Carina Nebula Explained

Carina Nebula
Type:Emission
Epoch:J2000.0
Ra:[1]
Dist Ly:~8,500
Dist Pc:~2,600[2]
Appmag V:+1.0[3]
Size V:120 × 120 arcmins
Constellation:Carina
Radius Ly:~230[4]
Radius Pc:~70
Notes:
  • Eta Carinae
  • Keyhole Nebula
  • Many open clusters & dark nebulae
Names:NGC 3372,[5] ESO 128-EN013, GC 2197, h 3295, Caldwell 92[6]

The Carina Nebula[7] or Eta Carinae Nebula[8] (catalogued as NGC 3372; also known as the Great Carina Nebula[9]) is a large, complex area of bright and dark nebulosity in the constellation Carina, located in the Carina–Sagittarius Arm of the Milky Way galaxy. The nebula is approximately 8500ly from Earth.

The nebula has within its boundaries the large Carina OB1 association and several related open clusters, including numerous O-type stars and several Wolf–Rayet stars. encompasses the star clusters and . is one of the youngest known star clusters at half a million years old and contains stars like the O2 supergiant . is the home of many extremely luminous stars, such as and the Eta Carinae star system.,,,, and are also considered members of the association. is the oldest and furthest from, indicating sequential and ongoing star formation.

The nebula is one of the largest diffuse nebulae in our skies. Although it is four times as large as and even brighter than the famous Orion Nebula, the Carina Nebula is much less well known due to its location in the southern sky. It was discovered by Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille in 1752 from the Cape of Good Hope.

The Carina Nebula was selected as one of five cosmic objects observed by the James Webb Space Telescope, as part of the release of its first official science images. A detailed image was made of an early star-forming region of NGC 3324 known as the Cosmic Cliffs.[10]

Discovery and basic information

Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille discovered the nebula on 25 January 1752.[11] Its dimensions are 120×120 arcminutes centered on the coordinates of right ascension and declination . In modern times it is calculated to be around 8500ly from Earth.

Objects within the Carina Nebula

Eta Carinae

See main article: Eta Carinae. Eta Carinae is a highly luminous hypergiant star. Estimates of its mass range from 100 to 150 times the mass of the Sun, and its luminosity is about four million times that of the Sun.

This object is currently the most massive star that can be studied in great detail, because of its location and size. Several other known stars may be more luminous and more massive, but data on them is far less robust. (Caveat: Since examples such as the Pistol Star have been demoted by improved data, one should be skeptical of most available lists of "most massive stars". In 2006, Eta Carinae still had the highest confirmed luminosity, based on data across a broad range of wavelengths.) Stars with more than 80 times the mass of the Sun produce more than a million times as much light as the Sun. They are quite rare—only a few dozen in a galaxy as big as ours—and they flirt with disaster near the Eddington limit, i.e., the outward pressure of their radiation is almost strong enough to counteract gravity. Stars that are more than 120 solar masses exceed the theoretical Eddington limit, and their gravity is barely strong enough to hold in its radiation and gas, resulting in a possible supernova or hypernova in the near future.

Eta Carinae's effects on the nebula can be seen directly. Dark globules and some other less visible objects have tails pointing directly away from the massive star. The entire nebula would have looked very different before the Great Eruption in the 1840s surrounded Eta Carinae with dust, drastically reducing the amount of ultraviolet light it put into the nebula.

Homunculus Nebula

See main article: Homunculus Nebula. Within the large bright nebula is a much smaller feature, immediately surrounding Eta Carinae itself, known as the Homunculus Nebula (from Latin meaning Little Man). It is believed to have been ejected in an enormous outburst in 1841 which briefly made Eta Carinae the second-brightest star in the sky.

The Homunculus Nebula is a small H II region, with gas shocked into ionized and excited states.[12] It also absorbs much of the light from the extremely luminous central stellar system and re-radiates it as infrared (IR). It is the brightest object in the sky at mid-IR wavelengths.[13]

The distance to the Homunculus can be derived from its observed angular dimensions and calculated linear size, assuming it is axially symmetric. The most accurate distance obtained using this method is 2.35±. The largest radius of the bipolar lobes in this model is about 22,000 AU, and the axis is oriented 41° from the line of sight, or 49° relative to the plane of the sky, which means it is seen from Earth slightly more "end on" than "side on".[14]

Keyhole Nebula

The Keyhole, or Keyhole Nebula, is a small dark cloud of cold molecules and dust within the Carina Nebula, containing bright filaments of hot, fluorescing gas, silhouetted against the much brighter background nebula. John Herschel used the term "lemniscate-oval vacuity" when first describing it,[15] and subsequently referred to it simply as the "oval vacuity".[16] The term lemniscate continued to be used to describe this portion of the nebula[17] until popular astronomy writer Emma Converse described the shape of the nebula as "resembling a keyhole" in an 1873 Appleton's Journal article.[18] The name Keyhole Nebula then came into common use, sometimes for the Keyhole itself, sometimes to describe the whole of the Carina Nebula (signifying "the nebula that contains the Keyhole").[19] [20]

The diameter of the Keyhole structure is approximately 7ly. Its appearance has changed significantly since it was first observed, possibly due to changes in the ionizing radiation from Eta Carinae.[21] The Keyhole does not have its own NGC designation. It is sometimes erroneously called NGC 3324,[22] but that catalogue designation refers to a reflection and emission nebula just northwest of the Carina Nebula (or to its embedded star cluster).[23] [24] [25]

Defiant Finger

See main article: Finger of God Globule. A small Bok globule in the Keyhole Nebula (at RA 10h44m30s, Dec −59°40') has been photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope and is nicknamed the "Carina Defiant Finger" due to its shape.[26] In Hubble images, light can be seen radiating off the edges of the globule; this is especially visible in the southern tip, where the "finger" is. It is thought that the Defiant Finger is being ionized by the bright Wolf–Rayet star WR 25, and/or Trumpler 16-244, a bright blue supergiant. It has a mass of at least, and stars may be forming within it. Like other interstellar clouds under intense radiation, the Defiant Finger will eventually be completely evaporated; for this cloud the time frame is predicted to be 200,000 to 1,000,000 years.[27]

Trumpler 14

See main article: Trumpler 14. Trumpler 14 is an open cluster with a diameter of 6ly, located within the inner regions of the Carina Nebula, approximately 8000ly from Earth.[28] It is one of the main clusters of the stellar association, which is the largest association in the Carina Nebula. About 2,000 stars have been identified in .[29] and the total mass of the cluster is estimated to be .[30]

Trumpler 15

See main article: Trumpler 15. Trumpler 15 is a star cluster on the north-east edge of the Carina Nebula. Early studies disagreed about the distance, but astrometric measurements by the Gaia mission have confirmed that it is the same distance as the rest of Carina OB1.

Trumpler 16

See main article: Trumpler 16. Trumpler 16 is one of the main clusters of the Carina OB1 stellar association, which is the largest association in the Carina Nebula, and it is bigger and more massive than . The star Eta Carinae is part of this cluster.

Mystic Mountain

See main article: Mystic Mountain. Mystic Mountain is the term for a dust–gas pillar in the Carina Nebula, a photo of which was taken by Hubble Space Telescope on its 20th anniversary. The area was observed by Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3 on 1–2 February 2010. The pillar measures 3ly in height; nascent stars inside the pillar fire off gas jets that stream from towering “peaks”.

WR 22

See main article: WR 22. WR 22 is an eclipsing binary. The dynamical masses derived from orbital fitting vary from over to less than for the primary and about for the secondary.[31] The spectroscopic mass of the primary has been calculated at [32] or .[33]

WR 25

See main article: WR 25. WR 25 is a binary system in the central portion of the Carina Nebula, a member of the cluster. The primary is a Wolf–Rayet star, possibly the most luminous star in the galaxy. The secondary is hard to detect but thought to be a luminous OB star.

HD 93129

See main article: HD 93129. HD 93129 is a triple star system of O-class stars in Carina. All three stars of are among the most luminous in the galaxy;[34] consists of two clearly resolved components, and, and itself is made up of two much closer stars.

HD 93129 A has been resolved into two components. The spectrum is dominated by the brighter component, although the secondary is only 0.9 magnitudes fainter. is an O2 supergiant and Ab is an O3.5 main sequence star.[35] Their separation has decreased from 55 milliarcseconds in 2004 to only 27 mas in 2013, but an accurate orbit is not available.[36]

HD 93129 B is an O3.5 main-sequence star 3 arcseconds away from the closer pair. It is about 1.5 magnitudes fainter than the combined, and is approximately the same brightness as .[37] [38]

HD 93250

See main article: HD 93250. HD 93250 is one of the brightest stars in the region of the Carina Nebula. It is only 7.5 arcminutes from Eta Carinae,[39] and is considered to be a member of the same loose open cluster, although it appears closer to the more compact .[40]

HD 93250 is known to be a binary star, however, individual spectra of the two components have never been observed but are thought to be very similar. The spectral type of has variously been given as O5,[41] O6/7,[42] O4,[43] and O3.[44] It has sometimes been classified as a main sequence star and sometimes as a giant star. The Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey has used it as the standard star for the newly created O4 subgiant spectral type.[45]

HD 93205

See main article: HD 93205. HD 93205 is a binary system of two large stars.

The more massive member of the pair is an O3.5 main sequence star. The spectrum shows some ionized nitrogen and helium emission lines, indicating some mixing of fusion products to the surface and a strong stellar wind. The mass calculated from apsidal motion of the orbits is . This is somewhat lower than expected from evolutionary modelling of a star with its observed parameters.[46]

The less massive member is an O8 main sequence star of approximately .[47] It moves in its orbit at a speed of over 300km/s and is considered to be a relativistic binary, which causes the apses of the orbit to change in a predictable way.[48]

Catalogued open clusters in Carina Nebula

, there are eight known open clusters in the Carina Nebula:[3]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: NGC 3372 . . 29 November 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090528100240/http://www.ngcicproject.org/pubdb.htm . 28 May 2009 . dead.
  2. Kinematics in Young Star Clusters and Associations with Gaia DR2 . The Astrophysical Journal . Kuhn . Michael A. . Hillenbrand . Lynne A. . Sills . Alison . Feigelson . Eric D. . Getman . Konstantin V. . 1 . 870 . 1 . 32 . January 2019 . 1807.02115 . 2019ApJ...870...32K . 10.3847/1538-4357/aaef8c. 119328315 . free .
  3. Web site: NGC 3372 . SEDS.org . Hartmut . Frommert . Christine . Kronberg . amp . 22 March 1998 . 26 November 2016 . 30 May 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160530181545/http://messier.seds.org/xtra/ngc/n3372.html . dead .
  4. Web site: NGC 3372 – The Eta Carinae Nebula . Atlas of the Universe . 1 October 2013.
  5. NGC 3372 . 3 September 2013.
  6. Book: O'Meara, S. J. . The Caldwell Objects . 361–369 . . 2002 . 978-0-521-82796-6.
  7. Web site: The Carina Nebula: Star Birth in the Extreme . . 24 April 2007 . Hubblesite . . 20 November 2020.
  8. Uranometria 2000.0
  9. [APOD]
  10. Web site: Garner . Rob . 2022-07-08 . NASA Shares List of Cosmic Targets for Webb Telescope's 1st Images . 2022-07-08 . NASA.
  11. The search for the nebulae - VI . Jones . K. G. . Journal of the British Astronomical Association . 79 . 213–222 . March 1969 . 1969JBAA...79..213J.
  12. Near-infrared integral field spectroscopy of the Homunculus nebula around η Carinae using Gemini/CIRPASS . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . Teodoro . M. . Damineli . A. . Sharp . R. G. . Groh . J. H. . Barbosa . C. L. . 1 . 387 . 2 . 564–576 . June 2008 . 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13264.x . free . 2008MNRAS.387..564T . 0804.0240. 2460614 .
  13. Book: Eta Carinae and the Supernova Impostors . Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Volume 384 . Springer Science+Business Media . Kris . Davidson . Roberta M. . Humphreys . 23 January 2012 . 384 . 978-1-4614-2274-7 . 10.1007/978-1-4614-2275-4 . 2012ASSL..384.....D . Davidson . Kris . Humphreys . Roberta M. .
  14. The Structure of the Homunculus. I. Shape and Latitude Dependence from H2 and [Fe II] Velocity Maps of η Carinae . The Astrophysical Journal . Smith . Nathan . 644 . 2 . 1151–1163 . June 2006 . 10.1086/503766 . 2006ApJ...644.1151S . astro-ph/0602464. 12453761 .
  15. Book: Herschel, John Frederick William . Results of astronomical observations made during the years 1834, 5, 6, 7, 8, at the Cape of Good Hope: Being the completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825 . 1 . Smith, Elder and Co. . London . 33–35 . 1847 . 5045340 . 1847raom.book.....H.
  16. Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Herschel . John Frederick William . 154 . 1–137 . 1864 . 10.1098/rstl.1864.0001 . 1864RSPT..154....1H. free .
  17. Eta Argus . Astronomical Register . Abbott . F. . 11 . 221–224 . 1873 . 1873AReg...11..221A.
  18. Eta Argûs . Appletons' Journal . Emma M. . Converse . 10 . 249 . 818 . 27 December 1873.
  19. The spectrum of η Carinae . Lick Observatory Bulletin . Joseph Haines . Moore . Roscoe Frank . Sanford . amp . 8 . 252 . 55–61 . 1914 . 10.5479/ADS/bib/1914LicOB.8.55M . 1914LicOB...8...55M.
  20. See, e.g., Book: Burnham, Jr, Robert . Burnham's Celestial Handbook . Dover . New York . 467 . 1978 . 978-0-486-23567-7.
  21. Structure in the Carina Nebula and Eta Carinae . Sky and Telescope . Walborn . N. R. . Ingerson . T. E. . amp . 54 . 22–24 . July 1977 . 1977S&T....54...22W.
  22. For example, see APOD – NGC 3324.
  23. Book: The Night Sky Observer's Guide . Volume 3: The Southern Skies . Willmann-Bell . Ian . Cooper . Jenni . Kay . George Robert . Kepple . 1 . 52 . 2008 . 978-0-943396-89-7.
  24. Web site: NGC 3324 . . 17 May 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090528100240/http://www.ngcicproject.org/pubdb.htm . 28 May 2009 . dead.
  25. NGC 3324 . 17 May 2014.
  26. NAME Carina Defiant Finger. 2020-04-03.
  27. 2004MNRAS.351.1457S. Carina's defiant Finger: HST observations of a photoevaporating globule in NGC 3372*. Smith. Nathan. Barbá. Rodolfo H.. Walborn. Nolan R.. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2004. 351. 4. 1457. 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07894.x. free . astro-ph/0404495. 14709621 .
  28. New catalogue of optically visible open clusters and candidates . Astronomy & Astrophysics . W. S. . Dias . B. S. . Alessi . A. . Moitinho . J. R. D. . Lépine . 1 . 389 . 3 . 871–873 . July 2002 . 2002A&A...389..871D . 10.1051/0004-6361:20020668 . astro-ph/0203351. 18502004 .
  29. Stellar Family Portrait Takes Imaging Technique to New Extremes . European Southern Observatory Press Release . European Southern Observatory . 3 December 2009 . 47 . 2009eso..pres...47. . Science Release eso0947.
  30. A MAD view of Trumpler 14 . Astronomy & Astrophysics . H. . Sana . Y. . Momany . M. . Gieles . Y. . Beletsky . V. D. . Ivanov . G. . de Silva . G. . James . 1 . 515 . A26 . June 2010 . 10.1051/0004-6361/200913688 . 2010A&A...515A..26S . 1003.2208. 119294869 .
  31. Revised mass determination of the super massive Wolf-Rayet star WR 22 . Astronomy & Astrophysics . J. . Schweickhardt . W. . Schmutz . O. . Stahl . Th. . Szeifert . B. . Wolf . 1 . 347 . 1 . 127–136 . July 1999 . 1999A&A...347..127S.
  32. The Galactic WN stars. Spectral analyses with line-blanketed model atmospheres versus stellar evolution models with and without rotation . Astronomy & Astrophysics . Hamann . W.-R. . Gräfener . G. . Liermann . A. . 1 . 457 . 3 . 1015–1031 . October 2006 . 10.1051/0004-6361:20065052 . 2006A&A...457.1015H . astro-ph/0608078. 18714731 .
  33. Mass loss from late-type WN stars and its Z-dependence. Very massive stars approaching the Eddington limit . Astronomy & Astrophysics . Gräfener . G. . Hamann . W.-R. . amp . 482 . 3 . 945–960 . May 2008 . 10.1051/0004-6361:20066176 . 2008A&A...482..945G . 0803.0866. 16025012 .
  34. Chandra X-ray spectroscopy of the very early O supergiant HD 93129A: Constraints on wind shocks and the mass-loss rate . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . Cohen . D. H. . Gagné . M. . Leutenegger . M. A. . MacArthur . J. P. . Wollman . E. E. . Sundqvist . J. O. . Fullerton . A. W. . Owocki . S. P. . 1 . 415 . 4 . 3354–3364 . August 2011 . 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18952.x . free . 2011MNRAS.415.3354C . 1104.4786. 8258609 .
  35. Radio observations of HD 93129A: The earliest O star with the highest mass loss? . Astronomy & Astrophysics . P. . Benaglia . B. . Koribalski . amp . 416 . 1 . 171–178 . March 2004 . 10.1051/0004-6361:20034138 . 2004A&A...416..171B . astro-ph/0312003. 18416034 .
  36. Southern Massive Stars at High Angular Resolution: Observational Campaign and Companion Detection . The Astrophysical Journal Supplement . Sana . H. . Le Bouquin . J.-B. . Lacour . S. . Berger . J.-P. . Duvert . G. . Gauchet . L. . Norris . B. . Olofsson . J. . Pickel . D. . Zins . G. . Absil . O. . De Koter . A. . Kratter . K. . Schnurr . O. . Zinnecker . H. . 1 . 215 . 1 . 15 . November 2014 . 10.1088/0067-0049/215/1/15 . 2014ApJS..215...15S . 1409.6304. 53500788 .
  37. The Tycho-2 catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars . Astronomy & Astrophysics . Høg . E. . Fabricius . C. . Makarov . V. V. . Urban . S. . Corbin . T. . Wycoff . G. . Bastian . U. . Schwekendiek . P. . Wicenec . A. . 1 . 355 . L27–L30 . March 2000 . 2000A&A...355L..27H.
  38. Investigation on the region of the open cluster TR 14 . Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement . Vazquez . R. A. . Baume . G. . Feinstein . A. . Prado . P. . 1 . 116 . 75–94 . March 1996 . 1996A&AS..116...75V.
  39. The Non-thermal Radio Emitter HD 93250 Resolved by Long Baseline Interferometry . The Astrophysical Journal Letters . Sana . H. . Le Bouquin . J.-B. . De Becker . M. . Berger . J.-P. . De Koter . A. . Mérand . A. . 1 . 740 . 2 . L43 . October 2011 . 10.1088/2041-8205/740/2/L43 . 2011ApJ...740L..43S . 1110.0831. 119215270 .
  40. A census of the Carina Nebula. I. Cumulative energy input from massive stars . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . Smith . Nathan . 367 . 2 . 763–772 . April 2006 . 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10007.x . free . 2006MNRAS.367..763S . astro-ph/0601060. 14060690 .
  41. Radial velocities of southern B stars determined at the Radcliffe Observatory—VII . Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society . Thackeray . A. D. . Tritton . S. B. . Walker . E. N. . 1 . 77 . 199 . 1973 . 1973MmRAS..77..199T.
  42. Book: University of Michigan Catalogue of Two-Dimensional Spectral Types for the HD Stars. Volume 1. Declinations −90° to −53° . Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan . Houk . Nancy . Cowley . Anne P. . amp . 1975 . 978-0-8357-0331-4 . 1975mcts.book.....H.
  43. Early Results from the Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey: C III Emission Lines in of Spectra . The Astrophysical Journal Letters . Walborn . Nolan R. . Sota . Alfredo . Maíz Apellániz . Jesús . Alfaro . Emilio J. . Morrell . Nidia I. . Barbá . Rodolfo H. . Arias . Julia I. . Gamen . Roberto C. . 1 . 711 . 2 . L143–L147 . March 2010 . 10.1088/2041-8205/711/2/L143 . 2010ApJ...711L.143W . 1002.3293. 119122481 .
  44. Radial Velocities of Galactic O-type Stars. I. Short-term Constant Velocity Stars . The Astronomical Journal . Williams . S. J. . Gies . D. R. . Hillwig . T. C. . McSwain . M. V. . Huang . W. . 1 . 142 . 5 . 146 . November 2011 . 10.1088/0004-6256/142/5/146 . 2011AJ....142..146W. free .
  45. The Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey (GOSSS). III. 142 Additional O-type Systems . The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . Maíz Apellániz . J. . Sota . A. . Arias . J. I. . Barbá . R. H. . Walborn . N. R. . Simón-Díaz . S. . Negueruela . I. . Marco . A. . Leão . J. R. S. . Herrero . A. . Gamen . R. C. . Alfaro . E. J. . 1 . 224 . 1 . 4 . May 2016 . 10.3847/0067-0049/224/1/4 . 2016ApJS..224....4M . 1602.01336. 55658165 . free .
  46. Calculation of the masses of the binary star HD 93205 by application of the theory of apsidal motion . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . Benvenuto . O. G. . Serenelli . A. M. . Althaus . L. G. . Barbá . R. H. . Morrell . N. I. . 1 . 330 . 2 . 435–442 . February 2002 . 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05083.x . free . 2002MNRAS.330..435B . astro-ph/0110662. 16834579 .
  47. Light Curve Solution of HD 93205 (O3 V+O8 V) Containing the Earliest Known Star in a Well-studied Binary . The Astrophysical Journal . Eleonora A. . Antokhina . Anthony F. J. . Moffat . Igor I. . Antokhin . Jean-François . Bertrand . Robert . Lamontagne . 1 . 529 . 1 . 463–476 . January 2000 . 10.1086/308228 . 2000ApJ...529..463A. 117107602 . free .
  48. Optical spectroscopy of X-Mega targets – II. The massive double-lined O-type binary HD 93205 . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . Morrell . N. I. . Barbá . R. H. . Niemela . V. S. . Corti . M. A. . Albacete Colombo . J. F. . Rauw . G. . Corcoran . M. . Morel . T. . Bertrand . J.-F. . Moffat . A. F. J. . St-Louis . N. . 1 . 326 . 1 . 85–94 . September 2001 . 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04500.x . free . 2001MNRAS.326...85M . astro-ph/0105014. 16221731 .
  49. Web site: Collinder 228 . SEDS.org . Hartmut . Frommert . Christine . Kronberg . amp . 6 May 2001 . 29 November 2016.

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