NUMMI explained

New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. (NUMMI)
Type:Joint venture
Fate:Dissolved
Predecessor:GM Fremont Assembly (1960–1982)
Hq Location City:Fremont, California
Hq Location Country:United States
Industry:Automotive
Products:Compact cars and trucks
Production:428,633 vehicles
Production Year:2006
Services:Automotive manufacturing
Owner:General Motors and Toyota
Num Employees:5,500
Num Employees Year:2006
Homepage:nummi.com (defunct)

New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. (NUMMI) was an American automobile manufacturing company in Fremont, California, jointly owned by General Motors and Toyota that opened in 1984 and closed in April 2010. The plant is located in the East Industrial area of Fremont next to the Mud Slough between Interstate 880 and Interstate 680, the plant's peak production year was 2006, when it manufactured 428,633 vehicles.

After the plant was closed by its owners, the facility was sold to Tesla and reopened in October 2010, becoming known as the Tesla Fremont Factory.

History

Background

Before NUMMI, the site was the former Fremont Assembly that General Motors operated between 1962 and 1982.[1] [2] [3] Employees at the Fremont plant[4] were "considered the worst workforce in the automobile industry in the United States," according to a later recounting by a leader of the workers' own union, the United Auto Workers (UAW).[5] [6]

GM as a company was departmentalized (design, manufacturing) as per Henry Ford's division of labor, but without the necessary communication and collaboration between the departments. There was an adversarial relationship between workers and plant supervisors, with management not considering the employees' view on production, and quantity was preferred over quality.[7] [8] Like all American car plants, the production lines at Fremont seldom stopped, and when mistakes were made, cars continued down the line with the expectation that they would be fixed later. By the early 1980s, the adversarial relationship had deteriorated to the point where employees drank alcohol, smoked marijuana (at the time, an illegal activity), were frequently absent (enough so that the production line could not be started), and even committed petty acts of sabotage such as putting "Coke bottles inside the door panels, so they'd rattle and annoy the customer."

Attempts to discipline workers were often met with grievances or even strikes, putting the plant into near-continuous chaos. By 1982, GM had had enough and closed Fremont Assembly and laid off its thousands of workers.

Transforming Fremont Assembly into NUMMI

At about the same time, GM was struggling to profitably build high-quality and fuel-efficient small cars that consumers demanded after the energy crisis of the 1970s. Consumers started turning to foreign automakers for these vehicles, prompting the U.S. Congress to consider import restrictions to protect the domestic auto industry. That led GM and Toyota to team up and create New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. (NUMMI), a joint venture to manufacture vehicles to be sold under both brands.

GM saw the joint venture as a way to get access to quality small cars and an opportunity to learn about the Toyota Production System and The Toyota Way, a series of lean manufacturing and management philosophies that had made the company a leader in the automotive manufacturing and production industry.[9] For Toyota, the factory gave the company its first manufacturing base in North America allowing it to avoid tariffs on imported vehicles[10] and saw GM as a partner that could show them how to navigate the American labor environment, particularly relations with the United Auto Workers union.[11] [12]

The companies made the unusual choice to remake the troubled Fremont Assembly into the new NUMMI plant. The leadership of the UAW union insisted on re-hiring the same union leadership that had overseen GM's worst workforce. GM was against it, but Toyota agreed, believing that their system could turn things around. However, Toyota insisted that the plant would need to operate differently and old seniority rules would not apply. The workers hated the proposed changes, but desperately needed jobs. Ultimately, over 85% of NUMMI's initial workforce were the workers laid off at Fremont Assembly in 1982. GM would also assign 16 managers to the plant and Toyota sent 30 managers and production coordinators from Japan, including the CEO, Tatsuro Toyoda, part of the company's founding family.[13]

Ahead of the reopening of the plant, Toyota sent many of the workers to Toyota's Takaoka plant in Japan to learn the Toyota Production System and actually work for a few days on the assembly line. Workers who made the transition identified the emphasis on quality and teamwork by Toyota management as what motivated a change in work ethic. Among the cultural changes were the same uniform, parking and cafeterias for all levels of employment in order to promote a team concept, and a no-layoff policy. Built-in process quality and employee suggestion programs for continual improvement were other changes. Consensus decision-making reached management level, in contrast with the old departmentalization.

By December 1984 (two years after the closure of Fremont Assembly), NUMMI's first car, a yellow Chevrolet Nova, rolled off the assembly line. The plant started producing the Toyota Corolla in September 1986. Almost right away, the NUMMI factory was producing cars at the same speed as the Japanese factories and Corollas produced at NUMMI were judged to be equal in quality to those produced in Japan with a similar number of defects per 100 vehicles.

In 1990, for the 1991 model year, Toyota started building the Toyota Hilux (also known as the Toyota Pickup) at NUMMI, allowing the company to completely avoid the chicken tax, a 25 percent tariff on light trucks imposed in 1964. The company had been avoiding a big portion of the tax since 1972 by importing the truck as an incomplete chassis cab (which included the entire truck, less the truck bed) which only faced a 4% tariff.[14] Once in the United States, Toyota Auto Body California (TABC) would produce the truck beds and attach them to the trucks. TABC was the first manufacturing investment in the U.S. for Toyota.[15]

NUMMI did face some financial challenges, with cars costing more to build than at other GM plants and only operating at 58.6% capacity by 1988.[16] The plant had not reached break-even by 1991.

In January 1995, NUMMI began producing the Toyota Tacoma, a pickup truck designed exclusively for the North American market.

Up to May 2010, NUMMI built an average of 6,000 vehicles a week, or nearly eight million cars and trucks since opening in 1984. In 1997, NUMMI produced 357,809 cars and trucks.[17] Production reached its annual peak of 428,633 units in 2006.[18]

The end of the joint venture

Toyota took the lessons it learned from NUMMI and went on to establish the wholly-owned Toyota Motor Manufacturing USA (later renamed Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky) and Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada plants in 1986, and by 2009 the company was operating a dozen manufacturing facilities in North America.[19] However, NUMMI remained Toyota's only unionized plant in the United States.[20]

GM executives, particularly CEO John F. Smith Jr., attempted to spread the Toyota Production System to other assembly plants,[21] [22] but it proved largely unsuccessful. Despite having a front row seat to learn about the production system, by 1998 (15 years later) GM had still not been able to implement lean manufacturing in the rest of the United States,[23] though GM managers trained at NUMMI were successful in introducing the approach to its unionized factories in Brazil.[24]

By 2009, GM was in serious financial trouble and filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization. In April the company confirmed its commitment to NUMMI[25] and in June announced that it was scrapping the Pontiac brand which would end production of the Corolla-derived Pontiac Vibe at NUMMI by August 2009.[26] [27] [28] That triggered several months of discussions between the automakers, trying to find products that could be produced at the factory for both companies, with Toyota even offering to build a version of its Prius hybrid for GM at the factory.[29] [30]

Fremont Mayor Bob Wasserman, city officials and California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger lobbied the automakers to find a product and keep NUMMI open.[31] [32] [33] [34] State officials crafted sales tax exemption on new factory equipment to preserve NUMMI.[35] A regional committee was formed in February 2010 to investigate the closure of the plant,[36] and the facility was appraised while operating.[37]

The talks ultimately failed and in June 2009 the GM announced that it would pull out of NUMMI.[38] [39] [40] On August 27, 2009, Toyota announced that it would also discontinue production at NUMMI by March 2010, marking the first time the company had ever closed a factory.[41]

In November 2009 call with autoworkers Toyota's head of U.S. sales said that though it was a difficult decision to shut down the plant, "the economics of having a plant in California so far away from the supplier lines" in the Midwest "just doesn't make business sense" for Toyota.[42] Autoworkers prepared for the shut down by refreshing skills and planning for career transitions.[43] [44] In March 2010, 90% of the workers at the plant approved a $281 million severance package from Toyota that had been negotiated by the UAW, averaging $54,000 to the plant's 4,700 employees.[45] [46]

Production of the Corolla in North America was shifted to Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada until the new Toyota Motor Manufacturing Mississippi assembly plant could open in October 2011. Production of the Tacoma had already partially shifted to Toyota Motor Manufacturing de Baja California in 2004, and the remaining work shifted to Toyota Motor Manufacturing Texas.

At 9:40am on April 1, 2010, the plant produced its last car, a red Toyota Corolla.[47] NUMMI sold off equipment at an auction, with robots and tooling going to Toyota's plants in Kentucky, Texas[48] and Mississippi.[49] NUMMI sold some equipment to Tesla for $15 million.[50]

Reuse of the factory

Ahead of the closure of NUMMI, several possible uses for the facility were proposed.

In January 2010, the land was considered for a new stadium for the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball. It is close to the proposed site of Cisco Field, which was never formally approved.[51] On March 10, 2010, Aurica Motors announced that it intended to raise investment capital and garner federal economic stimulus funds to help retrain the workers and retool the facility for production of electric vehicles.[52] [53] Both proposals went nowhere.

On May 20, 2010, Tesla Motors announced that it would purchase most (210 of 370 acres) of the former NUMMI site from Toyota for $42 million, significantly under market value.[54] [55] As part of the agreement, Toyota would also purchase $50 million of common stock when Tesla held its IPO the next month. In exchange, Tesla agreed to partner with Toyota on the "development of electric vehicles, parts, and production system and engineering support." The two companies would later end their partnership in 2017.[56]

The plant, renamed the Tesla Fremont Factory, produces the Model S, Model X, Model 3, and Model Y vehicles.[57] [58] [59], the plant employs 22,000 people, far greater than the 5,500 employees of NUMMI, and produced nearly 560,000 vehicles, 30 percent more than the maximum output of NUMMI.[60]

Models produced

During its time in operation, the NUMMI joint venture factory produced the following models (model years):[3]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: March 9, 1982. GM, Toyota mull joint U.S. venture. 5A . Eugene Register-Guard. wire services. (Oregon).
  2. News: February 28, 1983. Union auto workers pledge fight to get jobs at GM-Toyota plant. 6B . Eugene Register-Guard. Associated Press. (Oregon).
  3. Web site: NUMMI Milestones . https://web.archive.org/web/20100402121111/http://www.nummi.com/timeline.php . April 2, 2010 . November 30, 2013 . NUMMI.
  4. Web site: GM Nummi Plant. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030009/http://www.autointell.com/nao_companies/general_motors/gm-manufacturing/gm-nummi/gmnummi.htm . March 4, 2016. November 9, 2016. mdy.
  5. Web site: Langfitt . Frank . March 26, 2010. The End Of The Line For GM-Toyota Joint Venture. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033037/http://ww.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=125229157 . April 23, 2016. April 7, 2010. All Things Considered. National Public Radio. mdy.
  6. News: Langfitt . Frank . July 17, 2015 . NUMMI (2015), Transcript . . live . November 9, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160619060428/http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/561/transcript . June 19, 2016.
  7. Web site: Urbance. Randy . ESD.83 Book Review of The Machine that Changed the World. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  8. Book: Roos. Daniel . The Machine That Changed the World : The Story of Lean Production. Womack. James P.. Jones. Daniel T. November 1991. Harper Perennial. 978-0060974176.
  9. Brian Bremner, B. and C. Dawson (November 17, 2003). "Can Anything Stop Toyota?: An inside look at how it's reinventing the auto industry". Business Week.
  10. Web site: 2012. Global Website - 75 Years of Toyota - Section 3. Local Production Starts in North America - Item 2. Joint Venture with GM. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160330153224/http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/text/leaping_forward_as_a_global_corporation/chapter1/section3/item2.html . March 30, 2016. October 10, 2016. Toyota. mdy.
  11. The 'Learning Bureaucracy': New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. . Adler . Paul S. . April 1992 . . 2021-06-30.
  12. Web site: Adler . Paul S. . January 1995 . Democratic Taylorism: The Toyota Production System at NUMMI . October 10, 2016 . ResearchGate.
  13. Adler . Paul S. . January 1993 . Time-and-Motion Regained . July 9, 2017 . . US.
  14. Web site: Ikenson. Daniel . June 18, 2003. Ending the 'Chicken War': The Case for Abolishing the 25 Percent Truck Tariff. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110921113753/http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=6806 . September 21, 2011. November 29, 2011. The Cato Institute.
  15. Toyota's TABC Plant Celebrates 40 Years of Manufacturing in California. August 21, 2012. 2021-06-02. Toyota Motor North America.
  16. Web site: Simmers. Tim . March 5, 2006. NUMMI plant a model for ailing car industry. November 5, 2017. Contra Costa Times. 5,500 employees. The plant makes 960 cars a day and 650 trucks. A finished car comes off the assembly line every 55 seconds, and a truck rolls off every 81 seconds. It takes 6½ hours to make a car at NUMMI. It costs 30 percent to 40 percent more to make cars here.
  17. Web site: GM Nummi Plant. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160314051152/http://autointell.com/nao_companies/general_motors/gm-manufacturing/gm-nummi/gmnummi.htm . March 14, 2016. October 9, 2016. mdy.
  18. Web site: Schweinsberg . Christine . August 28, 2009 . Toyota's Decision to Abandon NUMMI Closes Book on 25-Year Experiment . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160405231910/http://wardsauto.com/news-analysis/toyota-s-decision-abandon-nummi-closes-book-25-year-experiment . April 5, 2016 . October 10, 2016 . . mdy.
  19. 2019 Toyota Operations North America Fact Sheet. December 2019. 4 September 2020.
  20. News: Arrieta. Rose . August 28, 2009. Toyota to Close Only Union Factory In U.S.. inthesetimes.com. January 7, 2018.
  21. Web site: April 2, 2010. Goodbye to NUMMI - How a Manufacturing Plant Changed the Culture of Car-Making. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160919045747/http://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/a5514/4350856/ . September 19, 2016. October 10, 2016. Popular Mechanics. mdy.
  22. Web site: September 14, 2008. NUMMI joint venture in California was a classroom for change. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161010095750/http://www.autonews.com/article/20080914/OEM/309149827/nummi-joint-venture-in-california-was-a-classroom-for-change . October 10, 2016. October 10, 2016. Automotive News. mdy.
  23. Gomes-Casseres. Ben . September 1, 2009. Nummi: What Toyota Learned and GM Didn't. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160811152723/https://hbr.org/2009/09/nummi-what-toyota-learned . August 11, 2016. June 5, 2017. Harvard Business Review.
  24. News: Bradsher. Keith . June 17, 1998. G.M.'s Plant in Brazil Raises Fears Closer to Home. The New York Times. April 7, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190306135856/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/17/business/gm-s-plant-in-brazil-raises-fears-closer-to-home.html?pagewanted=all . March 6, 2019 . live.
  25. Web site: Popa . Bogdan . GM Plans New Toyota Joint Product to Replace Pontiac Vibe . autoevolution . https://web.archive.org/web/20091002191516/https://www.autoevolution.com/news/gm-plans-new-toyota-joint-product-to-replace-pontiac-vibe-6171.html . October 2, 2009 . en . 28 April 2009 . live . We're clearly not backing away from our partnership at NUMMI. There's no issue of us backing away from NUMMI..
  26. Web site: General Motors Statement Regarding Discontinuation of Pontiac Vibe Production at NUMMI Facility. June 20, 2009 . media.gm.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20220107015127/https://media.gmc.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2009/Jun/0618_PontiacNUMMI.html . 7 January 2022 . en . 18 June 2009 . live.
  27. Web site: GM to end Pontiac Vibe output at joint plant at Toyota. - Free Online Library . www.thefreelibrary.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20220107015356/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/GM+to+end+Pontiac+Vibe+output+at+joint+plant+at+Toyota-a0204357717 . 7 January 2022 . 18 June 2009 . About 460,000 Vibes were produced between 2002 and the end of May this year at New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. . live.
  28. Web site: Nakata . Hiroko . GM ends NUMMI deal with Toyota . . https://web.archive.org/web/20210227155646/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/07/01/business/gm-ends-nummi-deal-with-toyota/ . February 27, 2021 . 1 July 2009 . live.
  29. News: Kim. Soyoung . July 10, 2009. UPDATE 1-Toyota may drop U.S. joint venture with GM. . July 13, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170301032922/https://www.reuters.com/article/rbssConsumerGoodsAndRetailNews/idUSN1053085920090710 . March 1, 2017 . live.
  30. Web site: Fujimura. Naoko . Komatsu. Tetsuya . July 11, 2009. Toyota May Dissolve California Plant Venture Abandoned by GM. July 13, 2009. Bloomberg.com.
  31. News: Abate. Tom . August 6, 2009. State offers incentives to save Nummi plant. SFGate. November 3, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210121222242/http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/State-offers-incentives-to-save-Nummi-plant-3221710.php . January 21, 2021 . live.
  32. News: Bensinger. Ken . July 16, 2009. State lawmakers scramble to keep Toyota plant open. Los Angeles Times. November 3, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170228130031/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jul/16/business/fi-autos-nummi16 . February 28, 2017 . live.
  33. Web site: Schwarzenegger. Arnold. Arnold Schwarzenegger . Haggerty. Scott . Wasserman. Bob. Bob Wasserman . August 25, 2009. Restoring California's Automotive Industry. November 3, 2015. fremont.gov . https://web.archive.org/web/20210311135117/http://www.fremont.gov/documentcenter/home/view/2277 . March 11, 2021 . live.
  34. News: January 6, 2012. Memorial Held For Fremont Mayor Wasserman. KCBS-TV. January 21, 2012.
  35. Web site: Tom . Abate . David R. . Baker . May 21, 2010. Tesla joins with Toyota to reopen Nummi plant. https://web.archive.org/web/20160826193740/http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Tesla-joins-with-Toyota-to-reopen-Nummi-plant-3263888.php . August 26, 2016. June 5, 2017. SFgate. State and local officials, who had crafted tax incentives, including worker training provisions and an exemption from sales taxes for new factory equipment to preserve Nummi.
  36. Web site: February 24, 2010. Toyota's Proposed Plant Shutdown to Be Scrutinized by Panel of California Leaders. March 2, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201126130107/http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2010/02/24/467035.html . November 26, 2020 . live.
  37. Web site: New United Motor Manufacturing Appraisals. https://web.archive.org/web/20160613192846/http://www.equipmentappraisalsandauctions.com/new-united-motor-manufacturing.html . June 13, 2016. June 5, 2017. Maynards.
  38. News: GM ends 25-yr-old joint venture with Toyota to build cars, trucks at Calif. plant. Los Angeles Times. dead. June 30, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090702082237/http://www.latimes.com/business/nationworld/wire/sns-ap-us-gm-toyota,0,5435374.story . July 2, 2009. mdy.
  39. Web site: Thomas. Ken . August 28, 2009. Toyota plans to end production at Calif. plant. August 29, 2009. Google News.
  40. News: Abate. Tom . August 28, 2009. Toyota closing Fremont Nummi plant. SFGate. August 29, 2009.
  41. Web site: Ohnsman. Alan . Inoue. Kae . August 28, 2009. Toyota Will Shut California Plant in First Closure. August 29, 2009. Bloomberg.com.
  42. Web site: Matthews. Mark . November 17, 2009. Toyota sales head talks about NUMMI closure. November 22, 2009. abclocal.go.com/kgo . https://web.archive.org/web/20170301090834/http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news/business&id=7124549 . March 1, 2017 . live.
  43. Web site: Avalos. George . November 16, 2009 . NUMMI auto factory closing: End of the line. live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222546/http://www.contracostatimes.com/business/ci_13766774?source=rss . March 3, 2016. November 22, 2009. contracostatimes.com.
  44. News: Abate. Tom . November 14, 2009. A huddle to help Nummi workers find new jobs. sfgate.com. November 22, 2009.
  45. Web site: Avalos. George . March 18, 2010. NUMMI workers overwhelmingly approve shutdown agreement. April 7, 2017. East Bay Times.
  46. News: Tobak. Steve . April 2, 2010. Blame GM, Not Toyota, for NUMMI Plant Closure. CBS. US. live . October 10, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161010120336/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/blame-gm-not-toyota-for-nummi-plant-closure/ . October 10, 2016. mdy.
  47. Web site: March 31, 2010. NUMMI Plant Closure Ends Toyota-GM Venture. . March 31, 2010.
  48. Web site: Ohnsman. Alan . September 18, 2011. Toyota gave old robots new tools to trim U.S. Camry price 2%. June 5, 2017. Automotive News/Bloomberg. Along with the production robots transferred to Toyota's Georgetown, Ky., plant that makes most of the Camrys sold in North America, Nummi equipment was also acquired by Toyota's San Antonio plant and electric-car maker Tesla Motors Inc. . https://web.archive.org/web/20200719053238/http://www.autonews.com/article/20110918/OEM01/309189998/toyota-gave-old-robots-new-tools-to-trim-u.s.-camry-price-2 . July 19, 2020 . live.
  49. Web site: Hull. Dana . September 16, 2010. 2010: Tesla gets ready to take over the former NUMMI auto plant in Fremont. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170502023843/http://www.mercurynews.com/2010/09/16/2010-tesla-gets-ready-to-take-over-the-former-nummi-auto-plant-in-fremont/ . May 2, 2017. June 5, 2017. The Mercury News / Bloomberg. The entire NUMMI facility covers about 370 acres. Tesla is buying 210 acres, a parcel that contains several buildings that have approximately 5.5 million square feet of floor space. NUMMI’s existing press line will be taken apart and sent to Toyota’s plant in Blue Springs, Miss..
  50. Web site: August 20, 2010. Tesla Buys Nummi Assets. https://web.archive.org/web/20151014211308/http://www.thestreet.com/story/10841041/1/tesla-buys-nummi-assets.html . October 14, 2015. June 5, 2017.
  51. News: Jones. Carolyn . January 9, 2010. Fremont's new pitch: A's stadium at Nummi site. sfgate.com. January 15, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170325233014/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/01/08/BABA1BFM0P.DTL&tsp=1 . March 25, 2017 . live.
  52. Web site: March 10, 2010. Aurica Motors Announces Plan to Keep NUMMI Plant Open by Manufacturing Electric Cars. April 2, 2010. Aurica Motors. . https://web.archive.org/web/20110707185344/http://auricamotors.com/Aurica_NUMMI_March2010.docx . July 7, 2011.
  53. Web site: March 10, 2010. Auto firm setting sights on NUMMI. April 2, 2010. The Oakland Tribune . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172957/http://www.insidebayarea.com/ci_14649734?source=most_viewed . March 3, 2016 . live.
  54. News: Riddell . Lindsay . May 20, 2010 . Tesla to buy NUMMI plant, build cars with Toyota . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20100604200259/http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2010/05/17/daily65.html . June 4, 2010 . June 9, 2010 . San Francisco Business Times.
  55. News: Motavalli . Jim . May 22, 2010 . Some Views of the Toyota-Tesla Deal . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20100528153154/http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/22/some-views-of-the-toyota-tesla-deal/ . May 28, 2010 . June 9, 2010 . The New York Times.
  56. News: June 3, 2017 . Toyota Sells Stake in Tesla . June 12, 2021 . IndustryWeek . Bloomberg.
  57. Web site: Tesla lands sudden deal with Toyota, will build Model S sedan in Fremont NUMMI plant. December 21, 2010. Engadget.
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