Nachbin's theorem explained

In mathematics, in the area of complex analysis, Nachbin's theorem (named after Leopoldo Nachbin) is commonly used to establish a bound on the growth rates for an analytic function. This article provides a brief review of growth rates, including the idea of a function of exponential type. Classification of growth rates based on type help provide a finer tool than big O or Landau notation, since a number of theorems about the analytic structure of the bounded function and its integral transforms can be stated. In particular, Nachbin's theorem may be used to give the domain of convergence of the generalized Borel transform, given below.

Exponential type

See main article: Exponential type. A function

f(z) defined on the complex plane is said to be of exponential type if there exist constants M and \alpha such that|f(re ^{i\theta} )|\le Me ^{\alpha}

in the limit of

r\to inf ty . Here, the complex variable z was written as z = re ^{i\theta} to emphasize that the limit must hold in all directions \theta . Letting \alpha stand for the infimum of all such \alpha , one then says that the function f is of exponential type \alpha .

For example, let

f(z) = \sin(\pi z) . Then one says that \sin(\pi z) is of exponential type \pi , since \pi is the smallest number that bounds the growth of \sin(\pi z) along the imaginary axis. So, for this example, Carlson's theorem cannot apply, as it requires functions of exponential type less than \pi .

Ψ type

Bounding may be defined for other functions besides the exponential function. In general, a function

\Psi(t) is a comparison function if it has a series\Psi(t) = \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =0} \Psi _{n} t ^{n}

with

\Psi _{n>0} for all n , and\lim _{n\toinfty} (\Psi _{n+1})/(\Psi _{n}) = 0 .

Comparison functions are necessarily entire, which follows from the ratio test. If

\Psi(t) is such a comparison function, one then says that f is of \Psi -type if there exist constants M and \tau such that\left|f\left(re ^{i\theta} \right)\right| \le M\Psi(\tau r)

as

r\to inf ty . If \tau is the infimum of all such \tau one says that f is of \Psi -type \tau .

Nachbin's theorem states that a function

f(z) with the seriesf(z) = \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =0} f _{n} z ^{n}

is of

\Psi -type \tau if and only if\limsup _{n\toinfty} \left| (f _{n})/(\Psi _{n}) \right| ^{1/n} = \tau.

Borel transform

Nachbin's theorem has immediate applications in Cauchy theorem-like situations, and for integral transforms. For example, the generalized Borel transform is given by

F(w) = \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =0} (f _{n})/(\Psi _{n} w ^{n+1}) .

If

f is of \Psi -type \tau , then the exterior of the domain of convergence of F(w) , and all of its singular points, are contained within the disk|w| \le \tau.

Furthermore, one has

f(z) = (1)/(2 \pi i) \oint _{\gamma} \Psi (zw) F(w) dw

where the contour of integration γ encircles the disk

|w| \le \tau . This generalizes the usual Borel transform for exponential type, where \Psi(t) = e ^{t} . The integral form for the generalized Borel transform follows as well. Let \alpha(t) be a function whose first derivative is bounded on the interval [ 0 , inf ty) , so that(1)/(\Psi _{n}) = \int ^{inf ty} _{0} t ^{n} d\alpha(t)

where

d\alpha(t) = \alpha ^{\prime} (t)dt . Then the integral form of the generalized Borel transform isF(w) = (1)/(w) \int ^{inf ty} _{0} f \left( (t)/(w) \right) d\alpha(t).

The ordinary Borel transform is regained by setting

\alpha(t) = e ^{-t} . Note that the integral form of the Borel transform is just the Laplace transform.

Nachbin summation

Nachbin resummation (generalized Borel transform) can be used to sum divergent series that escape to the usual Borel summation or even to solve (asymptotically) integral equations of the form:

g(s) = s\int ^{inf ty} _{0} K(st) f(t)dt

where

f(t) may or may not be of exponential growth and the kernel K(u) has a Mellin transform. The solution can be obtained as f(x) = \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =0} (a _{n})/(M(n +1 )) x ^{n} with g(s) = \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =0} a _{n} s ^{-n} and M(n) is the Mellin transform of K(u) . An example of this is the Gram series \pi (x) ≈ 1+ \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} (log ^{n} (x))/(n ⋅ n!\zeta (n +1 )) .

in some cases as an extra condition we require

\int ^{inf ty} _{0} K(t)t ^{n} dt to be finite for n =0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ,... and different from 0.

Fréchet space

Collections of functions of exponential type

\tau can form a complete uniform space, namely a Fréchet space, by the topology induced by the countable family of norms\|f\| _{n} = \sup _{z} \exp \left[ - \left(\tau + (1)/(n) \right)|z|\right]|f(z)|.

See also

• Divergent series
• Borel summation
• Euler summation
• Cesàro summation
• Lambert summation
• Mittag-Leffler summation
• Phragmén–Lindelöf principle
• Abelian and tauberian theorems
• Van Wijngaarden transformation

References

• L. Nachbin, "An extension of the notion of integral functions of the finite exponential type", Anais Acad. Brasil. Ciencias. 16 (1944) 143 - 147.
• Ralph P. Boas, Jr. and R. Creighton Buck, Polynomial Expansions of Analytic Functions (Second Printing Corrected), (1964) Academic Press Inc., Publishers New York, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Library of Congress Card Number 63-23263. (Provides a statement and proof of Nachbin's theorem, as well as a general review of this topic.)