NDUFAF3 explained

NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex assembly factor 3, also known as 2P1, E3-3, or C3orf60, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NDUFAF3 gene.[1] [2] [3] NDUFAF3 is a mitochondrial assembly protein involved in the assembly of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) also known as complex I, which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain.[4] Mutations in this gene have been associated with severe complex I deficiency and Leigh syndrome.

Structure

NDUFAF3 is located on the p arm of chromosome 3 in position 21.31 and has 7 exons. The NDUFAF3 gene produces a 20.4 kDa protein composed of 184 amino acids.[5] [6] NDUFAF3 encodes two isoforms which have a common DUF498 domain. Predictions indicate that isoform A contains an additional 35 amino acid N-terminal sequence and is thus longer than isoform B. The extra sequence may be involved in mitochondrial targeting, supporting NDUFAF3's function in mitochondrial assembly.

Function

NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) in the first step of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, resulting in the translocation of protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane.[7] The NDUFAF3 gene encodes a mitochondrial complex I assembly protein that localizes to the mitochondrial inner membrane and interacts with complex I subunits and is important for the correct function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

NDUFAF3 colocalizes, comigrates to several assembly intermediates, and is codependent with NDUFAF4 from the early to late stages of complex I assembly. In addition to their close interactions with each other, NDUFAF3 and NDUFAF4 interact with NDUFS2, NDUFS3, NDUFS8, and NDUFA5 in a translation-dependent early assembly mechanism. It is also suggested that NDUFAF3 is involved in coupling mitochondrial translation with membrane insertion in the process of complex I assembly.

Clinical Significance

Mutations in NDUFAF3 have been associated with complex I deficiency and mitochondrial diseases. These disorders are a result of the dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and can cause a wide range of clinical manifestations from lethal neonatal disease to adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders. Phenotypes include macrocephaly with progressive leukodystrophy, non-specific encephalopathy, cardiomyopathy, myopathy, liver disease, Leigh syndrome, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, and some forms of Parkinson disease. Mutations have included the homozygous variants c.494C > T; p.(Ala165Val),[8] c.365 G→C resulting in R122P, and c.2 T→C resulting in M1T.[9] Clinically, NDUFAF3 mutations have been associated with Leigh syndrome and severe complex I deficiency. Some common signs and symptoms include lactic acidosis, nystagmus, hypotonia, and cerebral lesions.

Interactions

In addition to co-complexes, NDUFAF3 has protein-protein interactions with NDUFAF4[10] and SNRPA.[11]

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: NDUFAF3 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex assembly factor 3 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI]. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2018-07-25.
  2. Web site: NDUFAF3 - NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex assembly factor 3 - Homo sapiens (Human) - NDUFAF3 gene & protein]. www.uniprot.org. en. 2018-07-25.
  3. UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase . Nucleic Acids Research . 45 . D1 . D158–D169 . January 2017 . 27899622 . 5210571 . 10.1093/nar/gkw1099 .
  4. Book: Fundamentals of biochemistry : life at the molecular level. Donald Voet. Judith G. Voet. Charlotte W. Pratt. 2013. Wiley. 9780470547847. 4th. Hoboken, NJ. 581–620. 18.
  5. Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P . Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase . Circulation Research . 113 . 9 . 1043–53 . October 2013 . 23965338 . 4076475 . 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151 .
  6. Web site: Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB) —— Protein Information. Yao. Daniel. amino.heartproteome.org. 2018-07-25.
  7. Web site: NDUFAF1 gene. Reference. Genetics Home. Genetics Home Reference. en. 2018-07-25.
  8. Baertling F, Sánchez-Caballero L, Timal S, van den Brand MA, Ngu LH, Distelmaier F, Rodenburg RJ, Nijtmans LG . Mutations in mitochondrial complex I assembly factor NDUFAF3 cause Leigh syndrome . Molecular Genetics and Metabolism . 120 . 3 . 243–246 . March 2017 . 27986404 . 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.12.005 .
  9. Saada A, Vogel RO, Hoefs SJ, van den Brand MA, Wessels HJ, Willems PH, Venselaar H, Shaag A, Barghuti F, Reish O, Shohat M, Huynen MA, Smeitink JA, van den Heuvel LP, Nijtmans LG . Mutations in NDUFAF3 (C3ORF60), encoding an NDUFAF4 (C6ORF66)-interacting complex I assembly protein, cause fatal neonatal mitochondrial disease . American Journal of Human Genetics . 84 . 6 . 718–27 . June 2009 . 19463981 . 2694978 . 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.04.020 .
  10. Web site: ndufaf3-ndufaf4 . IntAct . EMBL-EBI .
  11. Web site: ndufaf3-snrpa-1 . IntAct . EMBL-EBI .