Centaurus A Explained

Centaurus A
Epoch:J2000
Type:S0 pec[1] or Ep
Dist Ly:11–13 Mly (3–5 Mpc)[2] [3]
Z:547 ± 5 km/s
Appmag V:6.84[4] [5]
Size V:25'.7 × 20'.0
Constellation Name:Centaurus
Notes:Closest radio galaxy; closest BL Lacertae object; unusual dust lane
Names:NGC 5128, Arp 153, PGC 46957, 4U 1322–42,[6] Caldwell 77
Size:60,000 ly[7]

Centaurus A (also known as NGC 5128 or Caldwell 77) is a galaxy in the constellation of Centaurus. It was discovered in 1826 by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop from his home in Parramatta, in New South Wales, Australia. There is considerable debate in the literature regarding the galaxy's fundamental properties such as its Hubble type (lenticular galaxy or a giant elliptical galaxy) and distance (11–13 million light-years).[2] [3] It is the closest radio galaxy to Earth, as well as the closest BL Lac object,[8] so its active galactic nucleus has been extensively studied by professional astronomers.[9] The galaxy is also the fifth-brightest in the sky,[9] making it an ideal amateur astronomy target.[10] It is only visible from the southern hemisphere and low northern latitudes.

The center of the galaxy contains a supermassive black hole with a mass of 55 million solar masses,[11] which ejects a relativistic jet that is responsible for emissions in the X-ray and radio wavelengths. By taking radio observations of the jet separated by a decade, astronomers have determined that the inner parts of the jet are moving at about half of the speed of light. X-rays are produced farther out as the jet collides with surrounding gases, resulting in the creation of highly energetic particles. The X-ray jets of Centaurus A are thousands of light-years long, while the radio jets are over a million light-years long.[12]

It is also one of the nearest large starburst galaxies, of which a galactic collision is suspected to be responsible for an intense burst of star formation. Models have suggested that Centaurus A was a large elliptical galaxy that collided with a smaller spiral galaxy, with which it will eventually merge.[13] For that reason, the galaxy has been of particular interest to astronomers for years. While collisions of spiral galaxies are relatively common, the effects of a collision between an elliptical and a spiral galaxy are not fully understood.[14]

Observational history

NGC 5128 was discovered on 29 April 1826 by James Dunlop during a survey at the Parramatta Observatory.[15] [16]

In 1847 John Herschel described the galaxy as "two semi-ovals of elliptically formed nebula appearing to be cut asunder and separated by a broad obscure band parallel to the larger axis of the nebula, in the midst of which a faint streak of light parallel to the sides of the cut appears."[17]

In 1949 John Gatenby Bolton, Bruce Slee and Gordon Stanley localized NGC 5128 as one of the first extragalactic radio sources.[18] Five years later, Walter Baade and Rudolph Minkowski suggested that the peculiar structure is the result of a merge event of a giant elliptical galaxy and a small spiral galaxy.[19] The first detection of X-ray emissions, using a sounding rocket, was performed in 1970.[20] In 1975–76 gamma-ray emissions from Centaurus A were observed through the atmospheric Cherenkov technique.[21]

The Einstein Observatory detected an X-ray jet emanating from the nucleus in 1979.[22] Ten years later, young blue stars were found along the central dust band with the Hubble Space Telescope.[23]

The Chandra X-ray Observatory identified in 1999 more than 200 new point sources.[24] Another space telescope, the Spitzer Space Telescope, found a parallelogram-shaped structure of dust in near infrared images of Centaurus A in 2006.[25]

Evidence of gamma emissions with very high energy (more than 100 GeV) was detected by the H.E.S.S-Observatorium in Namibia in 2009.[26]

The following year, Centaurus A was identified as a source of cosmic rays of highest energies, after years of observations by Pierre Auger Observatory.[27] In 2016 a review of data from Chandra and XMM-Newton, unusual high flares of energy were found in NGC 5128 and the galaxy NGC 4636. Jimmy Irwin of University of Alabama hypothesized the discovery as potentially a black hole in a yet unknown process or an intermediate-mass black hole.

Morphology

Centaurus A may be described as having a peculiar morphology. As seen from Earth, the galaxy looks like a lenticular or elliptical galaxy with a superimposed dust lane.[28] The peculiarity of this galaxy was first identified in 1847 by John Herschel, and the galaxy was included in Halton Arp's Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies (published in 1966) as one of the best examples of a "disturbed" galaxy with dust absorption.[29] The galaxy's strange morphology is generally recognized as the result of a merger between two smaller galaxies.[30]

The bulge of this galaxy is composed mainly of evolved red stars. The dusty disk, however, has been the site of more recent star formation;[9] over 100 star formation regions have been identified in the disk.[31]

Supernovae

Two supernovae have been detected in Centaurus A.[32] The first supernova, named SN 1986G, was discovered within the dark dust lane of the galaxy by R. Evans in 1986.[33] It was later identified as a Type Ia supernova,[34] which forms when a white dwarf's mass grows large enough to ignite carbon fusion in its center, touching off a runaway thermonuclear reaction, as may happen when a white dwarf in a binary star system strips gas away from the other star. SN 1986G was used to demonstrate that the spectra of type Ia supernovae are not all identical, and that type Ia supernovae may differ in the way that they change in brightness over time.

The second supernova, designated SN 2016adj,[35] was discovered by Backyard Observatory Supernova Search in February 2016 and was initially classified as a Type II supernova based on its H-alpha emission line.[36] [37] A subsequent classification found the spectrum best resembled the Type Ib core-collapse supernova 1999dn.[38] (See Type Ib and Ic supernovae).

Distance

Distance estimates to Centaurus A established since the 1980s typically range between 3–5 Mpc.[2] [3] Classical Cepheids discovered in the heavily obscured dust lane of Centaurus A yield a distance between ~3–3.5 Mpc, depending on the nature of the extinction law adopted and other considerations.[39] [40] Mira variables[41] and Type II Cepheids[39] [40] were also discovered in Centaurus A, the latter being rarely detected beyond the Local Group.[42] The distance to Centaurus A established from several indicators such as Mira variables and planetary nebulae favour a more distant value of ~3.8 Mpc.[43] [44]

Nearby galaxies and galaxy group information

Centaurus A is at the center of one of two subgroups within the Centaurus A/M83 Group, a nearby group of galaxies.[45] Messier 83 (the Southern Pinwheel Galaxy) is at the center of the other subgroup. These two groups are sometimes identified as one group[46] [47] and sometimes identified as two groups.[48] However, the galaxies around Centaurus A and the galaxies around M83 are physically close to each other, and both subgroups appear not to be moving relative to each other.[49] The Centaurus A/M83 Group is located in the Virgo Supercluster.

In addition to dwarf galaxies, Centaurus A, like most galaxies, has a population of globular clusters. Some objects that appear to be globular clusters are hypothesized to be the tidally stripped cores of former galaxies. The most extreme example is the object VHH81-01, whose central black hole is estimated to be around .[50]

Observations

Radio waves

In July 2021 the Event Horizon Telescope released a resolved image of Centaurus A showing the jet coming from the black hole at its center.

Visibility

Centaurus A is located approximately 4° north of Omega Centauri (a globular cluster visible with the naked eye).[10] Because the galaxy has a high surface brightness and relatively large angular size, it is an ideal target for amateur astronomy observations. The bright central bulge and dark dust lane are visible even in finderscopes and large binoculars,[10] and additional structure may be seen in larger telescopes.[10] Claims have been made that Centaurus A is visible to the naked eye under exceptionally good conditions.[51]

See also

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database . Results for Centaurus A . 6 December 2006 .
  2. J. L. Tonry . 4 . A. Dressler . J. P. Blakeslee . E. A. Ajhar . A. B. Fletcher . G. A. Luppino . M. R. Metzger . C. B. Moore . The SBF Survey of Galaxy Distances. IV. SBF Magnitudes, Colors, and Distances . Astrophysical Journal . 2001 . 546 . 2 . 681–693 . 2001ApJ...546..681T . 10.1086/318301. astro-ph/0011223 . 17628238 .
  3. Web site: Distance Results for NGC 5128 . NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database . 26 April 2010.
  4. NAME Centaurus A . 29 November 2009.
  5. Armando . Gil de Paz . The GALEX Ultraviolet Atlas of Nearby Galaxies . Astrophysical Journal Supplement . 173 . 2 . 185–255 . 2007 . 10.1086/516636 . astro-ph/0606440. 2007ApJS..173..185G . Boissier . Madore . Seibert . Boselli . 5 . Boselli . Alessandro . Wyder . Ted K. . Thilker . David . Bianchi . Luciana. 119085482 .
  6. Web site: UHURU4 – Uhuru Fourth (4U) Catalog. heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov.
  7. Web site: APOD: 2012 April 4 – Centaurus A. apod.nasa.gov. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20141003191523/http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap120404.html. 3 October 2014.
  8. The BL Lac heart of Centaurus A . 2001MNRAS.324L..33C . Chiaberge . M. . Capetti . A. . Celotti . A. . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 2001 . 324 . 4 . L33–L37 . 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04642.x . free . astro-ph/0105159 .
  9. F. P. Israel . Centaurus A – NGC 5128 . Astronomy and Astrophysics Review . 1998 . 8 . 4 . 237–278 . 1998A&ARv...8..237I . 10.1007/s001590050011. astro-ph/9811051 . 18353347 .
  10. Book: D. J. Eicher . 1988 . The Universe from Your Backyard . Cambridge University Press . Cambridge . 978-0-521-36299-3 . registration .
  11. Web site: Radio Telescopes Capture Best-Ever Snapshot of Black Hole Jets. 20 May 2011 . NASA. 2 October 2012.
  12. Centaurus Radio Jets Rising. 16 April 2011. 13 April 2011.
  13. 10.1086/504418. Spitzer Observations of the Dusty Warped Disk of Centaurus A. Astrophysical Journal. 645. 2. 1092–1101. 2006. Quillen . A. C. . Brookes . M. H. . Keene . J. . Stern . D. . Lawrence . C. R. . Werner . M. W. . astro-ph/0601135 . 2006ApJ...645.1092Q . 18443587.
  14. Web site: Radio galaxy Centaurus A . European Southern Observatory (ESO) . 8 February 2000.
  15. Peter Robertson . Glen Cozens . Wayne Orchiston . Bruce Slee . Harry Wendt . Early Australian Optical and Radio Observations of Centaurus A . Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia . 27 . 4 . 1 January 2010 . 402–430 . 1323-3580 . 10.1071/AS09071 . 1012.5137 . 2010PASA...27..402R . 54580482 .
  16. Dunlop . James . A catalogue of nebulæ and clusters of stars in the southern hemisphere, observed at Paramatta in New South Wales, … . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . 1828 . 118 . 113–151 . 10.1098/rstl.1828.0010 . free . Centaurus A is listed on p. 138 as entry number 482. A sketch of Centaurus A appears as Fig. 20 on the plate between pages 114 and 115.
  17. John Herschel . Outlines of Astronomy . 1849 . 602.
  18. J. G. Bolton . G. J. Stanley . O. B. Slee . Positions of Three Discrete Sources of Galactic Radio-Frequency Radiation . Nature . 164 . 4159 . 1949 . 101–102 . 10.1038/164101b0. 1949Natur.164..101B . 4073162 .
  19. On the Identification of Radio Sources.. W.. Baade. R.. Minkowski. 1 January 1954. Astrophysical Journal. 119. 215. NASA ADS. 10.1086/145813. 1954ApJ...119..215B.
  20. C. S. Bowyer . M. Lampton . J. Mack . F. de Mendonca . Detection of X-Ray Emission from 3C 273 and NGC 5128 . Astrophysical Journal . 161 . 1970 . 10.1086/180559 . 1970ApJ...161L...1B . L1.
  21. Evidence for the detection of gamma rays from Centaurus A at gamma-ray energies above 300 GeV. J. E.. Grindlay. H. F.. Helmken. R. H.. Brown. J.. Davis. L. R.. Allen. 1 April 1975. Astrophysical Journal Letters. 197. L9–L12NASA ADS. 10.1086/181764. 1975ApJ...197L...9G.
  22. E. J. Schreier . E. Feigelson . J. Delvaille . R. Giacconi . D. A. Schwartz . EINSTEIN Observations of The X-Ray Structure of Centaurus A: Evidence For The Radio-Lobe Energy Source . Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 . 234 . 1979 . 39–43 . 10.1086/183105 . 1979ApJ...234L..39S. free.
  23. Web site: HubbleSite – NewsCenter – Hubble Provides Multiple Views of How to Feed a Black Hole (05/14/1998) – Background Info . 14 October 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071030030708/http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1998/14/background/ . 2007-10-30.
  24. R. P. Kraft . J. M. Kregenow . W. R. Forman . C. Jones . S. S. Murray . Chandra Observations of the X-Ray Point Source Population in Centaurus A . Astrophysical Journal . 560 . 2 . 20 October 2001 . 675–688 . 10.1086/323056 . 2001ApJ...560..675K.
  25. Alice C. Quillen . Mairi H. Brookes . Jocelyn Keene . Daniel Stern . Charles R. Lawrence . Spitzer Observations of the Dusty Warped Disk of Centaurus A . Astrophysical Journal . 645 Nummer = 2 . 2 . 10 July 2006 . 1092–1101 . 10.1086/504418 . 2006ApJ...645.1092Q. astro-ph/0601135 . 18443587 .
  26. F. Aharonian . A. G. Akhperjanian . G. Anton . U. Barres de Almeida . A. R. Bazer-Bachi . DISCOVERY OF VERY HIGH ENERGY γ-RAY EMISSION FROM CENTAURUS A WITH H.E.S.S. . Astrophysical Journal . 695 . 1 . 10 April 2009 . L40–L44 . 10.1088/0004-637x/695/1/l40 . 2009ApJ...695L..40A. 0903.1582 . 18160745 .
  27. J. Abraham . P. Abreu . M. Aglietta . C. Aguirre . D. Allard . Correlation of the highest-energy cosmic rays with the positions of nearby active galactic nuclei . Astroparticle Physics . 29 . 3 . 1 April 2008 . 188–204 . 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2008.01.002 . 0712.2843 . 2008APh....29..188P .
  28. Book: A. Sandage . J. Bedke . 1994 . Carnegie Atlas of Galaxies . Carnegie Institution of Washington . Washington, D.C. . 978-0-87279-667-6.
  29. H. Arp . Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies . Astrophysical Journal Supplement . 1966 . 14 . 1–20 . 1966ApJS...14....1A . 10.1086/190147.
  30. W. Baade . R. Minkowski . On the Identification of Radio Sources . Astrophysical Journal . 1954 . 119 . 215–231 . 1954ApJ...119..215B . 10.1086/145813.
  31. P. W. Hodge . R. C. Kennicutt Jr. . An atlas of H II regions in 125 galaxies . Astrophysical Journal . 1982 . 88 . 296–328 . 1983AJ.....88..296H . 10.1086/113318.
  32. Web site: NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database . Results for extended name search on Centaurus A . 7 March 2007.
  33. R. Evans . R. H. McNaught . C. Humphries . Supernova 1986G in NGC 5128 . IAU Circular . 1986 . 1 . 4208 . 1986IAUC.4208....1E .
  34. M. M. Phillips . 4 . A. C. Phillips . S. R. Heathcote . V. M. Blanco . D. Geisler . D. Hamilton . N. B. Suntzeff . F. J. Jablonski . J. E. Steiner . A. P. Cowley . P. Schmidtke . S. Wyckoff . J. B. Hutchings . J. Tonry . M. A. Strauss . J. R. Thorstensen . W. Honey . J. Maza . M. T. Ruiz . A. U. Landolt . A. Uomoto . R. M. Rich . J. E. Grindlay . H. Cohn . H. A. Smith . J. H. Lutz . R. J. Lavery . A. Saha . The type 1a supernova 1986G in NGC 5128 – Optical photometry and spectra . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 1987 . 99 . 592–605 . 1987PASP...99..592P . 10.1086/132020.
  35. Web site: Supernova SN 2016adj in the peculiar galaxy NGC 5128 ("Centaurus A") – 9 Feb. 2016 – The Virtual Telescope Project 2.0. 9 February 2016.
  36. Web site: ATel #8651: Bright PSN in NGC5128 (Centaurus A) Discovered By Backyard Observatory Supernova Search (BOSS). ATel.
  37. Web site: ATel #8655: Tentative Spectroscopic Classification of Bright PSN in NGC 5128 (Centaurus A). ATel.
  38. Web site: ATel #8657: CSP Spectroscopic Classification of AT 2016adj in NGC 5128 (Centaurus A). ATel.
  39. Ferrarese Laura . 4 . Mould Jeremy R. . Stetson Peter B. . Tonry John L. . Blakeslee John P. . Ajhar Edward A. . 2007 . The Discovery of Cepheids and a Distance to NGC 5128 . 10.1086/506612 . 2007ApJ...654..186F . Astrophysical Journal . 654 . 1. 186–218 . astro-ph/0605707 . 17895798 .
  40. 2010AcA....60..121M. Majaess, D.. 2010. 121. 60 . 2. The Cepheids of Centaurus A (NGC 5128) and Implications for H0 . Acta Astronomica. 1006.2458 .
  41. 2004A&A...413..903R . The distance to the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 5128 . Astronomy and Astrophysics. astro-ph/0310639 . 10.1051/0004-6361:20034031 . 2004 . Rejkuba . M. . 413 . 3 . 903–912 . 15938660 .
  42. Majaess, D. . 2009AcA....59..403M . 2009 . Turner, D. . 403 . Lane, D. . Type II Cepheids as Extragalactic Distance Candles . 59 . 4 . Acta Astronomica. 0909.0181 .
  43. 2010PASA...27..475H . Harris, Gretchen L. H. . 10.1071/AS09063 . NGC 5128: The Giant Beneath . 2010 . 475–481 . 4 . 27 . Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 1004.4907 . 118604663 .
  44. 10.1071/AS09061 . Harris . 0911.3180 . Gretchen L. H. . Rejkuba . Marina . Harris . William E. . The Distance to NGC 5128 (Centaurus A) . Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia . 27 . 4 . 457–462 . 2010. 2010PASA...27..457H . 16912328 .
  45. I. D. Karachentsev . 4 . M. E. Sharina . A. E. Dolphin . E. K. Grebel . D. Geisler . P. Guhathakurta . P. W. Hodge . V. E. Karachetseva . A. Sarajedini . P. Seitzer . New distances to galaxies in the Centaurus A group . Astronomy and Astrophysics . 2002 . 385 . 1 . 21–31 . 2002A&A...385...21K . 10.1051/0004-6361:20020042. free .
  46. Book: R. B. Tully . 1988 . Nearby Galaxies Catalog . Cambridge University Press . Cambridge . 978-0-521-35299-4.
  47. P. Fouque . E. Gourgoulhon . P. Chamaraux . G. Paturel . Groups of galaxies within 80 Mpc. II – The catalogue of groups and group members . Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement . 1992 . 93 . 211–233 . 1992A&AS...93..211F .
  48. A. Garcia . General study of group membership. II – Determination of nearby groups . Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement . 1993 . 100 . 47–90 . 1993A&AS..100...47G.
  49. I. D. Karachentsev . The Local Group and Other Neighboring Galaxy Groups . Astronomical Journal . 2005 . 129 . 1 . 178–188 . 2005AJ....129..178K . 10.1086/426368. astro-ph/0410065 . 119385141 .
  50. 10.3847/1538-4357/ac551c. A Population of Luminous Globular Clusters and Stripped Nuclei with Elevated Mass to Light Ratios around NGC 5128 . 2022 . Dumont . Antoine . Seth . Anil C. . Strader . Jay . Voggel . Karina . Sand . David J. . Hughes . Allison K. . Caldwell . Nelson . Crnojević . Denija . Mateo . Mario . Bailey . John I. . Forbes . Duncan A. . The Astrophysical Journal . 929 . 2 . 147 . 2112.04504 . 2022ApJ...929..147D . 245005855 . free .
  51. Web site: Aintno Catalog. astronomy-mall.com.

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