists, including in foreign scientific centers;
making, in the prescribed manner, proposals for financing scientific, scientific, technical and innovative activities in the Republic of Belarus;
conducting monitoring and operational sociological research;
organising and conducting monitoring of the flora and geophysical monitoring, monitoring of the fauna and integrated monitoring of natural ecological systems in specially protected natural areas within the framework of the National Environmental Monitoring System in the Republic of Belarus, scientific support for maintaining state cadastres of flora and fauna.^[5]

Organization

Research facilities

Scientific-application centers

The scientific-application centers (Научно-практические центры, Scientific and Practical Centers) were introduced by Lukashenko's decree in 2006.^[6] Their emphasis is the problems of vital interest for the economical development of the country. The first centers of this kind created in 2006 specialize in agriculture. Later in 2006 an e-commerce

Scientific and Practical Center for Arable Farming
Scientific and Practical Center for Animal Breeding
Scientific and Practical Center for Potato, Vegetable and Fruit Growing
Scientific and Practical Center for Agriculture Mechanization
Scientific and Practical Center for Foodstuffs
Inter-branch Scientific and Practical Center for Identification Systems and E-business Operations

Research institutes and centers

Central Botanic Garden
Grodno Zonal Institute of Plant Growing
Institute of Applied Physics
Institute of Arable Farming and Selection
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering
Institute of Chemistry of New Materials
Institute of Economics
- The Center of Agricultural Economics
Institute of Electronics
Institute of Experimental Botany
Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine
Institute of Flax
Institute for Fish Industry
Institute of Forest
Institute for Fruit Growing
Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
Institute of Genetics and Cytology
- The National Co-ordination Centre for BioSafety
Institute of Geochemistry and Geophysics
Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer
Institute of History
Institute for Land Reclamation
Institute of Linguistics
Institute of Literature
Institute of Mathematics
Institute for Meat and Milk Industry
Institute of Mechanics of Metal-Polymer Systems
Institute of Metal Technology
Institute of Microbiology
Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics
Institute of Philosophy
Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry
Institute of Physics
Institute of Physiology
Institute of Plant Protection
Institute for Problems of Natural Resources Use and Ecology
Institute of Radiobiology
Institute of Sociology
Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry
Institute of State and Law
Institute of Study of Arts, Ethnography and Folklore
Institute of Technical Acoustics
Institute for Vegetable Crops
Institute of Zoology
Joint Institute of Machine Building
Joint Institute of Power and Nuclear Research - "Sosny"
Joint Institute of Solid State and Semiconductor Physics
Physical-Engineering Institute
- Scientific and Engineering Center "Plasmoteg"
Polessian Agrarian-Ecological Institute
Powder Metallurgy Institute
Republican Scientific and Engineering Center for Remote Sensing of Environment "Ecomir"
Research Center of Resource-Saving Problems
Scientific-Engineering Enterprise "Geoinformation Systems"
Scientific and Production Center "The Institute of Pharmacology and Biochemistry"
United Institute of Informatics Problems

Design facilities

- - Unitary enterprise Metallopolimer Development and production of equipment for grading and recycling of polymer secondary materials.
- Development and production of equipment for application of polymer powder coatings.
- Production of equipment for recovery of building refuse.
- Manufacture of fibrous-porous materials
Unitary enterprise Nuklon
- Development and organization of manufacture of laser-optical and spectral devices for scientific research, medicine, ecologies, equipment for processing of milk, vegetable growing, hothouses, electric drives for wheelchairs, electro bicycles
R&D center CKB
- machine building, instrument manufacturing, optical production
R&D center Axicon
- Design and manufacturing of spectral devices for composition, structure and properties of matter control and for medical-biological measurements; optoelectronics devices for control of environmental parameters and technological processes; solid-state lasers and tunable dye lasers; meters of laser radiation wavelength; high-resolution laser spectrometers; glass and crystalline optical elements; unified mechanical assemblies for breadboard of schemes of optical, laser and spectral devices; printed-circuit boards
Design Bureau "Academical" ("ОКБ Академическое")
- Experimental-design works of power plant engineering type on manufacturing the complex installation for scientific investigations and equipment for industrial use. Design and manufacturing of reservoir equipment; vessels, working under pressure; heat-exchange apparatus, hermetic machines and sealing units, rectification installation and other equipment

Experimental facilities

Scientific Experimental Station on Sugar Beet
Agricultural Experimental Station of Minsk, Mogilev and Vitebsk Oblasts
Experimental bases of the Institute of Forest

Libraries, museums, archives

Yakub Kolas Central Scientific Library
Belarusian Agricultural Library
Museum of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
Museum of Ancient Belarusian Culture
Museum of Boulders of the Institute of Geochemistry and Geophysics, a unique collection of glacial boulders of over 2,000 glacial stones
NANB Central Scientific Archive

"Belarusian Science" publishing house

Previously known as Navuka i Tekhnika ("Science and Technology").

References

Web site: The Forerunner of Belarusian Science . 30 January 2022.
Web site: Інстытут беларускай культуры (Інбелкульт), навукова-даследчая ўстанова. Institute of Belarusian Culture (Inbelkult), research institution. 2022-01-31. bis.nlb.by. be.
"Усевалад Макаравіч Ігнатоўскі" [Usievalad Ihnatoŭski]. Беларускі дзяржаўны ўнівэрсытэт / Belarusian State University (in Belarusian).
Web site: History of the Academy of Sciences. 31 January 2022.
Web site: Status of the Academy of Sciences. 31 January 2022.
Web site: О создании научно-практических центров Национальной академии наук Беларуси и некоторых мерах по осуществлению научной деятельности: УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ, 18 апреля 2006 г. № 242. On creation of scientific-application centres of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus and certain measures of carrying out scientific activities: Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus, 18 April 2006, No 242. 2022-01-31. pravo.by. ru.

External links

53.9217°N 27.5983°W