National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology explained

National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology
Native Name:國家中山科學研究院
Type:administrative corporation
Industry:Defense and Manufacturing
Predecessor:Armaments Bureau
Successors:-->
Founders:-->
Hq Location City:Taoyuan City
Hq Location Country:Taiwan
Areas Served:-->
Key People:Chang Chung-Chung (張忠誠), (President)[1]
Products:Weapons systems and subsystems
Owner:Taiwanese Government
Num Employees:~10,000[2]
Num Employees Year:2019
Revenue:>1.7 billion USD[3]
Revenue Year:2019
Website:www.ncsist.org.tw

National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST;) is a Taiwanese state owned corporation, formerly part of the Ministry of National Defense's Armaments Bureau, which is active in the development, manufacturing, support, and sustainment of various weapons systems and dual use technologies.

NCSIST was established by the Taiwanese government to serve as a military R&D and systems integration center. In 2014 it became an administrative corporation owned by the Government of Taiwan. NCSIST is involved in product development, manufacturing, delivery, total life cycle sustainment and maintenance.[4] NCSIST fulfills a function comparable to the American Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) but they also assume mixed roles in competing for and awarding research and development, integration and manufacturing contracts. Along with the Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation, NCSIST it is considered to be one of the two Taiwanese prime defense contractors.[5] It is one of the 100 largest defense companies in the world.

History

Early history

Prior to the establishment of NCSIST, Taiwan had a poorly organized national defense industrial program, but the nation was faced with an increasing military threat from the People's Republic of China and a drawdown in international support and exclusion from international forums. The Republic of China would need to build its own set of hardware, instruments, laboratories, and test sites if it was to secure its independence and security.[6] Preparation for the NCSIST began in 1965, ground was broken on the Shinshin Campus in 1966, and the institute was formally inaugurated in 1969. Early work includes various missile and radar systems, as well as systems integration for ROC military aircraft and ships. The NCSIST was also, and remains, active in military construction.[7] After the United States switched diplomatic recognition from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China the Institute became even more important as Taiwanese authorities felt they could no longer view the United States as a reliable defense partner.

In the 1970s, the Institute replicated and produced the 9M14 Malyutka wire-guided anti-tank guided missile as the Kun Wu.[8] The ROC had obtained the 9M14 Malyutkas from South Vietnam. Due to the dated design and low priority placed on anti-tank weapons by the armed forces it was not widely adopted.[9] By the mid-1970s the Institute employed about 2,000 professionals.

In the late 1970s the Institute embarked on a project to create a short-range ballistic missile prototype known as the Ching Feng. The project was intended as a pilot project to build the necessary skills needed for a long range missile program. The Ching Feng was a single stage missile which could carry a 450 kg warhead up to 110 km. The type was displayed publicly in 1981 but production was cancelled in 1982 because of significant problems with the solid rocket motor and the guidance system. Overall the type resembled the American MGM-52 Lance. The follow on missile to, to be named Sky Horse, was also abandoned in 1981 under US pressure although interest in the type was revived in the 1990s after the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis.[10]

In the 1980s the Institute worked with Honeywell to design a distributed open architecture combat system to replace the obsolete MK 37 Gun Fire Control System aboard Taiwan's Gearing-class destroyers. This system, called the Modular Combat System (MCS), was the first distributed open architecture combat system in the world and featured easily upgradable COTS components. The system had challenges but did the job and was affordable with the architecture, computer, and software all being developed in Taiwan.

In the 1990s Taiwan was faced with tightening restrictions on arms imports from the international community as well as instability caused by the transition from an authoritarian to a democratic system. The Institute responded to these challenges by widening the scope of its R&D programs and implementing a system of vertical integration. In the late 1990s NCSIST developed a space launch platform based on their ballistic missile technology but this program was put on hold under a combination of US pressure and a promise to subsidize Taiwanese satellite launches using commercial American companies such as SpaceX.

In 2011 NCSIST awarded MiTAC a NT$70 million (US$2.22 million) contract to build one prototype "Radar Vehicle for Field Operation and Air Defense." In 2015 police in Taoyuan took into custody three workers and one manager from MiTAC on charges of forgery of data and fabrication of test results. The tender required the vehicle to be able to advance at 8 km/h up a 40 degree incline, the vehicle MiTAC delivered could only advance at 6 km/h. In addition three NCSIST staff were detained on suspicion of colluding with the MiTAC employees to fabricate the test results, these staff then presented the fabricated results to their superiors for approval. The Taoyuan District Prosecutors' Office began investigating after receiving a tip.[11]

Modern history

In 2014 NCSIST was made an administrative corporation by the government, ending its period of secrecy and opening up the opportunity to partner with foreign corporations and export equipment internationally.[12] The new corporate Board of Directors had their first meeting on April 18, 2014. The transition removed a number of restrictions for employees who were now no longer members of the military.[13]

Due to the end of the US Navy's support of the SM-1 missile system NCSIST has taken over support for the system including production of replacement rocket motors. The same approach was taken for the SM-1's Mark 13 missile launcher.

In 2016 NCSIST was awarded a $16.7m contract to carry out a life extension program for the Republic of China Air Force's stocks of MICA and Magic 2 air-to-air missiles. These two missiles arm the ROCAF's Mirage 2000 fighter aircraft.[14]

In 2017 NCSIST announced the commencement of "Project Vega" (織女星計畫) with the goal of producing an advanced domestic fighter as a successor to the F-CK-1. Development was to be split into two parts, the overall design and the engine production, with production to start in 2027. The engine has been dubbed F125XX and is expected to generate 16,400 lbf (73 kN). In 2021 NCSIST stated that work on both parts of the project had progressed ahead of schedule and would be completed by 2024.[15]

In 2017 NCIST exhibited again at International Defence Exhibition in Abu Dhabi after a twelve-year absence. They exhibited 39 items.[16]

In the mid-2010s NCSIST partnered with AIDC and the Republic of China Air Force (ROCAF) to create an advanced jet trainer based on the F-CK-1. AIDC is the prime contractor on the project with NCSIST taking a supporting role. Originally designated the XT-5 Blue Magpie but ruled out as the T-5 Brave Eagle the aircraft is based on the two-seat version of the F-CK-1 but with non-afterburning engines, greater fuel capacity, more stable wing profile, and the removal of the internal gun. The first of four prototypes, designated A1, was rolled out in September 2019.[17] As of end of 2023 31 Brave Eagle planes have been developed or evaluated.[18] Total order is 66 planes.[19]

NCSIST is participating in the development of the first domestic Taiwanese AUV.[20] In 2019 NCSIST launched an 80-ton 28m long high speed catamaran research and test vessel named the Glorious Star (光榮之星). Built in Lungteh Shipbuilding's Yilan County shipyard the purpose of the vessel is to shorten the research and development process for naval weapon systems.[21]

In 2019 Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen ordered the NCSIST to accelerate mass production of the TK-3 and HF-3 in response to increasing Chinese military power and bellicosity. In addition to stepping up missile production the President also ordered NCSIST leadership to focus building up their talent pool and increase partnerships with academia, industry and government at home and abroad.[22] Mass production of the long-range Yun Feng supersonic cruise missile began in 2019.[23]

In 2019 NCSIST opened Taiwan's first national unmanned aerial vehicle test site in Miaoli County. The test site is managed in partnership by NCSIST, the Miaoli County government, and the Ministry of Transportation and Communications (Taiwan). The site features a 20m runway and is rated for testing UAVs up to 150 kg in weight.[24] They also entered into an agreement with Asustek Computer Inc to collaborate on cloud-based storage, artificial intelligence, and Internet of Things technology.[25]

In November 2019 NCSIST tested a new short range anti-ship missile from the Glorious Star which while weighting significantly less than the Hsiung Feng II is said to have the same range.[26]

In March 2020 NCSIST conducted live fire daytime and nighttime artillery and UAV detection tests which were observed by a People's Liberation Army Navy Hsiang Yang Hung-class survey vessel.[27]

In April 2020 Chang Chung-Cheng (張忠誠) replaced Gao Chung-Hsing (杲中興) as the president of NCSIST. Gao had courted controversy by deliberately misinterpreting The Classified National Security Information Protection Act. Chang Chung-Cheng is a retired major general who served in the Combined Logistics Command as well as the Armaments Bureau.[1]

In July 2020 NCSIST was awarded a NT$4.8 billion (US$163 million) contract to produce 516 sets of secure high frequency radios for the Taiwanese military. The military side of the contract will be handled by the Navy with a deadline for delivery in late 2023.[28]

In 2021 the Taiwanese army ordered 50 drone helicopters from NCSIST for delivery by the first quarter 2022.[29]

In 2021 NCSIST deputy director Leng Chin-hsu told the Taiwanese Parliament that NCSIST had three previously undisclosed long range missiles in development. Defense minister Chiu Kuo-cheng added that work by NCSIST on such weapons had never stopped and remained a priority.[30]

In May 2021 the Taiwanese navy ordered a new series of shore based medium-to-long range maritime surveillance radars from NCSIST.[31]

In August 2021 it was announced that an extended range version of the TC-2 had been ordered by the Air Force with 250-300 ordered from NCSIST at a unit cost of NT$30 million (US$1.07 million).[32]

In September 2021 a delegation of Taiwanese legislators paid a visit to NCSIST after approving a NT$240 billion (US$8.63 billion) special budget for domestic weapons procurement.[33]

In 2022 SIPRI placed NCSIST on the list of the 100 largest arms manufactures in the world, ranking 60th with a 2022 operating income of two billion USD and a projected 2023 operating income of four billion USD.[34]

WMDs

See also: Taiwan and weapons of mass destruction. The institute developed nuclear weapons during the Cold War. In 1967, a nuclear weapons program began under the auspices of the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER) of CSIST. After the International Atomic Energy Agency found evidence of the ROC's efforts to produce weapons-grade plutonium, Taipei agreed in September 1976 under U.S. pressure to dismantle its nuclear weapons program. Though the nuclear reactor was soon shut down and the plutonium mostly returned to the U.S., a secret program was revealed when Colonel Chang Hsien-yi, deputy director of nuclear research at INER, defected to the U.S. in December 1987 and produced a cache of incriminating documents. At present there is no claim that any nuclear weapons program is being pursued.[35]

Developed weapons systems

Aircraft

Developed by division later spun off as AIDC and was a contractor also.[36] Worked with AIDC to provide upgrades for the IDF.[37]

First exhibited in 2017, visually similar to IAI Harpy.[45] In 2019 the Taiwan Air Force's Air Defense and Missile Command announced a five-year, NT$80b (US$2.54b) project to build up a full force of anti-radiation UAVs.[46] The anti-radiation drone has a reported loiter time of 100 hours and a top speed of 185 km/h.[47] Three variants were unveiled in 2023.[44]

Missile systems

road mobile SHORAD system built around the TC-1.[56]

sea based point defense system built around the TC-1.[57]

Other weapon systems

Civilian and non-weapon systems

Organization

The institute is divided into six research divisions and five centers.[89] Research divisions pursue both project oriented and basic scientific research.

Research Divisions

Centers

Locations

NCSIST facilities are located in Taoyuan (four facilities), New Taipei City, Taichung City, Kaohsiung, and Pingtung County.[90]

In 2022 a locally designed propellant factory at the NCSIST's Jiupeng complex in Pingtung was completed. The facility allows for increased production of missiles and rockets.[91]

See also

Similar organizations

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Cheng . Ching-Tse . Taiwan military research institute announces new president . www.taiwannews.com.tw . 16 April 2020 . Taiwan News . 19 April 2020.
  2. Web site: LUNDQUIST . EDWARD . Neighborhood Problems in the Taiwan Strait . indsr.org.tw . INDSR . 5 December 2019 . 5 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191205195549/https://indsr.org.tw/en/News_detail/122/Neighborhood-Problems-in-the-Taiwan-Strait . dead .
  3. Web site: Cheng . Jiawen . Missiles start ... Chinese Academy of Sciences's turnover reached 50 billion yuan last year . udn.com . United Daily News . 19 January 2020.
  4. Web site: Lundquist . Edward W. . nterview with Adm. Richard Chen, Republic of China Navy (Ret.) . Defense Media Network . 2 August 2019.
  5. Web site: Du . Eric . VIEWPOINT: Business Opportunities for U.S. Defense Firms Abound in Taiwan . www.nationaldefensemagazine.org.
  6. Web site: NCSIST: Always adapting to an ever-changing world . GMI Post . 2 August 2019.
  7. Web site: History . NCSIST.
  8. Web site: Malyutka . Military Today . 28 August 2019.
  9. Web site: Taiwan's Modest Defense Industries Program . https://web.archive.org/web/20170123214031/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP04T00447R000100590001-9.pdf . dead . January 23, 2017 . Central Intelligence Agency . 28 August 2019.
  10. Book: Dinshaw Mistry. Containing Missile Proliferation: Strategic Technology, Security Regimes, and International Cooperation in Arms Control. 20 June 2013. University of Washington Press. 978-0-295-80252-7. 97.
  11. Web site: Pan . Jason . Four detained in military radar scandal . Taipei Times . 6 March 2015 . 8 August 2019.
  12. Web site: Pocock . Chris . Taiwan's Good Technical Offer Is Affected By Politics . AIN Online . 7 June 2019.
  13. Web site: Tu . Aaron . Chung . Jake . Amendments aim to restrict institute staff travel: source . www.taipeitimes.com . 5 April 2020 . Taipei Times . 12 April 2020.
  14. Web site: Yeo . Mike . Taiwan fighter jets get new electronic warfare capabilities in latest upgrade . Defense News . 21 December 2017 . 30 August 2019.
  15. Web site: Everington . Keoni . Taiwan's development of its next-generation fighter ahead of schedule . www.taiwannews.com.tw . 15 April 2021 . Taiwan News . 15 April 2021.
  16. Web site: Packing a punch [IDEX17D3] ]. Janes . 30 August 2019.
  17. Web site: Choo . Roy . PICTURE: Taiwan unveils "Brave Eagle" AJT . Flight Global . 7 October 2019.
  18. Web site: 游振昇 . 漢翔達成國機國造今年17架目標 董事長今率飛4架勇鷹交台東 . udn . 13 January 2024.
  19. Web site: Lake . Jon . Taiwan Unveils New Advanced Trainer . AIN Online . 8 October 2019.
  20. Web site: Chen Chih-chong and . Kuan-lin Liu . Taiwan plans to launch its first indigenous AUV within 5 years . Focus Taiwan . September 2017 . 14 May 2019.
  21. Web site: Strong . Matthew . Taiwan launches military test ship . Taiwan News . 16 March 2019 . 21 April 2019.
  22. Web site: Wen Kuei-hsiang and . FLor Wang . Taiwan president urges faster mass production of missiles . Focus Taiwan . 18 May 2019.
  23. Web site: Axe . David . BOOM: Why China Should Take Taiwan's New Cruise Missile Seriously . Yahoo News . 8 October 2019.
  24. Web site: DeAeth . Duncan . Taiwan opens first national drone testing site . Taiwan News . 12 September 2019 . 7 October 2019.
  25. Web site: Taiwan Business Quick Take . Taipei Times . 13 September 2019 . 8 October 2019.
  26. Web site: Lao . George . Taiwan tests new anti-ship missile . www.taiwannews.com.tw . 27 November 2019 . Taiwan News . 6 December 2019.
  27. Web site: Chen . Kelvin . Taiwan Air Force and NCSIST conduct live fire exercises . www.taiwannews.com.tw . 10 April 2020 . Taiwan News . 12 April 2020.
  28. Web site: Strong . Matthew . Taiwan military budgets NT$4.8 billion for high-frequency communication system . www.taiwannews.com.tw . 18 July 2020 . Taiwan News . 18 July 2020.
  29. Web site: Yu . Matt . Lim . Emerson . Taiwan Army tests helicopter drone in airport defense drill . focustaiwan.tw . 19 January 2021 . Focus Taiwan . 11 February 2021.
  30. Web site: Taiwan says it has begun mass producing long-range missiles . www.aljazeera.com . Reuters . 25 March 2021.
  31. Web site: Strong . Matthew . Taiwan Navy orders new radar system from domestic manufacturer . www.taiwannews.com.tw . 13 May 2021 . Taiwan News . 15 May 2021.
  32. Web site: Yu . Matt . Yeh . Joseph . Taiwan to soon mass produce extended-range air-to-air missiles: source . focustaiwan.tw . 4 August 2021 . Focus Taiwan . 4 August 2021.
  33. Web site: Strong . Matthew . Taiwanese legislators visit domestic missile maker . www.taiwannews.com.tw . 29 September 2021 . Taiwan News . 20 October 2021.
  34. Web site: Strong . Matthew . Taiwan missile producer joins global top-100 arms makers . taiwannews.com.tw . 6 December 2022 . Taiwan News . 6 December 2022.
  35. Web site: China's Greatest Nightmare: Taiwan Armed with Nuclear Weapons. Mizokami. Kyle. The National Interest. 4 March 2017. en. 2017-03-12.
  36. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/taiwan/aidc.htm Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation (AIDC).
  37. http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/taiwan-seeking-a-better-fck-with-possible-longerterm-aspirations-02492/ Taiwan Seeking a Better F-CK, With Possible Longer-Term Aspirations.
  38. Web site: AT-3 Tz-chiang Advanced Trainer. NCSIST. 2017-03-16.
  39. Web site: Axe . David . Coming Soon: Killer Drones from Taiwan (That China Will Hate)? . The National Interest . 29 May 2019 . 18 July 2019.
  40. Web site: Strong . Matthew . Taiwan tests largest domestic drone above Taitung . Taiwan News . 13 April 2018 . 18 July 2019.
  41. Web site: Taiwan to form fleet of armed unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to patrol its coastline . Military & Aerospace Electronics . October 2018 . 18 July 2019.
  42. Web site: Cole . J. Michael . Taiwan Unveils New Long-Endurance Drone, New Weapons at Defense Trade Show . The Diplomat . 18 July 2019.
  43. Web site: Cardinal Mini Unmanned Aircraft Systems. NCSIST. 2017-03-16.
  44. Web site: DOMINGUEZ . GABRIEL . Taking page from Ukraine, Taiwan shows off new killer drones . japantimes.co.jp/ . 14 March 2023 . Japan Times . 14 March 2023.
  45. Web site: Cole . J. Michael . How Taiwan Can Defend Its Coastline Against China . National Interest . 30 June 2019 . 13 July 2019.
  46. Web site: Liao . George . Taiwan military to spend NT$80 billion on anti-radiation drone fleet . Taiwan News . 19 June 2019 . 22 June 2019.
  47. Web site: Cole . J. Michael . Taiwanese Military Unveils New Equipment at Defense Trade Show . Taiwan Sentinel . 2 August 2019.
  48. Web site: Spark Target Drone . www.ncsist.org.tw/ . NCSIST . 17 January 2020.
  49. Web site: HELFRICH . EMMA . ROGOWAY . TYLER . Taiwan Shows Off Its Radar-Killing Kamikaze Drones . thedrive.com . 16 November 2022 . The Drive . 18 November 2022.
  50. Web site: Chen . Kelvin . Taiwan's NCSIST unveils new single-rotor drone . taiwannews.com.tw . 15 November 2022 . Taiwan News . 18 November 2022.
  51. Web site: Chung . Lawrence . Taiwan unveils close-range helicopter-like drone to keep an eye on threats from mainland China . scmp.com . 16 November 2022 . South China Morning Post . 18 November 2022.
  52. Web site: Cheung . Eric . Taiwan unveils its new combat and surveillance drones as China threat grows . cnn.com . 14 March 2023 . CNN . 14 March 2023.
  53. http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/taiwan/csist.htm Chungshan Institute of Science and Technology.
  54. Web site: HF III Supersonic Anti-Ship Missile. NCSIST. 2017-03-13.
  55. Web site: Tien-Kung (Sky Bow) . Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance . 23 July 2019.
  56. Web site: The Antelope . Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance . 21 April 2019.
  57. Web site: Sea Oryx . Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance . 21 April 2019.
  58. Web site: Tien Chien-2N (TC-2N) . Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance . 23 July 2019.
  59. News: Taiwan to aim missiles at China. NewsComAu. 2017-03-13. en.
  60. News: Taiwan Unveils 'Wan Chien' Air-To-Ground Cruise Missile. Cole. J. Michael. The Diplomat. 2017-03-16. en-US.
  61. Web site: Ray-Ting 2000 Artillery Multiple Launch Rocket System. NCSIST. 2017-03-13.
  62. Web site: Kestrel latest generation of rocket launcher weapon presented by Chung-Shan Institute TADTE 1908136. 19 August 2013. armyrecognition.com.
  63. Web site: Kestrel Rocket . NCSIST . 1 July 2019.
  64. Web site: Jake Chung. Lo Tien-pin. US, Taiwan sign missile deal: source. Mar 31, 2018. Taipei Times. 1 July 2019.
  65. Web site: New short-range automated defense weapon systems XTR-101 and XTR-102 at TADTE 2013 1608133. 15 August 2013. armyrecognition.com.
  66. Web site: Minnick . Wendell . Taiwan Defense Show Exhibits New Weapons . Defense News . 12 August 2015 . 6 May 2019.
  67. Web site: Yeo . Mike . Taiwan's Navy seeks first indigenous landing platform dock . Defense News . 19 April 2017 . 2 August 2019.
  68. Web site: New local-made Bistatic Radar - Passive Receiver System of Taiwanese army for coast surveillance 250. 25 August 2013. armyrecognition.com . 17 May 2019.
  69. Web site: Everington . Keoni . Taiwan field testing new mobile passive radar systems to hunt Chinese stealth fighter jets . Taiwan News . 15 May 2018 . 2 August 2019.
  70. Web site: Mobile Passive Radar Systems . NCSIST . 2 August 2019.
  71. Web site: Su-wei . Wu . Chin . Jonathan . No mass reprimands due to top-secret leak: MND . www.taipeitimes.com . 9 April 2021 . Taipei Times . 16 April 2021.
  72. Web site: AV2 Long-range Chaff Rocket . NCSIST . 16 July 2019.
  73. Web site: 2.75 Inch Rocket . NCSIST . 16 July 2019.
  74. Web site: Mine . NCSIST . 16 July 2019.
  75. Web site: THOMPSON . DREW . HOPE ON THE HORIZON: TAIWAN'S RADICAL NEW DEFENSE CONCEPT . War on the Rocks . 2 October 2018 . 16 July 2019.
  76. Web site: TREVITHICK . JOSEPH . Taiwan's Next Batch Of Stealthy Catamarans Will Have Serious Mine-Laying Capabilities . The Drive . 24 May 2019 . 16 July 2019.
  77. Web site: Chang . Eric . Taiwan Navy conducts mine drills amidst increasing Chinese military activity . www.taiwannews.com.tw . 24 June 2020 . Taiwan News . 6 July 2020.
  78. Web site: Yu . Matt . Yeh . Joseph . Taiwan to install UAV defense systems at 45 military bases nationwide . focustaiwan.tw . 19 May 2022 . Focus Taiwan . 19 May 2022.
  79. Web site: Stuckey . Alex . NASA spent $100 million on much-anticipated lunar rover before scrapping it in April . Chron . 5 June 2018 . 17 June 2019.
  80. Web site: Jonathan Chin . Lo Tien-pin and . Taiwan-designed computer now part of an ISS mission . Taipei Times . 12 June 2017 . 17 June 2019.
  81. Web site: An . David . US-Taiwan Space Cooperation: Formosat, AMS, and the ISS computer . Global Taiwan Institute . 5 June 2019 . 17 June 2019.
  82. Web site: Tzu-ti . Huang . Taiwan hails home-built locomotive simulator as milestone for rail industry . Taiwan News . 25 April 2019 . 28 May 2019.
  83. Web site: Taiwan's top defense R&D outfit to work with UK radar tech company . Taiwan Today . 20 July 2018. 2 August 2019.
  84. Web site: Wallace . John . Aspheres: Industry 4.0 techniques drive fabrication of prototype off-axis ELT mirrors . www.laserfocusworld.com . 18 February 2020 . Laser Focus World . 20 February 2020.
  85. Web site: Hui-ju . Chien . Chung . Jake . Taiwan-made gear helps researchers see 'first light' . taipeitimes.com . 17 September 2021 . Taipei Times . 17 September 2021.
  86. Web site: Sabala . Joe . Taiwan Unveils 'Ironman' Suit to Enhance Soldier Endurance . www.thedefensepost.com . 27 October 2021 . The Defense Post . 27 October 2021.
  87. Web site: Liao . Leslie . Defense ministry showcases powered exoskeleton . en.rti.org.tw . Radio Taiwan International . 11 November 2021.
  88. Web site: Staff Writer . Military unveils locally developed exoskeleton suit . www.taipeitimes.com . 27 October 2021 . Taipei Times . 11 November 2021.
  89. Web site: Organization . NCSIST . 23 July 2019.
  90. Web site: Locations . NCSIST . 23 July 2019.
  91. Web site: Yu . Matt . Liu . Kay . Taiwan's first locally designed, built missile fuel factory opens . focustaiwan.tw . 24 June 2022 . Focus Taiwan . 7 July 2022.

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