The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
There is a slow trend to return to the local name, which has been going on for a long time. In English Livorno is now used, the old English form of Leghorn having become antiquated at least a century ago. In some cases, such as the replacement of Danzig with Gdańsk, the official name has been changed more recently. Since 1995, the government of Ukraine has encouraged the use of Kyiv rather than Kiev.[1]
| English name | Other names or former names | |
|---|---|---|
 Iași | Iași (Romanian), Iasi - 이아시 (Korean), Iásio - Ιάσιο (Greek), Iassium (Latin), Iassy (French variant, Historical variant), Iassi (Historical variant), Jaš - Јаш (Serbian), Yash - Яш (Bulgarian), Jasai (Lithuanian), Jasi' (Latvian), Jaši - Јаши (Serbian alternative), Jassenmarkt (archaic German), Jassi (archaic Italian), Jassy (English variant, German, Polish,), Jassy - Яссы (Russian), Jassy - Ясси (Ukrainian), Jasy (Czech, Slovak), Jászvásár (Hungarian), Yaş (Turkish), Yas - (Yiddish), Yashi (Romani), Yashi - (Japanese), Yassi (Historical variant), Yassy (Historical variant), Yǎxī - 雅西 (Mandarin Chinese), Yosh - (Yiddish alternative) | |
 Iglesias | Esglésies or Iglésies (Catalan), Igeullesiaseu / Igŭllesiasŭ - 이글레시아스 (Korean), Iglesias (Italian, Romanian, Spanish), Igresias (Sardinian), Is Cresias (former Sardinian), Villa di Chiesa (former Italian) | |
 Iisalmi | Iisalmi (Finnish), Idensalmi (Swedish) | |
 Ilanz | Glion (Romansh), Ilanz (German) | |
| Inari | Aanaar (Inari Sami), Anaar (Skolt Sami), Anár (Northern Sami), Enare (Swedish), Inari (Finnish), Inari - 이나리 (Korean) | |
 Innsbruck | Dispruch (Ladin), Innsbruck (Finnish, German, Romanian), Innzbruk (Hungarian), Inomost (Old Slovene), Innomostí / Inšpruk (Czech), Insbruka (Latvian), Insbrukas (Lithuanian), Insbruque (Portuguese), Inseubeurukeu / Insŭbŭruk'ŭ - 인스브루크 (Korean), Insuburukku - インスブルック (Japanese), Inzbrik (Yiddish), Inzbruk (Serbian), Puntina (Romansh), 因斯布鲁克 (Chinese) | |
 Ioannina | Giannina (Italian), Ianina (Aromanian, Romanian), Ioánnina - Ιωάννινα (Greek), Janina (Czech, Finnish, Lithuanian, Portuguese), Janinë / Janina (Albanian), Janjina - Јањина (Serbian), Joanina (Portuguese variant), Yánena - Γιάννενα and Yánina - Γιάννινα (Greek variants), Yanina (Azeri), Yanya (Turkish) | |
| Inverness | Inbhir Nis (Scots Gaelic), Inbhear Nis (Irish), Inbeoneseu / Inbŏnesŭ - 인버네스 (Korean), 因華尼斯 (Chinese-HK), 因弗內斯 (Chinese-PRC) | |
| Iraklion | See Heraklion | |
 Istanbul | Carigrad (Slovene), Estambol (Ladino), Estambul (Spanish), İstanbul (Azeri, Turkish), Iostanbúl (Irish), Iseutanbul or Isŭt'anbul – 이스탄불 (Korean), Isutambūru - イスタンブール (Japanese), Istamboul (French alternate), Istambul Portuguese), Istambuł or Stambuł (Polish), Истамбул or Цариград (Bulgarian) استانبول = Estānbol (Persian), Istanboel (Afrikaans, Dutch), Isṭanbūl – إسطنبول (Arabic), Istanbul (Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, German, French, Italian, Ladino alternate, Maltese, Romanian, Serbian Tagalog), Isztambul (Hungarian), Konstantinúpolis – Κωνσταντινούπολις or I Póli – Η Πόλη (i.e. "The City") (Greek), Mikligarður (Icelandic), Stamboll (Albanian), Stamboul (French alternate [old, rare]), Stambul – Ստամբուլ (Armenian), Stambul – Стамбу́л (Russian, Ukrainian), Stambula (Latvian), Stambulas (Lithuanian), Stambuli – სტამბული (Georgian), Stenbol (Kurdish),Sztambul (old Hungarian), Yīsītǎnbǎo 伊斯坦堡 or Yīsītǎnbù'ěr 伊斯坦布爾 (Chinese) Former names: Asitane, Dersaadet, Estambul, Konstantiniye, Konstantinopyla, Kospoli, Kostan, Kushta, Kushtandina or Payitaht (Payitaht, from Persian پایتخت simply means "Capital City", taht meaning "throne"; Turkish variants during Ottoman period), Beasantian or Baile Chòiseam (Scottish Gaelic), an Bhiosáint or Cathair Chonstaintín (Irish), Bysans or Byzantion or Konstantinopel (Swedish), Bysants or Konstantinopel (Norwegian), Bizanc or Carigrad or Konstantinopel (Slovene), Bizánc or Konstantinápoly (Hungarian), Bizanci or Constantinoble (Catalan), Bizancio or Constantinopla (Spanish), Bizâncio or Constantinopla (Portuguese), قسطنطنیه = Qostantaniyeh (Persian), Biżanzju or Kostantinopli (Maltese), Bizancjum or Carogród or Konstantynopol (Polish), Bizans or Qüstəntiniyyə (Azeri), Bizant, Carigrad or Konstantinopol (Croatian), Bizanţ, Constantinopol, Constantinopole, Stambul or Ţarigrad (Romanian), Bisanzio or Costantinopoli (Italian),Byzance or Constantinople or Stamboul (French), Byzantion or Cařihrad or Konstantinopol (Czech), Byzantium or Constantinopolis (Latin), Byzantium or Constantinople (English), Byzanz or Byzantion or Konstantinopel (German), Caergystennin (Welsh), Caregrad – Царегра́д, Carjgrad – Царьгра́д, Carjgorod – Царьгород, Vizantij – Виза́нтий or Konstantinopolj – Константино́поль (Russian), Carigrad or Konstantinopolj or Stambol (Serbian), Carihrad or Konštantínopol (Slovak), Constantinopel (Dutch), Konseutantinopolliseu or K'onsŭt'ant'inop'ollisŭ – 콘스탄티노폴리스 (Korean), Konstantínópel (Icelandic), Konstantinopla (Tagalog), Konstantinopoli – კონსტანტინოპოლი (Finnish, Georgian), Konsutantinōpuru – コンスタンティノープル (Japanese), Kostandnoubolis – Կոստանդնուպոլիս (Armenian), Miklagård (old Swedish), Miklagarðr (Old Norse), Qushta – קושטא/איסטנבול (Hebrew), Vizántion – Βυζάντιον or Konstantinoupoli – Κωνσταντινούπολη (Greek), Bàizhàntíng – 拜占庭 or Jūnshìtǎndīngbǎo – 君士坦丁堡 (Chinese), Tsarigrad – Цариград (Bulgarian) | |
| Ivalo | Avveel (Inari Sami), Âˊvvel (Skolt Sami), Avvil (Northern Sami), Ivalo (Finnish) | |
| Ivangorod | Ivangorod – Ивангород (Russian), Jaanilinn (Estonian), Iivananlinna (Finnish) | |
 Ivano-Frankivsk | Ivano-Frankivsjk – Івано-Франківськ (Ukrainian), Ivano-Frankovsk – Ивано-Франковск (Russian), Iwano-Frankowsk (Polish), İvano-Frankovsk (Turkish), Ivano-Frankivskas (Lithuanian), Iwano-Frankiwsk (German), Stanislau (former German), Stanislavov - Станиславов (former Russian), Stanislavovas (former Lithuanian), Stanislev - (Yiddish), Stanisławów (former Polish), Stanyslaviv - Станиславів (former Ukrainian) |
| English name | Other names or former names | |
|---|---|---|
| Jablonec nad Nisou | Gablonz an der Neiße (German), Jabłonec nad Nysą (Polish) | |
| Jablunkov | Jabłonków (Polish), Jablunkov (Czech), Jablunkau (German) | |
| Jakobstad | Jakobstad (Swedish), Pietarsaari (Estonian, Finnish) | |
 Jarosław | Jaroslau (German), Jaroslav (Czech), Jarosław (Polish), Yareslev - (Yiddish), Jaroslav - Ярослав (Russian), 雅羅斯拉夫 (Chinese) | |
| Jastrzębie-Zdrój | Jastrzębie-Zdrój (Polish), Bad Königsdorff-Jastrzemb (German), Ястшембе-Здруй (Russian) | |
 Jelgava | Jelgava (Latvian, Lithuanian), Mintauja (Old Lithuanian), Mitau (German), Mitava - Митава / Jelgava - Елгава (Russian), Mitawa (Polish) | |
 Jena | Iéna (French), Iena (Portuguese, Romanian), Jena (German), Iena - Ιένα (Greek), Jéna (Hungarian), Jjena - Йена (Russian) 耶拿 (Chinese) | |
| Jihlava | Iglau (German), Igława (Polish), Jihlava (Czech) | |
 Jokkmokk | Dálvvadis (Lule Sami alternate), Jåhkåmåhkke (Lule Sami), Johkamohkki (Northern Sami), Jokimukka (Finnish), Jokinmukka, (Meänkieli), Jokkmokk (Swedish) | |
| Jülich | Gulik (Dutch), Jülich (English, German), Juliers (French) | |
 Jurbarkas | Jurbarkas (Lithuanian), Georgenburg / Jurgenburg / Eurburg (German), Jurborg / Jurburg' / Yurburg / Yurberig / Yurbrik (Yiddish), Jurbarkas (Samogitian) |
| English name | Other names or former names | |
|---|---|---|
| Kajaani | Kajaani (Finnish), Kajana (Swedish) | |
| Kaliningrad | after 1946: Kaliningrado / Calininegrado (Portuguese variants), Kaliningrad - Калининград (Bulgarian, Russian), Kalininhrad - Калінінград (Belarusian, Ukrainian), Kalíngrad (Icelandic), Kaliningrad (Finnish, Romanian, Maltese, Swedish, Turkish), Kaliningrad - Καλίνινγκραντ (Greek), Kaliningrad (Polish), Kaliningradas, Karaliaučius (Lithuanian), Kalėningrads, Karaliaučios (Samogitian), Kaļiņingrada (Latvian), Kaliningrado (Portuguese, Spanish), Kalinjingrad (Croatian), Kalinyingrád, Königsberg (Hungarian), Kaljinjingrad - Каљињинград (Serbian), Karīningurādo - カリーニングラード (Japanese), Jiālǐnìnggélè - 加里寧格勒 (Chinese).before 1946: Königsberg (German, Hungarian), Kunnegsgarbs, Twangste (Old Prussian), Karaliaučius (Lithuanian), Karaliaučios (Samogitian), Kēnigsberga, Karaļauči (Latvian), Keningsbergen (West Frisian), Keunigsbarg (Low Saxon), Koningsbergen (Dutch), Královec (Czech), Królewiec (Polish), Karalaviec - Каралявец (Belarusian), Kionigsberg - Кёнигсберг, Korolevets - Короле́вец (Russian), Kenigsberg - (Yiddish), Kēnihisuberuku - ケーニヒスベルク (Japanese), Kēnísībǎo - 柯尼斯堡 (Chinese), Kenixvérghi - Καινιξβέργη (Greek), Conisberga, Konigsberga (Portuguese), Regiomontium (Latin) | |
| Kalix | Calix (former Swedish), Gáinnas (Northern Sami), Gájnaj (Lule Sami), Gálás (Northern Sami alternate), Kainus (Meänkieli), Kainuu (Finnish), Kalix (Swedish), Kôlis (local Swedish) | |
| Kamenz | Kamenz (German), Kamjenc (Upper Sorbian) | |
| Kamianets-Podilskyi | Kamaniçe (Turkish), Camenecium (Latin), Cameniţa (Romanian), Kamenets - (Yiddish), Kamenec-Podoljskij - Каменец-Подольский (Russian), Kamieniec Podolski (Polish), Kamjanecj-Podiljsjkyj, otherwise transcribed as Kamyanets'-Podil's'kyi or Kamyanets-Podilskyi - Кам’янець-Подільський (Ukrainian), Kamjanets-Podilskyi (Finnish), Kamenyec-Podolszkij (Hungarian), Kamyanets-Podilskıy (Crimean Tatar), | |
| Kamianske | Kamenskoe (former German), Kamenskoe - Каменское (Russian), Kamenskoye (former English), Kamianske (English, French, Portuguese, Romanian), Kamianskė (Lithuanian), Kamianské (Spanish), Kamianske - Кам'янскэ (Belarusian), Kamienskaje - Каменскае (Taraškievica Belarusian), Kamieńskie (Polish), Kamjanske (Czech, Dutch, Estonian, German, Latvian), Kamjanszke (Hungarian), Kamyanske (Crimean Tatar, Turkish), Kamian'ske - Камяньске (Rusyn), Kam'ians'ke - Кам'янське (Ukrainian)in 1936-2016: Dneprodzeržinsk - Днепродзержинск (Russian), Dniepradziaržynsk - Днепрадзяржынск (Belarusian, Taraškievica Belarusian), Dnieprodzierżyńsk (Polish), Dniprodserschynsk (German), Dniprodzerzhynsk (English), Dniprodzeržyns′k - Дніпродзержинськ (Ukrainian), | |
| Kandalaksha | Kandalakša - Кандалакша (Russian), Kannanlahti / Kantalahti (Finnish), Käddluhtt (Skolt Sami) | |
| Kartuzy | Cartusia (Latin), Karthaus (German), Kartuzë (Kashubian), Kartuzy (Polish) | |
| Kaskinen | Kaskinen (Finnish), Kaskö (Swedish) | |
| Katowice | Katowice (Polish, Hungarian), Katovicai (Lithuanian), Katovice (Bulgarian), Katovice (Czech, Latvian, Romanian, Serbian, Slovakian), Katoviçe (Turkish), Kattowitz (German); Stalinogród (Polish 1953–1956) | |
| Kaunas | Caunas (Portuguese), Kauen (German), Kovna - קובנה (Hebrew), Kauņa (Latvian), Kaunas (Azeri, Finnish, Lithuanian, Romanian, Serbian, Swedish, Turkish), Kaunas - Каунас (Bulgarian, Russian), Kaunaseu / K'aunasŭ - 카우나스(Korean), Kaunasu - カウナス (Japanese), Kauns (Samogitian), Koŭna - Коўна (Belarusian), Kovne - (Yiddish), Kovno (Czech), Kowno (Polish), kaonasi 考那斯 (Chinese) | |
| Kavadarci | Kavadarci (English, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Кавадарци (Macedonian) | |
| Kazan | Cazã (Portuguese), Kazanj - Казань (Russian), Casan (Latin), Kasan (German), Kazan - カザン (Japanese), Kazan (Turkish), Kazań (Polish), Kazaņa (Latvian), Qazan (Azeri, Tatar), 喀山 (Chinese), ٌقازان (Arabic) | |
| Kem | Kemj' - Кемь (Russian), Kemi or Vienan Kemi (Finnish)|-| Kemi| Giepma (Northern Sami)|-||/ Kerch| Keriç (Crimean Tatar), Kerç (Azeri, Turkish), Kerč, i.e. Kerch - Керч (Ukrainian), Kerč - Керчь (Russian), Kercz (Polish), Kerci (Romanian), Kertš (Finnish), Kertsch (German), Krč (older Croatian), 刻赤 (Chinese)|-| Kętrzyn| Kętrzyn (Polish), Rastenburg (German)|-| Kharkiv| Carcóvia (Portuguese), Charkov (Czech, Slovak), Charkovas (Lithuanian), Charkow (German), Charkiv / Charkov (Dutch), Charków (Polish), Hā'ěrkēfū - 哈尔科夫 (simplified) 哈爾科夫 (traditional) (Chinese), Hareukiu / Harŭk'iu - 하르키우 (Korean), Harkov (Romanian, Serbian, Slovene), Harkova (Latvian, Finnish), Harkov (Hungarian), Hárkovo - Χάρκοβο (Greek), Harukiu - ハルキウ (Japanese), Karkov (Turkish), Kharkiv - Харків (Ukrainian), Kharkov or Khar'kov or Kharjkov - Харьков (Russian), خاركوف (Arabic)|-| Kičevo|Kërçovë (Albanian), Kičevo (English, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Kičevo - Кичево (Macedonian)|-| Kiel| Kiel (Estonian, Finnish, German, Hungarian, Low Saxon, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish), Kil (North Frisian), Ķīle (Latvian), Kilonia (Polish), Kylis (Lithuanian), Quília (Portuguese, rare),[2] Kielo - Κίελο (Greek), 基爾 (Chinese)|-| Kielce| Kielce (Polish), Kelts - קעלץ (Yiddish), Keljcy - Кельцы, Keljce - Кельце (Russian) (Russian)|-| Kikinda| Chichinda Mare (Romanian), Grosskikinda (German), Nagykikinda (Hungarian)|-| Kırklareli| Kırkkilise (former Ottoman Turkish), Kırklareli (Turkish), Lozengrad - Лозенград (Bulgarian), Qırxlareli (Azeri), Saránda Eklisiés - Σαράντα Εκκλησιές / Saránda Eklisíe - Σαράντα Ἐκκλησίαι (Greek)|-|-| Kilkenny| Cill Chainnigh (Irish)|-| Killarney| Cill Áirne (Irish)|-| Kirov| Iljna - Mari: Ильна (historic Mari), Iljna-ola - Mari: Ильна-ола (historic Mari), Ilna - Илна (historic Meadow Mari), Ilna-ola - Илна-Ола (historic Meadow Mari),[3] Jīluòfū - Chinese: 基洛夫 (Mandarin Chinese), Kiraŭ - Belarusian: Кіраў (Belarusian), Kirov - Russian: Киров (Russian), Kirov - Ukrainian: Кіров (Ukrainian), Kirow (Polish), Kīrofu - Japanese: キーロフ (Japanese), Kolın - Tatar: Колын (historic Tatar), Kylno - Udmurt: Кылно (historic Udmurt), Vatka - Udmurt: Ватка (historic Udmurt), Vätka - Tatar: Вятка (historic Tatar), Vjatka - Russian: Вятка (historic Russian [1780–1934]), Vyatoka - Japanese: ヴャトカ (historic Japanese), Xlynov - Russian: Хлынов (historic Russian [ca. 1457–1780])|-| Kiruna| Giron (Northern Sami), Gierun (Lule Sami), Kieruna (Meänkieli), Kiiruna (Finnish), Kiruna (Swedish), Kiruna / K'iruna - 키루나 (Korean)|-| Klagenfurt| Clagenfurth (historic German), Klagenfurt (German, Dutch, Romanian), Clanfurt (Friulian), Celovec (Czech, Slovene), Kurāgenfuruto - クラーゲンフルト (Japanese), Želanec (alternative Czech name) |-| Klaipėda| Klaipeda (Estonian, Finnish), Klaipėda (Lithuanian, Romanian), Klaipēda (Latvian), Klaipieda (Samogitian), Klajpeda (Belarusian), Kłajpeda (Polish), Meemel (former Estonian), Memel and Memelburg (German), Mēmele (former Latvian)|-| Kłodzko | Kłodzko (Polish), Kladsko (Czech and Slovak), Klodzkas (Lithuanian), Glatz (German), Glacium or Glacensis urbs (Latin)|-| Klosters| Claustra (Romansh), Claustra-Sernaus (alternative Romansh), Klosters (German), 克洛斯達斯 (Chinese)|-| Kobarid| Caporetto (Italian, Romanian), Cjaurêt (Friulian), Karfreit (German), Kobarid (Slovene)|-| Kokkola| Kokkola (Finnish), Karleby (Swedish), Gamlakarleby (old Swedish)|-| Kolkwitz| Gołkojce (Lower Sorbian), Kolkwitz (Niederlausitz) (German)|-| Kolomyia| Colomeea (Romanian), Kilemey - (Yiddish), Kolomea (German), Kołomyja (Polish), Kolomyja - Коломия (Ukrainian), Kolomyja - Коломыя (Russian)|-| Komárno| Komarne (Yiddish), Komarno - Комарно (Bulgarian), Komárno (Slovak), Révkomárom / Öreg-komárom / Komárom (Hungarian)|-| Komárom| Komárom (Hungarian), Komárno (Slovak)|-| Komotini|Gümülcine (Turkish), Komotini - Κομοτηνή (Greek), Gjumjurdžina – Гюмюрджина (Bulgarian), Comotena (Latin)|-| Kondopoga| Kondopoga - Кондопога (Russian), Kontupohja (Finnish)|-| Konstanz| Constance (French, English variant), Constança / Constância (Portuguese), Costanza (Italian), Konstanca (Serbian), Konstanca (Hungarian), Konstancja / Konstanca (Polish), Kostnice (Czech), Konstántza - Κωνστάντζα / Konstandía - Κωνσταντία (Greek), 康斯坦茨 (Chinese)|-| Köpenick| Köpenick (German), Kopanica (Polish), Kopník (Czech)|-| Koper| Capodistria (Italian), Kopar (Croatian, Serbian), Koper (Slovene, Hungarian, Polish), Cjaudistre (Friulian)|-| Korçë| Corizza (Italian), Görice (Turkish), Korča - Корча (Bulgarian), Korçë / Korça (Albanian), Koritsá - Κορυτσά (Greek)|-| Kortrijk| Cortoriacum (Latin), Courtrai (French, Italian), Courtray (English variant), Kortreikas, Kortriek (Limburgish), Kortrijk (Afrikaans, Dutch), Cortrique (Spanish) |-| Košice| Cassovia or Caschovia (Latin), Caşovia (old Romanian), Kassa (Hungarian), Cassovie (French), Kaschau (German), Kasha (Romani), Kashòy - (Yiddish), Košice (Czech, Romanian, Serbian, Slovak), Kösice (Turkish), Košycy - Кошицы, Košicе - Кошице (Russian), Košyсe, i.e. Koshytse - Ко́шице (Ukrainian), Košyсi, i.e. Koshytsi - Ко́шиці (older Ukrainian variant), Koszyce (Polish), קושיצה (Hebrew)|-| Kosovo Polje| Amselfeld (German), Câmpia Mierlei (Romanian), Champ des merles (French), Fushë Kosova (Albanian), Kosova Ovası (Turkish), Kosovo Polje (Serbian, Slovene), Kosowe Pole (Polish), Kosifopédhio - Κοσσυφοπέδιο (Greek), Merelveld (Afrikaans, Dutch), Rigómező (Hungarian, only in historic context)|-| Kotor| Cátaro (Portuguese), Cattaro (Italian), Kotor (Croatian, Serbian)|-| Kovel| Kovel' - Ковель (Russian, Ukrainian), Kovl - (Yiddish), Kowel (Polish) | |
| Kozani | Kozani - Κοζάνη (Greek), Kožani - Кожани (Bulgarian), Cojani (Aromanian) | |
| Kraków | Cracovia (Latin, Italian, Romanian, Spanish), Cracòvia (Catalan), Cracóvia (Portuguese), Cracovie (French), Cracow (English), Keurakupeu / K'ŭrak'up'ŭ - 크라쿠프 (Korean), Krakaŭ - Кракаў (Belarusian), Kraká (Icelandic), Krakau (Afrikaans, Dutch, German), Krakiv - Краків (Ukrainian), Krakkó (Hungarian), Krakov (Croatian, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Turkish), Krakov - Краков (Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian), Krakova (Latvian, Finnish), Krakovía - Κρακοβία (Greek), Krakovja (Maltese), Krakovo (Esperanto), Krakow (English), Kraków (Polish, Swedish), Krākūf - كراكوف (Arabic, Persian), Kroke - (Yiddish), Krokuva (Lithuanian), Kurakufu - クラクフ (Japanese), კრაკოვი (Georgian), 克拉科夫 (Kèlākēfu) (Chinese) | |
| Kristianstad | Christianstad (Danish), Christianstadt (former German), Kristianstad (German, Swedish), Kristianstadas (Lithuanian) | |
| Kristinestad | Christinae Stadh (former Swedish), Kristiinankaupunki (Finnish), Kristinestad (Swedish), Kristingrad - Кристинград (Serbian), Krinstianstad (Polish) | |
| Krnov | Carnovia (Latin), Jägerndorf (German), Karniów (former Polish), Krnov (Czech), Krnów (Polish) | |
| Kropyvnytskyi | Kropõvnõtskõi (Estonian), Kropybnyc’kyj Кропивницький (Ukrainian) | |
| Kudowa-Zdrój | Bad Kudowa (German), Chudoba (Czech), Kudowa-Zdrój (Polish) | |
| Kumanovo | Kumanovo (English, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Kumanowo (Polish) Kumanovo - Куманово (Macedonian) | |
 Kuressaare | Arensburg (former German, former Swedish), Kuressaari (Finnish) | |
| Kwidzyn | Kwidzyn (Polish), Marienwerder (German) | |
| Kyiv | Chiu (old Romanian), Cív (Irish), Jīfǔ - 基辅 (simplified) 基輔 (traditional) (Chinese), Kænugarður (Icelandic), Kíev (Catalan), Kiefu - キエフ / Kīu - キーウ (Japanese), Kiëv (Dutch), Kiev (Interlingua, Italian, Maltese, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish), Kiev - (Yiddish), Kijeŭ - Кіеў (Belarusian), Kíevo - Κίεβο (Greek), Kiew (German), Kiiev (Estonian), Kijev (Croatian, Hungarian, Serbian, Slovene), Kijeva (Latvian), Kijevas (Lithuanian), Kiyev (Azeri), Kijów (Polish), Kiova (Finnish), Kiyepeu / K'iyep'ŭ - 키예프 (Korean), Kiyev - Киев (Russian), Kīyif - كييف (Arabic), Kyjev (Czech, Slovak), Kyyiv, Kyiv - Київ (Ukrainian), Kiev - Киев (Macedonian), Kiōvia (Latin), Qiyev - קייב (Hebrew), Quieve (Portuguese variant) | |
| Kyle of Lochalsh | Caol Loch Aillse (Scots Gaelic), Kayl Oyfn Loch (Yiddish) | |
 / Kyrenia | Cirénia / Cirênia (Portuguese), Girne (Turkish), Kerínia - Κερύνεια (Greek) |
| English name | Other names or former names | |
|---|---|---|
| L'Aquila | after 1939Àquëlë or L'Aquila (Neapolitan), Aquila or Aquilana civitas (Latin), Áquila (Portuguese), L'Àcuiła or Ł'Aquiła (Venetian), L'Àgogia (Ligurian), L'Akuila (Azerbaijani), L'Akvila (Latvian, Lithuanian), Lakvila (Albanian), L'Aquila (Italian, Basque, Breton, Bosnian, Catalan, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Hungarian, Irish, Luxembourgish, North Frisian, Norwegian, Norwegian Nynorsk, Occitan, Polish, Romanian, Scots, Serbo-Croatian, Slovack, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish, Welsh, West Frisian), La-Aglo (Esperanto), Λ' Άκουιλα (Greek), Акуила (Bulgarian), Л’Акуіла (Belarusian), Л'Акуила (Chechen, Kazakh, Tatar), Л’А́куила or Аквила or Акуила or Л’Аквила (Russian, Sakha), Л’Акуилæ (Ossetic), Л’Аквила (Serbian), L'Ákvila - Л'А́квіла or L'Ákujila - Л'А́куїла (Ukrainian), Լ'Աքվիլա (Armenian), ლ’აკვილა (Georgian) between 1863 and 1939 Aquila degli Abruzzi (Italian, Czech, Norwegian, Norwegian Nynorsk, Slovack), Aquila or Aquila Aprutiorum or Aquilia or Aquila in Vestinis or Aquilana civitas (Latin), Áquila (Portuguese), Akvila djel'i Adrucci - Аквила дельи Абруцци (Russian) before 1863 Aquila (Italian, Czech, Norwegian, Slovack), Aquila or Aquilia or Aquila in Vestinis or Aquilana civitas or Avella or Avia or Furconia or Furconium (Latin), Áquila (Portuguese), Akvila - Аквила (Russian) | |
 Labin | Albona (Italian), Labin - Лабин (Croatian, Serbian, Russian) | |
| Lahti | Lahti (Estonian, Finnish, Romanian, Slovene, Polish), Lahtis (Swedish) | |
 Lakhva | Łachwa (Polish), Lahva – Лахва (Belarusian, Russian), לחווא (Hebrew), (Yiddish) | |
| Lappeenranta | Lappeenranta (Estonian, Finnish), Villmanstrand (Swedish) | |
| Lausanne | Lausana (Catalan, Portuguese, Spanish), Lausanne (Dutch, French, Finnish, German, Romanian, Swedish), Laŭzano (Esperanto), Losanen (former German), Losanna (Italian, Romansh), Lozan (Armenian, Turkish), Lozana (Serbian), Lozáni – Λωζάνη (Greek), Lozanna (Latvian, Polish), Luzana (Slovene), Rojan - 로잔 (Korean), Rōzannu – ローザンヌ (Japanese), 洛桑 (Chinese) | |
 Leeuwarden | Leeuwarden (Dutch, Finnish, French, German), Liwwadden (Town Frisian), Ljouwert (West Frisian), Laiwert (Gronings) | |
| Leghorn | Liorna (Spanish), Livorno (Dutch, Finnish, German, Italian, Maltese, Portuguese, Romanian), Livórno – Λιβόρνο (Greek), Livorno - ליוורנו or ליבורנו (Hebrew), Livourne (French) | |
| Legnica | Legnica (Polish), Lehnice (Czech), Liegnitz (Dutch, German) | |
| Leicester | Caerlŷr (Welsh), Leicestria (Church Latin), L'sesteh (Yiddish), Ratae (Latin), لستر (Persian), Lestera (Latvian), 萊斯特 (Mandarin Chinese), 李斯特 (Cantonese), レスター (Japanese) | |
| Leiden | Leida (Italian, Portuguese, Romanian), Leiden (Dutch, German, Slovene), Lejda (Polish), Leien (West Frisian), Leyde (French), Leyden (variant in English), Reiden – 레이덴 (Korean), 莱頓 (Chinese) | |
| Leipzig | Lajpcig (Serbian), Lajpcyg – Ляйбцыґ (Belarusian), Leipciga (Latvian), Leipcigas (Lithuanian), Leipsic (older English), Leipsick (former French), Leipzig (Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Romanian, Slovene, Swedish, Turkish), Lejpcigo (Esperanto), Lepsiko (Esperanto) Lipcse (Hungarian), Lipsca (old Romanian), Lipsía – Λειψία (Greek), Lipsia (Italian, Latin, Old Castillian), Lípsia (Portuguese), Lipsk (Lower Sorbian, Polish), Lipsko (Czech, Slovak), Raipeuchihi / Raip'ŭch'ihi – 라이프치히 (Korean), 萊比錫 (Chinese), Raiputsihi – ライプツィヒ (Japanese) | |
| Lębork | Lauenburg (German), Lębork (Polish), Lãbòrg (Kashubian) | |
| Leuven | Leuven (Afrikaans, Dutch, Finnish), Louvain (French, Romanian), Lováin (Irish), Lovaina (Catalan, Portuguese, Spanish), Lovaň (Czech), Lovanio (Italian), Löwen (German), Louvéni – Λουβαίνη (Greek), Lovin (Walloon), Léiwen (Luxembourgish), Lovanium (Latin), Lowanium (Polish), 魯汶 (Chinese) | |
| Lezhë | Lezhë / Lezha (Albanian), Alessio (Italian), Lješ Љеш (Serbian, Montenegrin) | |
| Liberec | Reichenberg (German) | |
| Liège | Liège (French, Hungarian, Swedish), Lîdje / Lîdge (Walloon), Léck (Luxembourgish), Leodium (Latin), L'ež – Льеж (Russian), Liege (Finnish, Romanian, Swedish, Turkish), Liége (former French, Portuguese), Liegi (Italian), Lieĝo (Esperanto), Lieja (Catalan, archaic Portuguese, Spanish), Λιέγη (Greek), Liež – Лиеж (Bulgarian), Liež - Лиеж (Serbian), Lježa (Latvian), Lježas (Lithuanian), Lieži – ლიეჟი (Georgian), Luik (Afrikaans, Dutch), Lutych (Czech), Lüttich (German), Luuk (Luik) (Limburgish), Rieju – 리에주 (Korean), ولييج (Arabic), ליאז (Hebrew), Riēju – リエージュ (Japanese), 列日 (Chinese) | |
| Liepāja | Lėipuojė (Samogitian), Lepai (Veps), Libau (German), Libav (historic Veps), Libava – Russian: Либава (historic Russian), Libava – Belarusian: Лібава (historic Belaussian, historic Ukrainian), Libave – (Yiddish), Liepai (alternative Veps), Liepāja (Estonian, Finnish, Latvian, Romanian), Liepaja - Russian: Лиепая (Russian), Liepaja - Belarusian: Ліепая (Belarusian), Lijepaja - Ukrainian: Лієпая (Ukrainian), Līepõ (Livonian), Liepoja (Lithuanian), Liibavi (historic Estonian), Liibo (Estonian variant), Liibu (Estonian variant), Liibuse (Estonian variant), Liipavi (Estonian variant), Lipawa (Polish), Līpuoja (Latgalian), Lìyēpàyà - Chinese: 利耶帕亞 (Mandarin Chinese), Riepāya - Japanese: リエパーヤ (Japanese) | |
| Lier | Lier (Dutch), Lierre (French) | |
 Lille | Lila (Portuguese, rare), Lille (French, Finnish, German, Latvian, Portuguese, Romanian), Rijsel (Dutch), Lil (Serbian), Lilla (Catalan, Italian), Lillo (Esperanto), Ryssel (former German), Λίλλη (Greek), 里爾 (Chinese), Lili – ლილი (Georgian), Ril - 릴 (Korean) | |
| Limoges | Lemòtges / Limòtges (Occitan), Llemotges (Catalan)Limož (Serbian), 列摩日 (Chinese) | |
| Limassol | Lemesos – Λεμεσός (Greek), Leymosun (obsolete Turkish), Limasol (Turkish), Limisso (Venetian/Italian) | |
| Limerick | Limeriko (Esperanto), Luimneach (Irish), Luimneach (Scottish Gaelic), 利默里克 (Chinese), | |
| Linköping | Lincopia (Latin), Lincopinga (Portuguese, rare), Linköping (Danish, Finnish, Swedish), 林雪平 (Chinese) | |
| Linz | Lentia (Latin), Linca (Latvian), Líncia (Portuguese), Linec (Czech), Linz (Catalan, German, Finnish, Romanian, Serbian, Slovene), Rincheu / Rinch'ŭ – 린츠 (Korean), 林茨 (Chinese) | |
| Lipany | Lipany (Slovak, Czech), Siebenlinden (German), Septemtiliae (Latin), Héthárs (Hungarian) | |
 Lisbon | Liospóin (Irish), Lisabon (Croatian, Czech, Serbian, Slovak), Lisabona (Latvian, Lithuanian, Romanian), Lisban - ලිස්බන් (Sinhala), Lisboa (Catalan, Ladino, Portuguese, Spanish, Tagalog, Norwegian), Lisbona (Italian, Maltese), Lisbonne (French), Lisbono (Esperanto), Lišbūna, Lashbuna, Lishbuna, Ushbuna, al-Ushbuni (Arabic),[4] Lissabon (Azeri, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, German, Russian, Swedish), Lissavóna – Λισσαβώνα (Greek), Lisszabon (Hungarian), Lizbon (Armenian, Turkish), Lizbona (Polish, Slovene), Riseubon / Risŭbon – 리스본 (Korean), Risubon – リスボン (Japanese), Ushbune (old Arabic), Lǐsīběn – 里斯本 (Chinese), ليسبون (Persian), Lisaboni – ლისაბონი (Georgian), Olisīpō (Latin), Olissipōn - Ὀλισσιπών (Ancient Greek) Wliksybama / Vvlixibama (Old Frisian) | |
| Liverpool | Learpholl (Irish), Lerphoyll (Manx), Lerpwl (Welsh), Liverpul (Portuguese, rare), Liverpūle (Latvian), Liverpulis (Lithuanian), Liverpulo (Esperanto), Llynlleifiad (former Welsh), Poll a' Ghrùthain (Scottish Gaelic), Ribapūru – リバプール (Japanese), Ribeopul / Ribŏp'ul – 리버풀 (Korean), 利物浦 (Chinese), ليورپول (Persian), Liverpuli – ლივერპული (Georgian), লিভারপুল - Libharpul (Bengali), | |
| Livorno | Liorna (Catalan), Livorno or Leghorn (English), Livourne (French), 利禾奴 / 利沃諾 (Chinese) | |
| Ljubljana | Laibach (German), Liubliana (Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish), Lublanë (Albanian), Liublijana (Lithuanian), Liúibleána (Irish), Liyūbliyānā (Arabic), Ljubljana (Catalan, Croatian, Dutch, Finnish, French, Hungarian, Maltese, Serbian, Slovene, Swedish), Ljubljana – Љубљана (Macedonian, Serbian), Lubiana (Italian), Lubjanë (Albanian), Lyublyana (Azeri), Lublaň (Czech), Ļubļana (Latvian), Lublana (Polish), Ľubľana (Slovak), Lubliyana (Turkish), Lioubliána – Λιουμπλιάνα (Greek), Liubliana – Люблянa (Russian), Ryubeullyana / Ryubŭllyana - 류블랴나 (Korean), Ryuburyana – リュブリャナ (Japanese), 盧布爾雅那 (Chinese), Liubliana – ლიუბლიანა (Georgian), লিউব্লিয়ানা - Liubliyana (Bengali), | |
 Lleida | Ilerda (Latin), Iltirda / Ildirda (Iberian), Lerida (Italian, Romanian), Lérida (French, Portuguese, Spanish), Lleida (Catalan, Finnish) | |
| Löbau | Löbau (German), Lubij (Upper Sorbian), Lubiniec (Polish) | |
| Łódź | Lodsch (German variant), Łódź (Polish), Lodz (German variant), former name:Litzmannstadt (German, 1940–1945), Lodzh - (Yiddish), Lodzia (Latin), Lodž, (Slovene), 罗兹 (Chinese) | |
| London | Landan - ලන්ඩන් (Sinhala), (Llundain (Welsh), Londër (Albanian), Londain (Irish), London (Azeri, Hungarian), Londan – Лёндан (Belarusian), Londe (Limburgish), Londen (Afrikaans, Dutch, Frisian), Londhíno – Λονδίνο (Greek), Londinium (Latin), Londona (Latvian), Londonas (Lithuanian), Londono (Esperanto), London (German), Londra (Albanian, Italian, Maltese, Romanian, Romansh, Turkish), Londres (Catalan, French, Ladino, Portuguese, Spanish, Tagalog), Londrez (Breton), Londyn (Polish), Londýn (Czech, Slovak), Lontoo (Finnish), Loundres (Cornish), Luân Đôn (Vietnamese), Lundenwic (Anglo-Saxon), Lúndūn – 伦敦 (simplified) 倫敦 (traditional) (Chinese), Lundúnir (Icelandic), Lunnainn (Scottish Gaelic), Lunnin (Manx), Reondeon / Rŏndŏn – 런던 (Korean), Rondon – ロンドン (Japanese), لندن (Arabic, Persian, Urdu), Londoni – ლონდონი (Georgian), Lontuni (tswana, sotho, zulu), London - Лондон (Bulgaria) | |
| Londonderry | see Derry | |
| Longwy | Longwy (French), Langich (German), Lonkech or Lonkesch (Luxembourgish) | |
| Lourdes | Lorda (Catalan, Occitan), Lourde (Provençal), Lourdes (French, Finnish, Irish, Italian, Maltese, Portuguese, Romanian), Lurda (Basque), Lurdes (Portuguese variant), Lurds - ලූර්ඩ්ස් (Sinhala), Lurdy (Czech), Lourdē - Λούρδη (Greek – καθαρεύουσα) | |
| Lübben | Lübben (German), Lubin (Lower Sorbian, Polish) | |
| Lübbenau | Lübbenau (German), Lubnjow (Lower Sorbian) | |
| Lübeck | Libek (Serbian), Lībeka (Latvian), Liubekas (Lithuanian), Lubecca (Italian), Lübeck (French, German, Low Saxon, Romanian, Swedish), Lubek (Czech), Lubeka (Polish), Lubeque (Portuguese), Lüübek (Estonian), Lyypekki (Finnish), Λυβέκη (Greek – καθαρεύουσα), Liubice (old Slavic name), Lybæk (former Danish), Rwibekeu / Rwibek'ŭ – 뤼베크 (Korean), 呂貝克 (Chinese) | |
| Lublin | Civitas Lublinensis (Latin), Liublinas (Lithuanian), Ljublin – Люблин (Bulgarian, Russian), Lublin – Лублин (Macedonian), Lublino (Italian), Ļubļina (Latvian), Люблін (Belarusian, Ukrainian), לובלין (Hebrew), Ruburin – ルブリン (Japanese), 盧布林 (Chinese) | |
| Lucca | Luca (Portuguese), Lucca (Catalan, Dutch, German, Italian, Romanian), Lucques (French), Luka – Лука (Bulgarian), Lukka (Polish) | |
| Lucerne | Liucerna (Lithuanian), Lucern (Czech, Serbian, Slovene), Lucerna (Italian, Latvian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Romansh, Spanish), Lucerne (French), Lukérni – Λουκέρνη (Greek), Luzern (Afrikaans, Dutch, Finnish, German, Serbian, Swedish, Turkish), Luzerna (Basque, Catalan), Ruchereun / Ruch'erŭn – 루체른 (Korean) | |
| Lugano | Lügan (Lombard), Lauis (old German), Ligiaun (Romansh), Lugano (Catalan, French, German, Italian, Maltese, Spanish, Portuguese), Rugano – 루가노 (Korean) | |
| Luhansk | Lugansk – Луганск (Russian), Voroshilovgrad (1935–1958, 1970–1990) | |
| Lugoj | Logoş (Turkish), Lugoj (French, Italian, Romanian), Lugos (Hungarian), Lugoš – Лугош or Lugož – Лугож (Serbian), Lugosch (German), Lugozh – Лугож (Russian) | |
| Luleå | Julevu (Lule Sami), Liuleo (Lithuanian), Louléo – Λουλέο (Greek), Lula (Latin), Luleå (Swedish), Lulėja (alternative Lithuanian), Luleju (Northern Sami), Luleo (Azerbaijani) – Лулео (Macedonian, Russian, Serbian, Ukrainian), Lūleo (Latvian), Luulaja (Finnish, Meänkieli), Lüvllege (Ume Sami), Rureo – ルレオ (Japanese) | |
| Lund | Lund (Danish, French, German, Swedish), Lunda (Latin, Latvian), 隆德 (Chinese), Lundur (Icelandic) | |
| Lüneburg | Lüneburch (Low Saxon), Lunebourg (French), Lüneburg (German, Romanian), Luneburgo (Italian, Portuguese), Lunenburg (Dutch, variant in English), 呂內堡 (Chinese) | |
| Lutsk | Luckas (Lithuanian), Lucjk – Луцьк (Ukrainian), Luţk (Romanian), Luc'k (Italian), Łuck (Polish) Luzk (German) | |
 Luxembourg | Lëtzebuerg (Luxembourgish), Liuksemburgas (Lithuanian), Ljuksemburg – Люксембург (Bulgarian, Russian), Ljuksemburh (Ukrainian), Lucemburk (Czech), Lucsamburg (Irish, Scottish Gaelic), Lục Xâm Bảo (Vietnamese), Luksemboarch (Frisian), Luksemburg – Люксэмбурґ(Belarusian), Luksemburg (Croatian, Polish, Serbian, Slovene), Luksemburg - Луксембург (Macedonian), Lüksemburg (Turkish), Luksemburga (Latvian), Luksemburgi – ლუქსემბურგი (Georgian), Luksemburgo (Esperanto, Ladino), Lussemburgo (Italian), Lussemburgu (Maltese), Lussimbork (Walloon), Lützelburg (former German), Luxemborg / Luxembourg / Luxemburg (Danish), Luxembourg (Estonian, French, Hungarian), Lúxemborg (Icelandic), Luxemburg (Afrikaans, Basque variant, Catalan, Dutch, English variant, Finnish, German, Romanian, Slovak, Swedish), Luxemburgia (Latin variant), Luxemburgo (Portuguese, Spanish), Luxemburgum (Latin), Luxemvúrgho – Λουξεμβούργο (Greek), Luxenburgo (Basque), Lwcsembwrg (Welsh), Ruksembureukeu / Ruksemburŭk'ŭ – 룩셈부르크 (Korean), Rukusemburuku – ルクセンブルク (Japanese), 盧森堡 (Chinese), লাক্সেমবার্গ - Lakshembarg' (Bengali) | |
| Lviv | Lwów (Polish), İlbav (Crimean Tatar), Ilov (Armenian), Ilyvó (old Hungarian), Lavov (Croatian, Serbian), Lemberg or Leopoldstadt (archaic) (German, former Hungarian), Lemberg – or Lemberik – (Yiddish), Leópolis – Λεόπολις (Greek – καθαρεύουσα), Léopol (French), Leopoli (Italian), Leopolis (Latin), Leópolis (Spanish, Portuguese), Levov – לבוב (Hebrew), Liov (Romanian), Lìwòfū – 利沃夫 (Chinese (China)), Liweifu - 利維夫 (Chinese (Taiwan)), Lvoŭ – Львоў (Belarusian), Lvov (Czech, Slovene), Lvovas (Lithuanian), Lvovi – ლვოვი (Georgian), L'viv – Львів (Ukrainian), L'vov – Львов (Russian), Ľvov (Slovak), Ļvova, Ļviva (Latvian), Ribiu - 리비우(Korean), Riviu - リヴィウ(Japanese) | |
| Lycksele | Liksjoe, (Southern Sami), Lïkssjuo (Northern Sami, Ume Sami), Lycksele (Swedish) | |
| Lyon | León de Francia (former Spanish), Lião (Portuguese, rare), 里昂 (Chinese), Lionas (Lithuanian), Lió (Catalan), Lión – Λυών (Greek), Λούγδουνον (Greek – καθαρεύουσα), Liona (Latvian), Lione (Italian), Liono (Esperanto), Lion (Azeri, Serbian), Liyon (Arpitan, Turkish), Ludgun or Lwów francuski (former Polish), Lugdunum or Lugudunum (Latin), Lyon (Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Romanian, Slovene), Lyón (Spanish), Lyons (former English), Riong – 리옹 (Korean), Riyon – リヨン (Japanese), Lioni – ლიონი (Georgian) |