Liberal Party (Philippines) Explained

Liberal Party
Native Name:Partido Liberal
Country:the Philippines
Abbreviation:LP
President:Edcel Lagman
Chairperson:Francis Pangilinan
Spokesperson:Leila de Lima
Secretary General:Teddy Baguilat
Founders:Manuel Roxas
Elpidio Quirino
José Avelino
Headquarters:AGS Building, EDSA, Guadalupe Viejo, Makati City, Metro Manila
Split:Nacionalista
Think Tank:Center for Liberalism and Democracy[1]
Youth Wing:Liberal Youth
National:TRoPa (2022)
International:Liberal International
Regional:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
Colors: Yellow, red, blue
Buff (customary)
Slogan:Bago. Bukas. Liberal. (since 2020)[2]
Seats1 Title:Seats in the Senate
Seats3 Title:Provincial governorships
Seats4 Title:Provincial vice governorships
Seats5 Title:Provincial board members
Seats2 Title:Seats in the House of Representatives

The Liberal Party of the Philippines (Filipino; Pilipino: Partido Liberal ng Pilipinas) abbreviated as the LP, is a liberal political party in the Philippines.[3]

Founded on January 19, 1946 by Senate President Manuel Roxas, Senate President Pro-Tempore Elpidio Quirino, and former 9th Senatorial District Senator José Avelino from the breakaway liberal wing of the old Nacionalista Party (NP), the Liberal Party remains the second-oldest active political party in the Philippines after the NP, and the oldest continually-active party. The LP served as the governing party of four Philippine presidents: Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino, Diosdado Macapagal, and Benigno Aquino III. As a vocal opposition party to the dictatorship of their former member Ferdinand Marcos Sr., it reemerged as a major political party after the People Power Revolution and the establishment of the Fifth Republic. It subsequently served as a senior member of President Corazon Aquino's UNIDO coalition. Upon Corazon Aquino's death in 2009, the party regained popularity, winning the 2010 Philippine presidential election under Benigno Aquino III and returning it to government to serve from 2010 to 2016. This was the only instance the party had won the presidency since the end of the Marcos dictatorship, however, as it lost control of the office to Rodrigo Duterte of PDP–Laban in the 2016 presidential election and became the leading opposition party once again. Its vice presidential candidate Leni Robredo won in the same election, however, narrowly beating the second candidate by a small margin.[4]

The Liberal Party was the political party of the immediate past Vice President of the Philippines. In the 2019 midterm elections, the party remained the primary opposition party of the Philippines, holding three seats in the Senate. The LP was the largest party outside of Rodrigo Duterte's supermajority, holding 18 seats in the House of Representatives after 2019. In local government, the party held two provincial governorships and five vice governorships. The general election of 2022, however, was a setback for the party, which lost both the Presidency and Vice-Presidency, as well as all of its seats in the Senate, and saw its representation in the House of Representatives reduced.

The Liberal Party remains an influential organization in contemporary Philippine politics. With center-left positions on social issues and centrist positions on economic issues, it is commonly associated with the post-revolution, liberal-democratic status quo of the Philippines in contrast to authoritarianism, neoconservatism, and socialism. Aside from presidents, the party has been led by liberal thinkers and progressive politicians including Benigno Aquino Jr., Jovito Salonga, Raul Daza, Florencio B. Abad Jr., Franklin Drilon, and Mar Roxas. Two of its members, Corazon Aquino and Leila de Lima, have received the prestigious Prize For Freedom, one of the highest international awards for liberal and democratic politicians since 1985 given by Liberal International. The Liberal Party is a member of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats and Liberal International.

History

Founding

The Liberal Party was founded on January 19, 1946 by Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino.[5] It was formed by Roxas from what was once the "Liberal Wing" of the Nacionalista Party.[6] Two more Presidents of the Philippines elected into office came from the LP: Elpidio Quirino and Diosdado Macapagal.[7] [8] Two other presidents came from the ranks of the LP, as former members of the party who later joined the Nacionalistas: Ramon Magsaysay and Ferdinand Marcos.[9]

Martial law era

During the days leading to his declaration of martial law, Marcos would find his old party as a potent roadblock to his quest for one-man rule. Led by Ninoy Aquino, Gerry Roxas and Jovito Salonga, the LP would hound President Marcos on issues like human rights and the curtailment of freedoms. Even after Marcos' declaration of martial law silenced the LP, the party continued to oppose the regime, and many of its leaders and members would be prosecuted and even killed during this time.[10] [11]

Post-EDSA

After democracy was restored after the People Power Revolution, the LP was instrumental in ending more than half a century of US military presence in the Philippines with its campaign in the 1991 senate to reject a new RP-US Bases Treaty. This ironically cost the party dearly, losing for it the elections of 1992. In 2000, it was in opposition to the Joseph Estrada administration, actively supporting the Resign-Impeach-Oust initiatives that led to People Power II.

On March 2, members of the LP installed Manila Mayor Lito Atienza as the party president, which triggered an LP leadership struggle and party schism. The Supreme Court later proclaimed Drilon the true president of the party, leaving the Atienza wing expelled.

The Benigno Aquino III administration

The Liberal Party regained influence when it nominated as its next presidential candidate then-Senator Benigno Aquino III, the son of former President Corazon Aquino, for the 2010 Philippine presidential election after the latter's death that subsequently showed a groundswell of support for his candidacy.[12] Even though the party had earlier nominated Sen. Manuel "Mar" Roxas II to be its presidential candidate for the 2010 Philippine general election, Roxas gave way to Aquino and instead ran for vice president. The party was able to field new members breaking away from the then-ruling party Lakas–Kampi–CMD, becoming the largest minority party in Congress.[13] Aquino would later win by plurality, and the LP would become the majority party in Congress.[14]

2016–present

In the 2016 presidential elections, the Liberal Party nominated Mar Roxas, former Department of Transportation and Communications (DoTC) and Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) secretary, and Leni Robredo, a representative from Naga City and widow of Jesse Robredo, the DILG secretary who preceded Roxas, as the party's presidential and vice presidential candidates. Robredo won, while Roxas lost. Most of the party's members either switched allegiance to PDP–Laban,[15] [16] [17] joined a supermajority alliance but retained their LP membership (with some defecting later), joined the "recognized minority", or created an opposition bloc called "Magnificent 7".

As early as February 2017, the leaders of the Liberal Party chose to focus on rebuilding the party by inviting sectoral representation of non-politicians in its membership numbers.[18] Since then the party had been inducting new members who were non-politicians, some of whom applied online through the party's website, Liberal.ph.[19] [20] [21] Before the scheduled 2019 general elections, the LP formed Otso Diretso, an electoral coalition of eight candidates for the senate race; led by the party, the coalition field also comprised members of the Magdalo Party-List, Akbayan Citizens Action Party, and Aksyon Demokratiko.[22] [23] [24] None of the eight senatorial candidates under Otso Diretso won a seat, however; it was the first time in the history of the current bicameral composition of the Philippine Congress under the 1987 Constitution that the opposition failed to win a seat in one of the chambers, and the second time that a Liberal Party-led coalition suffered a great loss since 1955.

For the 2022 Philippine presidential election, the Liberal Party nominated Leni Robredo and Francis Pangilinan for the presidential and vice presidential posts, respectively.[25] [26]

Ideology

While the Liberal Party defines its ideology as social liberalism,[27] the party has often been described as a "centrist" or "liberal" party. Historically, the Liberal Party has been evaluated as a "conservative" party,[28] [29] with an ideology similar to or indistinguishable from the Nacionalista Party's ideology,[30] [31] until it became the opposition party under the Marcos Sr. Presidency, wherein it became more liberal.[32] Being a founding member of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats and a full member of Liberal International, the Liberal Party advocates the values of "freedom, justice and solidarity (bayanihan)," as described in the party's values charter.[33] [34] Although this may be deemed theoretically true since the party's founding in 1946, it became more tangible through the party's position of continuing dissent during the Marcos presidency.

Since 2017, the party has opened party membership to the general public and to key sectors of society, aiming to harness a large volunteering base. According to the party, this aims to ostensibly build on "the promise of becoming a true people’s party".

Current political positions

The party has declared policies geared toward inclusiveness and people empowerment.[35] It also advocates and supports secure jobs, food, shelter, universal health care, public education access, and other social services, and is against extrajudicial killings, any challenge to the rule of law, and curtailments of human rights strictures. The party also aims to form an open government with participatory democracy, positions that have been supported by the party's recent leaders.[36] [37]

Economic policy

Legal issues

Senator Leila de Lima, who led an investigation into alleged extrajudicial deaths in the early months of Duterte's war on drugs, was issued an arrest warrant in 2017 based on charges linked to the New Bilibid Prison drug trafficking scandal, which the party claimed was based on trumped-up charges, labelling the arrest "patently illegal".[61] While on the whole, de Lima's investigation was seen by some pundits as an adversarial investigation that was a strategic mistake, others in the party simply saw it as a call to a review of the party's principles and how members have adhered to them.[62] [61] [63] [64]

In 2019, the party, along with other groups, was accused of planning a coup against the Duterte government. The party denounced the allegation and called it a state-sponsored threat of legal abuse, demanding the government provide evidence to back the claims.[65]

Current party officials

Party presidents

NameStart of termEnd of term
1 January 19, 1946 April 15, 1948
2 April 19, 1948 May 8, 1949
3 April 17, 1949 December 30, 1950
4 December 30, 1950 December 30, 1957
5 December 30, 1957 January 21,1961
6Ferdinand E. MarcosJanuary 21, 1961[66] [67] April 1964[68]
7 Cornelio T. VillarealApril 1964 May 10, 1969
8 Gerardo RoxasMay 10, 1969 April 19, 1982
9 Jovito SalongaApril 20, 1982 June 1, 1993
10 Wigberto TañadaJune 2, 1993 October 17, 1994
11 Raul A. DazaOctober 18, 1994 September 19, 1999
12 Florencio AbadSeptember 20, 1999 August 9, 2004
13 Franklin DrilonAugust 10, 2004 November 5, 2007
14 Mar RoxasNovember 6, 2007 September 30, 2012
15 Joseph Emilio AbayaOctober 1, 2012 August 7, 2016
16 Francis PangilinanAugust 8, 2016 September 30, 2022
17 September 30, 2022 Incumbent

Electoral performance

Presidential elections

YearCandidateVotes%ResultOutcome
1946Manuel Roxas1,333,006 53.93Manuel Roxas won
1949Elpidio Quirino1,803,80850.93Elpidio Quirino won
José Avelino419,89011.85
1953Elpidio Quirino1,313,99131.08Ramon Magsaysay (Nacionalista) won
1957José Yulo1,386,82927.62Carlos P. Garcia (Nacionalista) won
Antonio Quirino60,3281.20
1961Diosdado Macapagal3,554,84055.00Diosdado Macapagal won
1965Diosdado Macapagal3,187,75242.88Ferdinand Marcos (Nacionalista) won
1969Sergio Osmeña Jr.3,143,12238.51Ferdinand Marcos (Nacionalista) won
1981Not participatingFerdinand Marcos (KBL) won
1986None; main wing endorsed Corazon Aquino (UNIDO), while Kalaw had no running mate.Corazon Aquino assumed presidency
1992Jovito Salonga2,302,12310.16Fidel V. Ramos (Lakas–NUCD) won
1998Alfredo Lim2,344,3628.71Joseph Estrada (LAMMP) won
2004None; endorsed Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Lakas–CMD)Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Lakas–CMD) won
2010Benigno Aquino III15,208,67842.08Benigno Aquino III won
2016Mar Roxas9,978,17523.45Rodrigo Duterte (PDP–Laban) won
2022Leni Robredo15,035,77327.94Bongbong Marcos (PFP) won

Vice presidential elections

YearCandidateVotes%ResultOutcome
1946Elpidio Quirino1,161,72552.36Elpidio Quirino won
1949Fernando Lopez1,341,28452.19Fernando López won
Vicente J. Francisco44,5101.73
1953José Yulo1,483,80237.10Carlos P. Garcia (Nacionalista) won
1957Diosdado Macapagal2,189,19746.55Diosdado Macapagal won
1961Emmanuel Pelaez2,394,40037.57Emmanuel Pelaez won
1965Gerardo Roxas3,504,82648.12Fernando López (Nacionalista) won
1969Genaro Magsaysay2,968,52637.54Fernando López (Nacionalista) won
1981colspan=5
1986None; main wing endorsed Salvador Laurel (UNIDO)Salvador Laurel (UNIDO) assumed vice presidency
Eva Estrada Kalaw662,1853.31
1992None; Salonga's running mate was Aquilino Pimentel Jr. (PDP–Laban)2,023,2899.91Joseph Estrada (NPC) won
1998Serge Osmeña2,351,4629.20Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Lakas–NUCD–UMDP) won
2004None; endorsed Noli de Castro (Independent)Noli de Castro (Independent) won
2010Mar Roxas13,918,49039.58Jejomar Binay (PDP–Laban) won
2016Leni Robredo14,418,81735.11Leni Robredo won
2022Francis Pangilinan9,329,20717.82Sara Duterte (Lakas–CMD) won

Legislative elections

Senate

YearVotes%Seats+/–Result
Senate of the Philippines
19468,626,96547.7N/A
194712,241,92954.5 6
194912,782,44952.5 3
19518,764,19039.9 6
19538,861,24436.0 5
19557,395,98828.9 4
19578,934,21831.8 2
195910,850,79931.7 2
196114,988,93137.9 4
196322,794,31049.8 2
196523,158,19746.9
196718,127,92637.1 3
196921,060,47439.1 2
197133,469,67757.4 3
colspan="6"
1987%N/A
199219,158,0136.9 3
1995Not participating
19985,429,1232.6
200119,131,7327.9 1
200430,008,15812.0 3
200728,843,41510.7
201078,227,81726.34
201333,369,20411.32
2016100,512,79531.30 2
201943,273,58311.97 3
202220,243,6224.66 3

House of Representatives

YearVotes%Seats+/–Result
Congress of the Philippines
19461,129,97147.06N/A
19491,834,17353.00 11
19531,624,57139.81 35
19571,453,52730.16 40
19612,167,64133.71 10
19653,721,46051.32 32
19692,641,78641.76 43
Interim Batasang Pambansa
1978Not participating 18
Regular Batasang Pambansa
1984Not participating
Congress of the Philippines
19872,101,57510.5 4
19921,644,5688.8 7
1995358,2451.9 6
19981,773,1247.3 10
2001% 3
2004% 10
2007% 6
20106,802,22719.9314
201310,557,26538.2762
201615,552,40141.72 6
20192,321,7595.78 97
20221,823,4263.78 8

Notable members

Philippine presidents

Philippine vice presidents

Others

Coalition

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Home - CLD . Cld.ph . 2022-01-31 . 2022-03-13 . May 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220520002759/https://cld.ph/ . dead .
  2. In the Filipino language, bago means "new", while bukas means either "tomorrow" (if used as a noun) or "open" (if used as either an adjective or a verb). Liberal has no equivalent in the Filipino language.
  3. News: Frequently Asked Questions on joining Partido Liberal – Liberal Party of the Philippines. Liberal Party of the Philippines. July 8, 2018. en-US.
  4. News: Duterte, Robredo win in final, official tally. Jovan Cerda. July 23, 2020. en-US.
  5. Web site: Jimenez . Josephus B. . Quo vadis, Liberal Party: Past, present and future . 2024-03-27 . Philstar.com.
  6. Teehankee . Julio Cabral . Julio C. Teehankee . 2020 . Factional Dynamics in Philippine Party Politics, 1900–2019 . . . 39 . 98-123 .
  7. Molina, Antonio. The Philippines: Through the centuries. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print.
  8. News: Common Man's President . https://web.archive.org/web/20110204221345/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828848,00.html . dead . February 4, 2011 . November 24, 1961 . Time . August 6, 2009.
  9. "Ramon Magsaysay." Microsoft Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.
  10. Book: Dayley . Robert . Southeast Asia In The New International Era . 2016 . Avalon . 9780813350110 . April 19, 2017.
  11. News: January 21, 2017 . 'Melted?' Liberal Party meets for 71st anniversary . April 19, 2017 . Rappler.
  12. Web site: Candidate Profiles: Benigno Simeon 'Noynoy' Cojuangco Aquino III. dead. 2010-06-09. The-diplomat.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20100412115449/https://thediplomat.com/philippines-election-2010/candidate-profiles/. 2010-04-12.
  13. Web site: Aquino backs interior minister Roxas to be next president. The Straits Times. August 1, 2015. April 19, 2017.
  14. Web site: Aquino promises justice as Philippines president - Yahoo! News. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100615002143/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100609/ap_on_re_as/as_philippines_aquino. 2010-06-15.
  15. News: Key LP members jump ship to PDP–Laban. GMA News. July 8, 2018. en-US.
  16. News: More LP lawmakers, local officials jump ship to admin party. CNN Philippines. July 8, 2018. en. July 17, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170717042521/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/05/11/10-congressmen-jump-ship-to-PDP-Laban.html. dead.
  17. News: Philippine Daily Inquirer. LP disowns Agusan del Sur execs who jumped ship to PDP–Laban. Avendaño. Christine O.. July 8, 2018. en.
  18. News: LP rebuilding to focus on non-politicians: Robredo . November 27, 2018 . ABS-CBN News. February 9, 2017.
  19. News: Robredo swears in new Liberal Party members in Negros Occidental . November 27, 2018 . Rappler. June 15, 2018.
  20. News: New blood: Liberal Party welcomes 'non-politicians' into fold . November 27, 2018 . Rappler. November 8, 2017.
  21. News: Robredo administers oath to 67 new LP members from Negros Occidental . November 27, 2018 . SunStar. June 15, 2018.
  22. News: Forecasting the 2019 campaign. Manila Bulletin. November 23, 2018. en-US.
  23. News: Strengthen human rights awareness of Filipinos, say opposition bets. Rappler. November 23, 2018. en.
  24. News: Benigno Aquino III, Leni Robredo endorse opposition Senate 12. The Philippine Star. November 23, 2018.
  25. News: Tan. Lara. October 7, 2021. VP Robredo to run for president in 2022. en. CNN Philippines. dead. October 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211007031325/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/10/7/Leni-Robredo-president-2022-elections.html. October 7, 2021.
  26. News: Panti. Llanesca. October 7, 2021. Kiko Pangilinan is Robredo's running-mate in Eleksyon 2022 —sources. GMA News Online. live. October 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211007224118/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/806087/kiko-pangilinan-is-robredo-s-running-mate-in-eleksyon-2022-source/story/?just_in. October 7, 2021.
  27. https://liberal.ph/values-charter/ Values Charter – Liberal Party of the Philippines
  28. Book: Roger C. Thompson . The Pacific Basin since 1945: An International History . ... The investment parity provision aroused much Filipino opposition and was only accepted because of a narrow electoral victory in April 1946 by the conservative pro-American Liberal Party. Smear tactics and money power assisted this ... . 2014 . 36 . Routledge. 9781317875307 .
  29. Book: Jennifer Franco . Elections and Democratization in the Philippines . ... the Nacionalista Party and the Liberal Party, were the exclusive domain of the Philippine elite and exhibited similarly conservative orientations in ... . 2020 . Routledge. 9781136541919 .
  30. News: The decline of Philippine political parties . en-US . BusinessWorld . April 4, 2019.
  31. Book: Daniel B., Schimer . The Philippines Reader: A History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship and Resistance . South End Press . 1987 . 9780896082755 . 150.
  32. News: What Is Liberalism, and Why Is It Such a Dirty Word? . Esquiremag.ph . July 22, 2018.
  33. Web site: LP Statement Archives – Liberal Party of the Philippines . November 23, 2018 . Liberal Party of the Philippines . en-US.
  34. News: Frequently Asked Questions on joining Partido Liberal – Liberal Party of the Philippines . en-US . Liberal Party of the Philippines . July 22, 2018.
  35. Web site: Liberal Party of the Philippines : CALD Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats . 2022-05-29 . cald.org.
  36. Web site: 2022-02-09 . Leni, Kiko vow to uphold transparency, participatory governance . 2022-05-25 . www.pna.gov.ph . en.
  37. Web site: Gregorio . Xave . 'Gobyernong Tapat': A look at Robredo's platform and the people around her . 2022-05-25 . Philstar.com.
  38. News: Philippines: Leni Robredo: A symbol of hope . 2022-05-31 . Friedrich Naumann Foundation . May 6, 2022 . en.
  39. Web site: VP Leni ensures social protection for all workers if elected President - Office of the Vice President of the Republic of the Philippines . 2022-05-31 . ovp.gov.ph.
  40. Web site: Robredo open to taxing super rich, but says this alone can't solve inequality . 2022-05-31 . Philstar.com.
  41. Web site: Lalu . Gabriel Pabico . 2022-03-25 . Robredo favors tax exemptions over outright fuel excise tax suspension . 2022-05-31 . INQUIRER.net . en.
  42. Web site: Ramos . Marlon . 2022-03-20 . Robredo pushes development projects . 2022-05-31 . INQUIRER.net . en.
  43. Web site: Robredo's Labor Day promise: Wage hike for PH workers . 2022-05-31 . Manila Bulletin . May 2022 . en-US.
  44. Web site: Robredo to address 'educational crisis' with 'all hands on deck' approach . 2022-05-31 . Manila Bulletin . April 8, 2022 . en-US.
  45. Web site: Labesig . Vergel . TOP EDUCATION LEADERS RENEW SUPPORT FOR LENI-KIKO TANDEM . 2022-05-31 . The POST . en-US.
  46. Web site: 2016-07-18 . Robredo wants SPED centers in all public schools . 2022-05-31 . RAPPLER . en-US.
  47. Web site: Keynote Address: Vice President Maria Leonor S. Robredo - National Health Summit 2016. 2016. Republic of the Philippines Department of Health. May 31, 2022.
  48. Web site: HON. SENATOR RISA HONTIVEROS Senate Electoral Tribunal . 2022-05-31 . en-US.
  49. Web site: Lalu . Gabriel Pabico . 2021-11-08 . Robredo bares more on COVID plan: Tackle corruption, pick skillful DOH chief, fix PhilHealth . 2022-05-31 . INQUIRER.net . en.
  50. Web site: VP Leni to continue government's Build Build Build program, but will prioritize public-private partnership infrastructure programs over loans - Office of the Vice President of the Republic of the Philippines . 2022-05-31 . ovp.gov.ph.
  51. Web site: Robredo to upgrade research and development funding if elected President . 2022-05-31 . Manila Bulletin . January 12, 2022 . en-US.
  52. Web site: 2020-11-11 . Press Release - Data-driven agriculture should be able to help raise farmers' incomes: Pangilinan . 2022-05-31 . legacy.senate.gov.ph . en-US.
  53. Web site: 2022-03-28 . Robredo to invest in subsidies to promote renewable energy . 2022-05-31 . www.pna.gov.ph . en.
  54. Web site: Cabico . Gaea Katreena . Environmentalists, science workers back 'green' Robredo-Pangilinan tandem . 2022-05-31 . Philstar.com.
  55. Web site: Flores . Helen . Robredo: Climate change must be embedded in government plans . 2022-05-31 . Philstar.com.
  56. Web site: Torres . Ruben D. . 2022-02-11 . Labor agenda of presidential candidates: Vice President Leni Robredo . 2022-05-31 . The Manila Times . en.
  57. Web site: 2022-01-17 . 'Dapat may PhilHealth, SSS, Pag-IBIG ang riders' -- Pangilinan . 2022-05-31 . legacy.senate.gov.ph . en.
  58. Web site: 2021-05-11 . Financial Literacy, A Priority - VP Leni Robredo . 2022-05-31 . Global Dominion Financing Incorporated . en-US.
  59. Web site: Robredo: Gender Equality Not a "Soft" Issue . 2022-05-31 . www.freiheit.org . April 24, 2017 . en.
  60. Web site: 2017-06-23 . The fall of the 'dilawang' Liberal Party . 2022-05-29 . RAPPLER . en-US.
  61. Web site: Press Release - STATEMENT OF LIBERAL PARTY SENATORS ON THE FILING OF CRIMINAL CASES VS SEN. DE LIMA BEFORE RTC . 2022-05-31 . legacy.senate.gov.ph . en.
  62. Web site: Critic of Duterte's drug war arrested on drug charges . 2022-05-31 . www.aljazeera.com . en.
  63. Web site: 2016-09-19 . Trillanes files reso to include 'Davao Death Squad' killings in Senate probe . 2022-05-31 . RAPPLER . en-US.
  64. Thompson . Mark R. . 2016 . Bloodied Democracy: Duterte and the Death of Liberal Reformism in the Philippines . Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs . en . 35 . 3 . 39–68 . 10.1177/186810341603500303 . 55119121 . 1868-1034. free .
  65. Web site: 2019-05-08 . Liberal Party, other groups tagged in plot to discredit Duterte . 2022-05-31 . www.pna.gov.ph . en.
  66. Butwell . Richard . 1965 . The Philippines: Prelude to Elections . Asian Survey . 5 . 1 . 43–48 . 10.2307/2642180 . 2642180 . 0004-4687.
  67. Web site: 2013-01-23 . Senator Marcos was elected president of the Liberal Party January 21, 1961 . 2023-07-03 . The Kahimyang Project . en.
  68. Butwell . Richard . 1965 . The Philippines: Prelude to Elections . Asian Survey . 5 . 1 . 43–48 . 10.2307/2642180 . 0004-4687 . 2642180.
  69. Web site: Archived copy . rappler.com . 5 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200716160429/https://rappler.com/nation/rodrigo-duterte-pdp-laban . 16 July 2020 . dead.
  70. Web site: Archived copy . rappler.com . 5 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806184707/https://rappler.com/nation/duterte-lp-wild-card-candidate-2016 . 6 August 2020 . dead.
  71. News: Akbayan Endorses Leni For President. ONE News.PH. Mateo. Janvic. October 7, 2021.
  72. News: Subingsubing . Krixia . Youth party endorses Robredo, Pangilinan . January 21, 2022 . Philippine Daily Inquirer . January 18, 2022.
  73. News: 'Real opposition': Trillanes, Magdalo back Robredo's Palace bid. Manila Bulletin. Antonio. Raymund. October 7, 2021.
  74. News: Gregorio . Xave . Makabayan endorses Robredo for president . January 28, 2022 . The Philippine Star . January 28, 2022.
  75. News: Alvarez says Partido Reporma now supporting Robredo. GMA News. Panti. Llanesca. March 24, 2022.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Liberal Party (Philippines)".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.