Naiad Explained

Naiad
Grouping:	Nymphs
Sub Grouping:	Water spirit Elemental
Similar Entities:	Mermaid Huldra Selkie Siren
Habitat:	Any body of fresh water

In Greek mythology, the naiads (; Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: [[wikt:Ναϊάς|ναϊάδες]]|naïádes), sometimes also hydriads,^[1] are a type of female spirit, or nymph, presiding over fountains, wells, springs, streams, brooks and other bodies of fresh water.

They are distinct from river gods, who embodied rivers, and the very ancient spirits that inhabited the still waters of marshes, ponds and lagoon-lakes such as pre-Mycenaean Lerna in the Argolis.

Etymology

The Greek word is Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ναϊάς (in Greek, Modern (1453-); pronounced as /naːiás/), plural Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ναϊάδες (in Greek, Modern (1453-); pronounced as /naːiádes/). It derives from Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: νάειν, "to flow", or Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: νᾶμα, "running water".

Mythology

Naiads were often the object of archaic local cults, worshipped as essential to humans. Boys and girls at coming-of-age ceremonies dedicated their childish locks to the local naiad of the spring. In places like Lerna their waters' ritual cleansings were credited with magical medical properties. Animals were ritually drowned there. Oracles might be situated by ancient springs.

Naiads could be dangerous: Hylas of the Argo’s crew was lost when he was taken by naiads fascinated by his beauty. The naiads were also known to exhibit jealous tendencies. Theocritus's story of naiad jealousy was that of a shepherd, Daphnis, who was the lover of Nomia or Echenais; Daphnis had on several occasions been unfaithful to Nomia and as revenge she permanently blinded him. The nymph Salmacis raped Hermaphroditus and fused with him when he tried to escape.

The water nymph associated with particular springs was known all through Europe in places with no direct connection with Greece, surviving in the Celtic wells of northwest Europe that have been rededicated to Saints, and in the medieval Melusine.

Walter Burkert points out, "When in the Iliad [xx.4–9] Zeus calls the gods into assembly on Mount Olympus, it is not only the well-known Olympians who come along, but also all the nymphs and all the rivers; Okeanos alone remains at his station",^[2] Greek hearers recognized this impossibility as the poet's hyperbole, which proclaimed the universal power of Zeus over the ancient natural world: "the worship of these deities," Burkert confirms, "is limited only by the fact that they are inseparably identified with a specific locality."^[2]

Interpretation

Robert Graves offered a sociopolitical reading of the common myth-type in which a mythic king is credited with marrying a naiad and founding a city: it was the newly arrived Hellenes justifying their presence. The loves and rapes of Zeus, according to Graves' readings, record the supplanting of ancient local cults by Olympian ones (Graves 1955, passim).

So, in the back-story of the myth of Aristaeus, Hypseus, a king of the Lapiths, married Chlidanope, a naiad, who bore him Cyrene. Aristaeus had more than ordinary mortal experience with the naiads: when his bees died in Thessaly, he went to consult them. His aunt Arethusa invited him below the water's surface, where he was washed with water from a perpetual spring and given advice.

Types and individual names

List of classified naiads!Name!Location!Notes/ Relation

I. Eleionomae	marshes	-
II. Crinaeae	fountains	-
The Sithnides	Megara, Attica	one of them became the mother of Megaros by Zeus
Aganippe	Mt. Helicon, Boeotia	daughter of the river-god Termessus^[3]
Appias	Rome	lived in the Appian Well outside the temple to Venus Genitrix in the Roman Forum
Myrtoessa	Megalopolis, Arcadia	one of the nurses of infant Zeus^[4]
III. Limnades	lakes	-
The Astakides	Lake Astacus, Bithynia	appeared in the myth of Nicaea
Bolbe	Lake Bolbe, Thessaly	an Oceanid due to her parentage (daughter of Oceanus and Tethys)^[5]
Limnaee	lake in India	daughter of the Indian river god Ganges; one of the reputed mothers of Athis
Pallas	Lake Tritonis, Libya	daughter of Triton or of Poseidon and Tritonis; accidentally killed by her playmate, the goddess Athena^[6]
Tritonis	Lake Tritonis, Libya	mother of Nasamon and Caphaurus (or Cephalion) by Amphithemis,^[7] and according to an archaic version of the myth, also of Athena by Poseidon; she could be also the mother of above Pallas and Athena again by Triton
IV. Potameides	rivers	-
The Acheloides	Achelous River, Aetolia	daughters of the river god Achelous; see also Castalia and Callirhoe below
• The Sirens (possibly)	Island of Anthemoessa	their mother could be one of the Muses (Terpsichore, Melpomene or Calliope) or Sterope; they were close companions of the goddess Persephone before her abduction
The Aesepides	Aesepus River, Troad	daughters of the river god Aesepus
• Abarbarea	-do-	wife of Bucolion by whom she mothered twin sons, Aesepus and Pedasus^[8]
The Amnisiades	Amnisus River, Crete	daughters of the river god Amnisos who served as handmaidens of the goddess Artemis
The Asopides	Asopus River, Sicyon or Boeotia	daughters of the river god Asopus and Metope; all abducted by the gods
• Aegina	Island of Aegina	mother of Menoetius by Actor, and Aeacus by Zeus^[9]
• Asopis	-	-
• Chalcis	Chalcis, Euboea	regarded as the mother of the Curetes and Corybantes; perhaps the same as Combe and Euboea below
• Cleone	Cleonae, Argos	-
• Combe	Island of Euboea	consort of Socus and mother by him of the seven Corybantes
• Corcyra	Island of Corcyra	mother of Phaiax by Poseidon
• Euboea	Island of Euboea	abducted by Poseidon
• Gargaphia or Plataia or Oeroe	Plataea, Boeotia	carried off by Zeus
• Harpina	Pisa, Elis	mother of Oenomaus by Ares
• Ismene^[10]	Ismenian spring of Thebes, Boeotia	wife of Argus, eponymous king of Argus and thus, mother of Argus Panoptes and Iasus.
• Nemea	Nemea, Argolis	others called her the daughter of Zeus and Selene
• Ornea	Ornia, Sicyon	-
• Peirene	Corinth	others called her father to be Oebalus or Achelous by Poseidon she became the mother of Lecheas and Cenchrias
• Salamis	Island of Salamis	mother of Cychreus by Poseidon
• Sinope	Sinope, Anatolia	mother of Syrus by Apollo
• Tanagra	Tanagra, Boeotia	mother of Leucippus and Ephippus by Poemander
• Thebe	Thebes, Boeotia	wife of Zethus and also said to have consorted with Zeus
• Thespeia	Thespia, Boeotia	abducted by Apollo
The Asterionides	Asterion River, Argos	daughters of the river god Asterion; nurses of the infant goddess Hera
• Acraea	-do-	-
• Euboea	-do-	-
• Prosymna	-do-	-
The Cephisides	Cephissus River, Boeotia	daughters of the river god Cephissus; mothers of the 50 sons of Orion
The Cocythiae	Cocytus River, Underworld	naiads of Hades
The Erasinides	Erasinos River, Argos	daughters of the river god Erasinos; attendants of the goddess Britomartis.
• Anchiroe	-do-	-
• Byze	-do-	-
• Maera	-do-	-
• Melite	-do-	-
The Hydaspides	Hydaspers River, India	daughters of the river god Hydaspes and Astris, they were nurses of the god Zagreus, the first-born Dionysos
The Inachides	Inachos River, Argos	daughters of the river god Inachus
• Io	-do-	mother of Epaphus by Zeus
• Amymone	-do-	-
• Philodice^[11]	-do-	wife of Leucippus of Messenia by whom she became the mother of Hilaeira, Phoebe and possibly Arsinoe
• Messeis	-do-	-
• Hyperia^[12]	-do-	-
• Mycene	-do-	wife of Arestor and by him probably the mother of Argus Panoptes; eponym of Mycenae
The Lamides	Lamos River, Cilicia	daughters of the river god Lamos; nurses of the god Dionysus
The Pactolides	Pactolus River, Lydia	appeared in the myth concerning Arachne
The Spercheides	Spercheus River, Malis	daughters of the river god Spercheus and the naiad Deino
• Diopatre	-do-	others called her the daughter of Zeus; loved by Poseidon
The Thessalids	Peneus River, Thessaly	daughters of the river god Peneus
• Daphne	-do-	loved by the god Apollo; see below entry of Daphne
• Menippe	-do-	wife of Pelasgus, by whom she became the mother of Phrastor
• Stilbe	-do-	bore to Apollo twin sons, Centaurus and Lapithus.
• Cyrene	-do-	also called the daughter of Peneus' son Hypseus and mother of Aristaeus and Idmon by Apollo
Trojan Nymphs or Trojan Naiads	Scamander River and Simoeis River, Troad	daughters of the river gods, Scamander and Simoeis
• Callirrhoe	Scamander River, Troad	daughter of the river god Scamander; wife of Tros and mother of Ilus, Assaracus and Ganymede
• Glaucia	-do-	daughter of the Trojan river god Scamander; wife of Deimachus and the mother of Scamander who was named after his grandfather
• Strymo	-do-	wife of King Laomedon and the mother of King Priam and Tithonus
• Astyoche	Simoeis River, Troad	daughter of the river god Simoeis, mother of Tros by Erichthonius
• Hieromneme	-do-	daughter of the river-god Simoïs and the wife of Assaracus, by whom she bore Capys or the daughter-in-law of Assaracus, wife of Capys and mother of Anchises
Individual Potameides:
Anchinoe	Nile River, Egypt	daughter of the river Nilus; wife of the Egyptian King Belus; mother of Aegyptus and Danaus, and perhaps, Cepheus and Phineus.
Anippe	Nile River, Egypt	loved by the god Poseidon by whom she became the mother of Busiris
Argiope	Nile River, Egypt	daughter of the river Nilus; wife of Agenor and mother of Europa, Phoenix, Cilix and Cadmus; commonly known as Telephassa
Asterope or Hesperia	Cebren River, Troad	daughter of the river god Cebren and lover of Aesacus, also called Hesperia
Caliadne	Nile River, Egypt	presumably one of the daughters of the river-god Nilus; one of the wives of Aegyptus, bearing him 12 sons: Eurylochus, Phantes, Peristhenes, Hermus, Dryas, Potamon, Cisseus, Lixus, Imbrus, Bromios, Polyctor, and Chthonios
Chione	Nile River, Egypt	daughter of the Oceanid Callirrhoe and the river god Nilus
Cleochareia	Eurotas River, Laconia	queen consort of King Lelex and mother of Myles and Polycaon
Deino	Spercheus River, Malis	wife of the river god Spercheios and by him the mother of Diopatre^[13]
Eunoë	Sangarius River, Phrygia	daughter of the river-god Sangarius; she was the possible mother of Hecuba by Dymas^[14]
Europa	Nile River, Egypt	one of the daughters of the river-god Nilus; wife of Danaus who bore him the Danaides
Eurryroe	Nile River, Egypt	one of the daughters of the river-god Nilus; wife of Aegyptus who bore him fifty sons
Hercyna	Herkyna River, Lebadeia	a childhood companion of the goddess Persephone
Ismenis	Ismenos River, Thebes	daughters of the river god Ismenus; mother, by Pan, of Crenaeus, a defender of Thebes against the Seven
Lethe	Lethe River, Hades	-|-|Memphis|Nile River, Egypt|daughter of Nilus; she was the wife to Epaphus and mother of Libya and Anippe or Lysianassa|-|Metis|Meles River, Smyrna|daughter of the river god Meles; mother of Homer by Maeon|-|Moria|Hermos River, Lydia|brother of Tylus|-|Nana|Sangarius River, Phrygia|daughter of the river-god Sangarius; she was impregnated by an almond from the tree sprung from the severed genitals of Agdistis, giving birth to Attis.|-|Neda|Neda River, Arcadia|daughter of Oceanus; one of the nurses of infant Zeus|-|Ocyrhoe|Imbrasus River, Samos|daughter of the river god Imbrasus and Chesias; she was pursued by the god Apollo|-|Ocyrhoe|Sangarius River, Phrygia|daughter of the river-god Sangarius; she was the mother, by Hippasus, of Hippomedon|-|Ocyrhoe|Caicus River, Mysia|mother of Caicus by Hermes|-|Polyxo|Nile River, Egypt or in Libya|presumably one of the daughters of the river-god Nilus; she was one of the wives of Danaus and bore him 12 daughters: Autonoe, Theano, Electra, Cleopatra, Eurydice, Glaucippe, Anthelea, Cleodora, Euippe, Erato, Stygne and Bryce|-|Styx|Styx River, Underworld|an Oceanid; she was the wife of Pallas and thus mother of Zelus, Nike, Kratos, and Bia|-|Symaethis|Symaithos River, Sicily|loved by Pan|-|Syrinx|Ladon River, Arcadia|daughter of the river god Ladon; pursued by Pan|-|Tereine|Strymon River, Thrace|daughter of the river god Strymon; mother of Thrassa by Ares|-|Zeuxippe|Eridanus River, Athens|mother of Butes by Teleon|-|V. Pegaeae|springs| -|-|The Anigrides|Elis|daughters of the river god Anigros, were believed to cure skin diseases^[15] ^[16] ^[17] |-|The Corycian Nymphs|Corycian cave, Delphi, Phocis|daughters of the river god Pleistos|-|• Kleodora (or Cleodora)|Mt. Parnassus, Phocis|mother of Parnassus by Poseidon|-|• Corycia|Corycian cave, Delphi, Phocis|mother of Lycoreus by Apollo|-|• Melaina| -do-|mother of Delphos by Apollo|-|The Cyrtonian nymphs|Boeotia|local springs in the town of Cyrtones^[18] ^[19] |-|The Deliades|Delos|daughters of Inopus, god of the river Inopus^[20] ^[21] |-|The Himerian Naiads^[22] ^[23] |||-|The Ionides|Elis|daughters of the river god Cytherus^[24] |-|• Calliphaea| -do-| -|-|• Iasis| -do-| -|-|• Pegaea| -do-| -|-|• Synallaxis| -do-| -|-|The Ithacian nymphs|Ithaca|dwelled in sacred caves on the island^[25] |-|The Leibethrides|||-|• Libethrias|||-|• Petra^[26] ^[27] |||-|The Mysian Naiads|Bithynia|dwelled in the spring of Pegae near the lake Askanios and were responsible for the kidnapping of Hylas^[28] ^[29] |-|• Euneica|||-|• Malis|||-|• Nycheia^[30] |||-|The Ortygian nymphs|Sicily|local springs of Syracuse^[31] ^[32] |-|The Pierides|||-|The Rhyndacides||daughters of the river god Rhyndacus^[33] |-| colspan="3" |Individual Pegaeae:|-|Albunea|||-|Xanderirhoe|Mt. Ida, Troad|daughter of the river god Grenikos; mother of Aesacus by Priam^[34] |-|Archidemia^[35] |||-|Arethusa|Island of Ortygia|daughter of Nereus^[36] ^[37] ^[38] |-|Automate|Argos| -|-|Callirrhoe|Acarnania|mother of Amphoterus and Acarnan by Alcmaeon|-|Castalia or Cassotis|Delphi, Phocis|others called her the daughter of the river god Cephissus^[39] |-|Comaetho||daughter or wife of the river god Cydnus^[40] |-|Cyane|Sicily|playmate of Persephone who was changed into a well through grief at the loss of her|-|Dirce||transformed into a spring (presumably into a nymph personifying it) after her death|-|Hagno|Arcadia|one of the nurses of infant Zeus|-|Langia^[41] |||-|Magea|||-|Milichie|||-|Metope|Arcadia|daughter of the river-god Ladon and wife of Asopus|-|Pegasis||daughter of the river god Grenikos^[42] |-|Peuce|Peuce Island|mother of Peucon|-|Pharmaceia|Attica|nymph of a poisonous spring and Orithyia's playmate^[43] ^[44] |-|Physadeia|Argolis||-|Psanis|Arcadia|may have been the wife of the river god Ladon|-|Salmacis|||-|Strophia|Thebes|spring on Mount Cithaeron; barely personified^[45] |-|Telphousa|Arcadia|daughter of the river-god Ladon|-|Temenitis|||-|Theisoa|Arcadia||} List of other naiads!Name!Location!Relations Aba Ciconia, Thrace presumed daughter of the river Hebros; mother of Ergiscus by Poseidon^[46] Abarbarea Tyre ancestors of the Tyrians along with Callirrhoe and Drosera Aegle - daughter of Zeus and Neaera, by whom Helios begot the Charites Aia Colchis loved by the river-god Phasis. Alcinoe Mt. Lycaeus, Arcadia one of the nurses of the god Zeus Anchiroe Arcadia one of the nurses of the god Zeus Anchiroe Libya wife of the Psylli tribe's first king Psyllus Annaed - - Anthedon Boeotia - Anthracia Arcadia one of the nurses of the god Zeus Argiope Mt. Parnassus, Phocis possibly the daughter of the river-god Cephissus, mother of Thamyris by Philammon Argiope Eleusis possibly the daughter of the river-god Cephissus, mother of Cercyon by Branchus Argyra Achaea loved by the hero Selemnus Ascra Boeotia loved by Poseidon who bore him a son Oeoclus Asterodia Caucasus daughter of Oceanus and Tethys; loved by the Colchian king Aeetes by whom she had a son Apsyrtus Asterope Sicily an Oceanid; mother of Acragas by Zeus Bateia Sparta married King Oebalus of Sparta and mother of their sons were Hippocoon, Tyndareus and Icarius Bistonis Thrace mother of Tereus by Ares Byzia Byzantium - Callirrhoe Tyre ancestors of the Tyrians along with Abarbarea and Drosera Ceto - an Oceanid; she bore Helios a daughter, Astris Chesias Samos loved by the river god Imbrasis Charybdis - daughter of Poseidon and Gaia Chlidanope possibly Thessaly wife of Hypseus and mother Cyrene Cleide Naxos one of the nurses of the god Dionysus Cleomede Paeonia daughter of the river god Axius; she was the wife of Paeon Clonia Boeotia consort of Hyrieus and by him became the mother of Nycteus and Lycus Cnossia Crete mother of Xenodamos by Menelaus when he visited the island Coronis Naxos one of the nurses of the god Dionysus Cretheis Smyrna, Ionia mother of Homer by the river god Meles Creusa Thessaly daughter of Gaia; she bore Hypseus and Stilbe to the river god Peneus Cyanea Miletus, Caria daughter of the river Meander; wife of king Miletos and mother by him of Caunus and Byblis Danais Elis she was loved by the Pisan king Pelops by whom she became the mother of his bastard son, Chrysippus Daphne Arcadia or Laconia daughter of the river-god Ladon or of king Amyclas; loved by the god Apollo Daulis Boeotia daughter of the river-god Cephisus Dercetis Boeotia mother of Alatreus by Laphitaon Diogeneia Attica daughter of the river-god Cephisus; the wife of the Athenian lord Phrasimos and mother by him of Praxithea Drosera Tyre ancestors of the Tyrians along with Abarbarea and Callirhoe Echenais Sicily blinded his unfaithful lover Daphnis Eupheme Boeotia nurse of the Muses; mother of Crotus by Pan Evadne Argolis daughter of Strymon and Neaera, wife of Argus (king of Argos), mother of Ecbasus, Peiras, Epidaurus and Criasus Glauce Arcadia one of the nurses of Zeus Hagno Arcadia one of the nurses of Zeus Harmonia Acmonia, Phrygia mother of the Amazons by Ares Hippe Argolis - Lara Rome daughter of the river Almo; mother of the Lares by Mercury Lilaea Phocis daughter of the local river-god Cephisus Liriope Phocis bore a son Narcissus to the river-god Cephisus Lotis Dryopia/ Doris escape from the embraces of Priapus was metamorphosed into a tree Melanthea - daughter of the river-god Alpheus; she bore to Poseidon a daughter, Eirene Melia Argolis an Oceanid; mother, by Inachus, of Phoroneus and Aegialeus Melia Boeotia an Oceanid; mother, by Apollo, of Tenerus and Ismenus Melia Bithynia mother, by Poseidon, of Mygdon and Amycus, kings of Bebryces Melia Bithynia she was the mother by Silenus of Dolion Melia Ceos mother, by Apollo, of Ceos Melite Corcyra daughter of the river-god Aegaeus and mother of Hyllus by Heracles Methone Pieria mother of Oeagrus by Pierus Midea Boeotia mother of Aspledon by Poseidon Minthe Elis daughter of Cocytus; loved by the god Hades but as punishment her boasts was transformed by Persephone or Demeter into a mint-plant Nacole Phrygia eponym of Nacoleia Nais Laconia wife of Silenus Neaera Thrace wife of the river-god Strymon, and mother of Evadne Neaera Lydia mother of Dresaeus by Theiodamas Neis - mother of Aetolus by Endymion Nicaea Bithynia daughter of the river-god Sangarius and Cybele. By the god of wine, Dionysus, she mothered Telete (consecration) Nomia Arcadia companion of Callisto Nonacris Arcadia wife of Lycaon and the mother of Callisto Ocyrhoe Colchis mother of Phasis by Helios Orseis Thessaly mother of Dorus, Aeolus and Xuthus by Hellen Ortygia Lycia nurse of Apollo Paria Paros mother of Eurymedon, Nephalion, Chryses and Philolaus by Minos Periboea Laconia wife of Icarius, mother of Penelope, Perilaus, Aletes, Damasippus, Imeusimus and Thoas Pero Sicyon mother of Asopus by Poseidon Philia Naxos one of the nurses of the god Dionysus Phrixa Arcadia one of the nurses of Zeus Pitane Laconia daughter of the river god Eurotas, became by Poseidon the mother of Evadne Praxithea Athens married Erichthonius of Athens and by him had a son named Pandion I Pronoe Lycia mother of Aegialus by Caunus Rhodope Thrace mother of Hebros by Haemus and of Cicon by Apollo^[47] Samia Samos wife of Ancaeus Sparta Sparta daughter of the river god Eurotas; mother of Amyclas and Eurydice by Lacedaemon Syllis Sicyon mother of Zeuxippus by Apollo Thronia Thrace mother of Abderus by Poseidon Tiasa Sparta daughter of the river god Eurotas Place names St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans was formerly known as Nyades Street, and is parallel to Dryades Street. Naiad Lake in Antarctica is named after the nymphs.^[48] See also Camenae Lady of the Lake Mermaid Naia Nix Ondine Rusalka Siren Water spirit References Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus) 2.95, 2.11, 2.21, 2.23, 1.61, 1.81, 1.7.6 Homer. Odyssey 13.355, 17.240, Iliad 14.440, 20.380 Ovid. Metamorphoses Hesiod. Theogony Burkert, Walter, Greek Religion, Harvard University Press, 1985. . Robert Graves, The Greek Myths 1955 Edgar Allan Poe, "Sonnet to Science" 1829

Notes and References

1. Postgate . J. P. . On the Alleged Confusion of Nymph-Names. Appendix . The American Journal of Philology . 18 . 1 . 74–75 . 10.2307/287931 . 0002-9475.
2. Burkert, III, 3.3, p. 174.
3. [Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]
4. Pausanias, 8.31.4
5. [Athenaeus]
6. [Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]
7. [Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]
8. [Homer]
9. Apollodorus, 3.11.2
10. Apollodorus, 2.6
11. [Tzetzes]
12. [Callimachus]
13. [Antoninus Liberalis]
14. Scholia on Homer's Iliad 16. 718 with Pherecydes as the authority
15. [Strabo]
16. Pausanias, 5.5.11
17. http://www.theoi.com/Nymphe/NymphaiAnigrides.html Theoi Project - Anigrides
18. Pausanias, 9.24.4
19. http://www.theoi.com/Nymphe/NymphaiKyrtoniai.html Theoi Project - Nymphai Kyrtoniai
20. [Callimachus]
21. http://www.theoi.com/Nymphe/NymphaiDeliades.html Theoi Project - Deliades
22. [Pindar]
23. [Diodorus Siculus]
24. Pausanias, 6.22.7
25. [Homer]
26. Strabo, 9.2.25; 10.3.17
27. Pausanias, 9.34.4
28. [Apollonius Rhodius]
29. Hyginus, Fabulae 14
30. [Theocritus]
31. Diodorus Siculus, 5.5.1
32. http://www.theoi.com/Nymphe/NymphaiOrtygiai.html Theoi Project - Naiades Ortygiai
33. http://www.theoi.com/Nymphe/NymphaiRhyndakides.html Theoi Project - Rhyndacides
34. [Ovid]
35. [Pliny the Elder]
36. Strabo, 6.2.4
37. Ovid, Metamorphoses 5.407 & 487 ff.
38. [Virgil]
39. Pausanias, 10.8.9 & 10.24.7
40. [Nonnus]
41. [Statius]
42. [Quintus Smyrnaeus]
43. [Plato]
44. Web site: Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, v. 3, page 238 . 2018-08-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110514055321/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2572.html . 2011-05-14 . dead .
45. Callimachus, Hymn 4 to Delos 75 ff.
46. [Suda|Suida]
47. Etymologicum Magnum 513, 37, under Kikones
48. https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=139210 Naiad Lake.