| Chang–Du | |
| Also Known As: | Nanchang, Chang–Jing, Nanchangese |
| States: | China |
| Region: | Northwestern Jiangxi |
| Speakers: | ? |
| Nativename: | 南昌话 |
| Familycolor: | Sino-Tibetan |
| Fam2: | Sinitic |
| Fam3: | Chinese |
| Fam4: | Gan |
| Iso3: | none |
| Iso6: | cagj |
| Glotto: | chan1317 |
| Glottorefname: | Chang-Jing |
| Lingua: | 79-AAA-fad |
| Notice: | IPA |
| Script: | Chinese characters |
| Map: | Gan_Dialects.png |
| Mapcaption: | Map of Gan languages; Chang–Du-speaking region in light green. |
Chang–Du or Chang–Jing, sometimes called Nanchang or Nanchangese[1] after its principal dialect, is one of the Gan Chinese languages. It is named after Nanchang and Duchang County, and is spoken in those areas as well as in Xinjian, Anyi, Yongxiu, De'an, Xingzi, Hukou, and bordering regions in Jiangxi and in Pingjiang County, Hunan.
The Nanchang dialect has 19 syllable onsets or initials (including the zero initial), 65 finals and 7 tones.[2]
In each cell below, the first line indicates IPA transcription, the second indicates pinyin.
| Bilabial | Dental/ Alveolar | (Alveolo-) palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | pronounced as /m/ m 麻 | pronounced as /ɲ/ gn 魚 | pronounced as /ŋ/ ng 牙 | ||||
| Plosive | plain | pronounced as /p/ b 巴 | pronounced as /t/ d 打 | pronounced as /k/ g 加 | |||
| aspirated | pronounced as /pʰ/ p 怕 | pronounced as /tʰ/ t 讀 | pronounced as /kʰ/ k 卡 | ||||
| Affricate | plain | pronounced as /ts/ dz 渣 | pronounced as /tɕ/ j 脊 | ||||
| aspirated | pronounced as /tsʰ/ tz 茶 | pronounced as /tɕʰ/ q 喫 | |||||
| Fricative | pronounced as /ɸ/ f 花 | pronounced as /s/ s 紗 | pronounced as /ɕ/ x 寫 | pronounced as /h/ h 蝦 | |||
| Lateral | pronounced as /l/ l 啦 | ||||||
The finals of the Nanchang dialect are:[3]
| pronounced as /-/ | pronounced as /-i/ | pronounced as /-u/ | pronounced as /-n/ | pronounced as /-ŋ/ | pronounced as /-t/ | pronounced as /-k/ | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | pronounced as /a/ 扯 | pronounced as /ɔ/ 何 | pronounced as /ɛ/ 許 | pronounced as /ɹ̩/ 柿 | pronounced as /ə/ 儒 | pronounced as /ai/ 敗 | pronounced as /əi/ 噯 | pronounced as /au/ 抱 | pronounced as /ɛu/ 茂 | pronounced as /əu/ 周 | pronounced as /an/ 闲 | pronounced as /ɔn/ 漢 | pronounced as /ɛn/ 痕 | pronounced as /ən/ 分 | pronounced as /aŋ/ 正 | pronounced as /ɔŋ/ 裝 | pronounced as /uŋ/ 共 | pronounced as /at/ 八 | pronounced as /ɔt/ 撥 | pronounced as /ɛt/ 北 | pronounced as /ət/ 不 | pronounced as /ak/ 百 | pronounced as /ɔk/ 剝 | pronounced as /uk/ 鹿 | |
| -i- | pronounced as /ja/ 惹 | pronounced as /jɛ/ 佢 | pronounced as /i/ 眉 | pronounced as /jɛu/ 廟 | pronounced as /iu/ 酒 | pronounced as /jɛn/ 淹 | pronounced as /in/ 隱 | pronounced as /jaŋ/ 井 | pronounced as /jɔŋ/ 獎 | pronounced as /juŋ/ 供 | pronounced as /jɛt/ 革 | pronounced as /it/ 乙 | pronounced as /jak/ 脊 | pronounced as /jɔk/ 腳 | pronounced as /juk/ 菊 | ||||||||||
| -u- | pronounced as /wa/ 話 | pronounced as /wɔ/ 禾 | pronounced as /wɛ/ 哇 | pronounced as /u/ 母 | pronounced as /wai/ 懷 | pronounced as /ui/ 委 | pronounced as /wan/ 灣 | pronounced as /wɔn/ 換 | pronounced as /un/ 滾 | pronounced as /waŋ/ 梗 | pronounced as /wɔŋ/ 廣 | pronounced as /wat/ 滑 | pronounced as /wɔt/ 活 | pronounced as /wɛt/ 國 | pronounced as /ut/ 勿 | pronounced as /wak/ 摑 | pronounced as /wɔk/ 擴 | ||||||||
| -y- | pronounced as /ɥɛ/ 瘸 | pronounced as /y/ 豬 | pronounced as /ɥɔn/ 軟 | pronounced as /yn/ 笋 | pronounced as /ɥɔt/ 絕 | pronounced as /yt/ 戍 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Syllabic nasals | pronounced as /m̩/ 姆 | pronounced as /n̩/ 汝 | pronounced as /ŋ̩/ 五 |
|---|
| consonantal finals | -p | -t | -k | -m | -n | -ng | |
| IPA | pronounced as /[-p]/ | pronounced as /[-t]/ | pronounced as /[-k]/ | pronounced as /[-m]/ | pronounced as /[-n]/ | pronounced as /[-ŋ]/ | |
| Example | 十 | 八 | 百 | 咸 | 限 | 横 |
Like other Chinese varieties, tones in Gan make phonemic distinctions. There are five phonemic tones in Gan, which are reduced to two 'entering tones' before stop consonants. In the traditional classification, these are considered separately:
| Tone number | Tone name | Pitch numbers | IPA transcription (on a) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | upper level | (42) | pronounced as /a˦˨/ or pronounced as /â/ | |
| 2 | lower level | (24) | pronounced as /a˨˦/ or pronounced as /ǎ/ | |
| 3 | rising | (213) | pronounced as /a˨˩˧/ or pronounced as /á̀́/ | |
| 4 | upper departing | (55) | pronounced as /a˥/ or pronounced as /á/ | |
| 5 | lower departing | (21) | pronounced as /a˨˩/ or pronounced as /à/ | |
| 6 | upper entering | (5) | pronounced as /ak˥/ or pronounced as /ák/ | |
| 7 | lower entering | (21) | pronounced as /ak˨˩/ or pronounced as /àk/ |
The 6th and 7th tones are the same as the 4th and 5th tones, except that the syllable ends in a stop consonant, pronounced as //t// or pronounced as //k//.
A poem of Meng Haoran (“Men Hau-len” in Gan):
| 春曉 孟浩然 | Cun Hieu – Men Hau-len | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 春眠不覺曉， | cun mien bhut gok hieu, | ||
| 處處聞啼鳥。 | cu cu mun ti tieu. | ||
| 夜來風雨聲， | ya loi fung ui sang, | ||
| 花落知多少？ | fa lok zi do seu? |