National Council for Peace and Order explained

National Council for Peace and Order
Native Name:	คณะรักษาความสงบแห่งชาติ
Native Name Lang:	th
Formation:	22 May 2014
Dissolved:	16 July 2019
Type:	Military junta
Headquarters:	Royal Thai Army Headquarters
Leader Title:	Appointer
Leader Name:	Bhumibol Adulyadej^[1]
Leader Title2:	Leader
Leader Name2:	Prayut Chan-o-cha
Key People:	Prawit Wongsuwan Deputy Thanasak Patimaprakorn Deputy Narong Pipathanasai Deputy Prajin Juntong Deputy Adul Saengsingkaew Deputy Apirat Kongsompong Secretary

The National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO; Thai: คณะรักษาความสงบแห่งชาติ; ; abbreviated (Thai: คสช.;)) was the military junta that ruled Thailand between its 2014 Thai coup d'état on 22 May 2014 and 16 July 2019.^[2] On 20 May 2014, the military declared martial law nationwide in an attempt to stop the country's escalating political crisis, and to force the democratically elected government out of office.^[3] On 22 May, the military removed the Yingluck Shinawatra government and formed the NCPO to take control of the country. The junta censored the broadcasting system in Thailand, suspended most of the constitution (except for the article concerning the country's king), and detained members of the Thai cabinet.^[4] The NCPO was formally dissolved following the swearing-in of the new cabinet on 16 July 2019.^{[5] [6]} Critics like former Thai ambassador Pithaya Pookaman charge that the NCPO "...is practically still very much intact. Its arbitrary power[s] ... transferred to the existing Internal Security Operations Command chaired by the prime minister."^[7]

Name

The original English name assumed by the junta was "National Peace and Order Maintaining Council" or "NPOMC".^[8] The name was later changed to "National Council for Peace and Order" or "NCPO" on 24 May 2014.^[9]

Membership and authority

On 22 May 2014, the NCPO announced its composition^[10] and stated that its leader would exercise all powers and duties which the laws invest in the prime minister and the cabinet, until a new prime minister was elected or appointed.^{[11] [12]}

On 23 May, the NCPO announced that short and long-term national administrative policies would be determined by its leader. It assigned its members to government ministries and agencies.^[13]

On 24 May 2014, the NCPO dissolved the Senate and vested legislative power in its leader. It also ordered the judicial branch to operate under its directives.^[14] Later that day, it transferred Police General Adul Saengsingkaew, who was the Commissioner-General of the Royal Thai Police and also its deputy leader, to an inactive post in the Office of the Prime Minister.^[15] Adul was replaced by Police General Watcharapol Prasarnrajkit.^[16]

On 26 May, King Bhumibol Adulyadej endorsed the coup, formally appointing General Prayut Chan-o-cha to "take charge of public administration" as of 24 May.^{[17] [18]}

Office	Name	Military status			In charge of
		Branch	Rank	Position
Leader	Prayut Chan-o-cha		General	Commander-in-Chief
Deputy Leader	Thanasak Patimaprakorn	Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters	General	Chief of the Armed Forces
Deputy Leader	Narong Pipathanasai	Royal Thai Navy	Admiral	Commander-in-Chief
Deputy Leader	Prajin Juntong	Royal Thai Air Force	Air Chief Marshal	Commander-in-Chief
Deputy Leader	Adul Sangsingkeo	Royal Thai PoliceOffice of Prime Minister	Police General	Former Commissioner-GeneralMinister of the Office of Prime Minister
Secretary-General	Teerachai Nakwanich	Royal Thai Army	General	Deputy Commander-in-Chief
Deputy Secretary-General	Chatudom Titthasiri	Royal Thai Army	General	Deputy Commander-in-Chief
Spokesman	Winthai Suvaree	Royal Thai Army	Colonel	Vice Spokesman of the Army

Board of consultants

On 26 May 2014, the NCPO announced the formation of its Board of Consultants:

Office	Name	Note
Chairman	Prawit Wongsuwan	Former Minister of Defence, (Abhisit Vejjajiva's cabinet)
Vice Chairman	Anupong Paochinda	Former commander-in-chief of the army
Vice Chairman	Pridiyathorn Devakula	Former Governor of the Bank of Thailand
Consultant	Somkid Jatusripitak	Former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, (Thaksin Shinawatra's cabinet)
Consultant	Narongchai Akrasanee	Member of Thai Monetary Policy Committee and Former Minister of Trade, (Chavalit Yongchaiyudh's cabinet)
Consultant	Wissanu Krea-ngam	Former Deputy Prime Minister, (Thaksin Shinawatra's cabinet)
Consultant	Yongyuth Yuthavong	Former Minister of Science and Technology, (Surayud Chulanont's cabinet)
Consultant	Itthaporn Subhawong	Former commander-in-chief of the air force
Consultant	Noppadol Intapanya	Former secretary to Minister of Defence, (Prawit Wongsuwan)
Consultant and Secretary	Dowpong Rattanasuwan	Former vice commander-in-chief of the army

Political motivations and objectives

The stated objective of the coup and NCPO was to restore order to Thailand and to enact political reforms.^[19] Specifically, Thailand's military junta promised to clean up corruption, reduce political tensions, transform the Thai economy, solve the issues in Thailand's educational system and infrastructure, and equitably allocate state funding regionally. Since then, Thailand's military has failed to demonstrate it is a neutral, prudent economic manager that refrains from mixing business and politics. Top army brass appear to be inexplicably wealthy. The generals have been accused of larding Thai companies with junta cronies, of boosting defense budgets, and of making little progress on economic reform.^[20]

Attitude adjustment

Since taking over, the NCPO has made full use of martial law to prosecute opponents, ban political activity, and censor the media. More than 1,000 people, including academics, political bloggers, activists and politicians, have been detained or sent for "attitude adjustment" at military installations. There are allegations of torture. Prosecutions under the country's strict lèse majesté laws, which protect the monarchy from insult, have risen sharply.^[21] In its annual report in January 2015, Human Rights Watch said military rule had sent human rights in Thailand into "a freefall".^[22]

The victims said that they were taken out of their house and detained in the military base. Renowned dissents such as Yingluck Shinawatra, Watana Muangsook, Pravit Rojanaphruk, and Karun Hosakul were abused by the NCPO since the coup. Deputy Prime Minister Prawit Wongsuwan told reporters that "If they speak so 100 times, they will be summoned 100 times." Prawit added that "attitude adjustment" can last between three and seven days.^[23]

State influence on Buddhism

From 2015, Buddhism in Thailand came under significantly higher state control during Prayut's premiership. Following the coup, the NCPO set up a National Reform Council with a religious committee led by former Thai senator Paiboon Nititawan and former monk Mano Laohavanich. The calls for reform were led by one of Prayut's close allies, activist monk Phra Buddha Issara,^[24] known for leading the violent protests in Bangkok that led to the coup.^{[25] [26] [27]}

In 2016, the NCPO proposed requiring temples to open their finances to the public^[28] and requiring monks to carry smart cards to identify their legal and religious backgrounds.^{[29] [30]} The measures were aimed at increasing transparency and efficiency in the management of temples and registration of monks, and were endorsed by the Sangha Supreme Council. The new constitution promulgated in 2017 indicates that the state shall support Buddhism and other religions as well as in disseminating the teachings of Theravada Buddhism.^{[31] [32] [33]} Prayut later stalled a decision by the Sangha Supreme Council by refusing to submit the nomination for Supreme Patriarch of Somdet Chuang, a Maha Nikaya monk who was next in line for the position.^[34] The appointment was stalled until a law passed that allowed the Thai government to bypass the Sangha Supreme Council and appoint the Supreme Patriarch directly.^{[35] [36]} This led to the appointment of a monk from the Dhammayuttika Nikaya instead by King Rama X, who chose the name out of one of five given to him by Prayut.^[36]

In 2017, Prayut used article 44 to replace the head of the National Office of Buddhism with a Department of Special Investigation (DSI) official.^[37] However, in August 2017, Prayut removed him from the post after religious groups called on the government to fire him because of his reform plans, which were viewed as damaging the image of monks. Phra Buddha Issara said the junta gave in to pressure too easily given government promises to fight corruption.^[38]

In May 2018, the NCPO launched simultaneous raids of four different temples to arrest several monks shortly after a crackdown on protesters on the anniversary of the coup.^{[39] [40]} To the surprise of many officials, one of the monks arrested was Phra Buddha Issara, known for his ties to Prayut.^[41] The right-wing monk was arrested for charges brought against him in 2014, including alleged robbery and detaining officials, however, his most serious charge was a charge of unauthorized use of the royal seal filed in 2017.^{[42] [43]} Police did not state why he was just then being arrested for charges filed as far back as four years ago; one activist stated he believed it was because of an order from an undisclosed influential figure. Former Senator Paiboon, who led the NCPO's tightening control of Buddhism, also expressed surprise at the arrest.^[39] All of the monks arrested in the May raids were defrocked shortly after being taken into custody, and detained before trial.^[44]

Decisions and future

The NCPO repealed the 2007 Constitution, save the second chapter which deals with the King. In addition, it formally ordered the dissolution of the caretaker government, while the Senate was dissolved. Other state agencies, including the courts and the independent organs, remain operative.^[45]

The NCPO imposed a curfew throughout the country, ordering people to stay indoors from 22:00 to 05:00.^[46] It laid down a ban on political gatherings and directed all protesters to disperse.^[10] It also ordered all educational institutes, both public and private, to close from 23 to 25 May 2014.^[47]

Compensation

On 2 August 2014, a law was issued to determine monthly salaries and other monetary benefits for NCPO staff. General Prayut was granted 125,590 baht per month. Each of the other NCPO members was granted salaries of 119,920 baht (US$3,362) per month. These salaries are in addition to the benefits they are already entitled to receive by virtue of their posts in the armed forces.^[48]

Reactions to the coup

Immediately after the coup was announced, People's Democratic Reform Committee (PDRC) protesters expressed their support for the takeover. Phra Buddha Issara, a Buddhist monk and PDRC co-leader, went on stage and proclaimed the victory of the anti-Yingluck Shinawatra government protesters before requesting that protesters return to their homes.^[49] Some pro-Shinawatra government protesters dispersed at the behest of the military, while others refused to leave.^[50] The NCPO provided 70 military vehicles to send protesters from both sides home.^[51]

• – Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird condemned the coup and said, "This decision violates Thailand's democratic principles and stands in stark contrast to the Army's earlier assurances that its role would be limited to securing public order. We hope and expect the Thai military will return Thailand to civilian rule as soon as possible, respect democratic processes and the rule of law, ensure freedom of expression and assembly, and guarantee due process for those who have been detained."^[52]
• – The European External Action Service (EEAS) called for the military to accept and respect the constitutional authority of civilian power and stressed "the importance of holding credible and inclusive elections as soon as feasible".^[53]
• – President François Hollande condemned the coup and called for "an immediate return to the constitutional order and for a vote to be organised".^[54]
• – Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations issued a statement expressing concern over the coup, and called for "a prompt return to constitutional, civilian, democratic rule" and movement towards cooperation between the parties.^[55]
• – Secretary of State John Kerry condemned the coup and said that "this act will have negative implications for the US–Thai relationship, especially for our relationship with the Thai military".^[56]
• – Britain expressed concern over the coup, however it did not go as far as to condemn it. The British Foreign Office urged British travelers to follow travel advice, and stated that, "We are concerned at the announcement of a military coup in Thailand and are following developments closely. We urge all sides to put aside their differences, and adhere to the values of democracy and the rule of law. This is clearly in the interests of the people of Thailand." They also added, "ongoing political instability and the continued violence undermine Thailand's democratic framework."^[57]

The NCPO in action

• The government seized thousands of "divisive" blue medical boxes and towels intended for distribution to the elderly on 12 April 2016. The boxes were donated by the Democrat Party. The blue boxes carried the photo of Abhisit Vejjajiva, leader of the party. The military had only the week before seized almost 9,000 red Songkran water bowls from the Democrats' rival, the Pheu Thai Party. "The NCPO adheres to principles, righteousness and fairness under the same law. People may wonder why things cannot be handed out during this time of happiness, please understand the officials," said Colonel Piyapong Klinpan, NCPO spokesman. The Democrats had assembled more than 1,200 sets of medicine boxes and towels for the elderly in Phran Kratai District of Kamphaeng Phet Province, a party stronghold. The giveaways were aimed at marking Elderly Day on 13 April.^{[58] [59]}
• In December 2015, during the same week he disparaged the poor looking for handouts, the government announced a slate of "New Year's gifts" to the populace. These included tax breaks on purchases made between 25 and 31 December, toll-free expressways, and discounted appliances and other governmental largesse.^[60]
• The Article 44 was used to suspend Sukhumbhand Paribatra, the governor of Bangkok, after irregularities made by the Office of the Auditor-General (OAG).^[61]
• In September 2018, the government arrested several alleged sympathizers of a vestigial political movement advocating the abolishment of the constitutional monarchy. Police seized as evidence T-shirts bearing the group's logo of a red and white flag. Deputy Prime Minister Prawit Wongsuwan declared, "They sell shirts and flags. We've arrested three or four of them now. Whoever we can get to, we will arrest them all," he said, adding "They are traitors."^{[62] [63]}
• On 10 September 2018, police shut down a forum on the topic, "Will Myanmar's Generals Ever Face Justice for International Crimes?" organized by the Foreign Correspondents Club of Thailand (FCCT) in Bangkok. The reasons given by police for the shut down: it could damage national security, affect foreign relations, and a give a third party the opportunity to create unrest. It is thought that this is the sixth time police have forced the cancellation of an FCCT program since Thailand's military seized power in 2014.^[64]

Dissolution

On 6 April 2017, a new constitution drafted by the NCPO was promulgated replacing the 2014 interim constitution. The transitory provisions of the 2017 constitution state that the NCPO will come to an end when a cabinet established after the first general election under this constitution takes office, but until then the NCPO retained its sweeping powers under the 2014 constitution. These provisions also constitutionalised all the actions as well as the announcements and orders of the NCPO.^[65]

Parliamentary elections under the new 2017 Constitution were held on 24 March 2019. The NCPO was dissolved on 16 July 2019 with the swearing-in of the new cabinet.^{[5] [66]}

See also

• 2013–14 Thai political crisis
• 2014 Thai coup d'état
• Constitution of Thailand
• 2014 interim constitution of Thailand
• Prayut Chan-o-cha
• 2019 Thai general election

Notes and References

1. แต่งตั้งหัวหน้าคณะรักษาความสงบแห่งชาติ . ราชกิจจานุเบกษา . 26 May 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140528010329/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2557/E/082/1.PDF . dead . May 28, 2014 . Appoint the leader of NCPO.
2. News: Hjelmgaard. Kim. Stanglin. Doug. Dorell. Oren . Thai military declares coup, detains party leaders . USA Today . 2014-05-22. 2014-05-23.
3. News: Riot police pulled out. 2018-09-01. Bangkok Post. 20 May 2014.
4. News: Botelho. Greg. Hancocks. Paula . Olarn. Kocha. Thai military takes over country in coup—again . CNN. 2014-05-22. 2014-05-23.
5. News: Nanuam . Wassana . Bangprapa . Mongkol . HM gives cabinet moral support . 17 July 2019 . Bangkok Post . 17 July 2019.
6. Web site: "หัวหน้าคสช."เตรียมแถลงสารขอบคุณปชช. โวทำก้าวหน้าหลายเรื่อง เตรียมพ้นสภาพพรุ่งนี้. 15 July 2019.
7. News: Pookaman . Pithaya . Thailand's Government a Junta by Any Other Name . 19 July 2019 . Asia Sentinel . 19 July 2019.
8. Web site: สำนักข่่าวแห่งชาติ: National Peace and Order Maintaining Council Announcement 1/2014 . Thainews.prd.go.th . 2014-05-23 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140522194852/http://thainews.prd.go.th/centerweb/newsen/NewsDetail?NT01_NewsID=WNPOL5705220010016 . 2014-05-22 .
9. Web site: Junta summons TV operators, TV network operators . The Nation . 2014-05-24 . 2014-05-24 .
10. Web site: th:คสช. ตั้งบิ๊กตู่หัวหน้าคณะ ให้ รธน. สิ้นสุดชั่วคราว ครม. หมดอายุ วุฒิฯ-องค์กรอิสระยังอยู่ . Big Tu leads NOPCM, charter suspended, cabinet dissolved, senate and independent organs remain in existence . Manager . 2014-05-22 . 2014-05-22 . th . http://www.manager.co.th/Politics/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9570000057200 .
11. Web site: th:คสช. สั่งผู้ประกอบการสื่อสังคมออนไลน์ระงับส่งข้อความยั่วยุ . NCPO orders all online media service providers to suspend provocative info . th . Manager . 2014-05-22 . 2014-05-23 . http://www.manager.co.th/Politics/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9570000057279 .
12. News: Coup leader to act as PM pending new premier appointment . The Nation . 2014-05-22 . 2014-05-23 .
13. Web site: th:'คสช.' ประกาศ ฉ. 22 จัดส่วนงาน-กำหนดหน้าที่ความรับผิดชอบ . NCPO announcement 22: arrangement of administrative agencies and determination of duties and responsibilities . Thairath . 2014-05-23 . 2014-05-23 . http://www.thairath.co.th/content/424771 . th .
14. Web site: th:รวมประกาศ-คำสั่งคณะรักษาความสงบแห่งชาติ . A collection of NCPO announcements and orders . th . 2014-05-22 . 2014-05-24 . http://www.manager.co.th/Politics/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9570000057225 . Manager .
15. News: Senate dissolved, police chief sacked . 2014-05-24 . 2014-05-22 . Bangkok Post .
16. News: th:คสช. ย้ายอดุลย์-ธาริต-นิพัทธ์ เข้ากรุสำนักนายกฯ - ยุบวุฒิสภา . NCPO moved Adul, Tarit, Nipat to inactive posts in OPM, dissolved Senate . http://www.manager.co.th/Politics/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9570000057926 . th . Manager . 2014-05-24 . 2014-05-24 .
17. th:ประกาศแต่งตั้งหัวหน้าคณะรักษาความสงบแห่งชาติ . Proclamation on Appointment of Leader of the National Council for Peace and Order . 2014-05-26 . 2014-05-27 . Cabinet Secretariat . Bangkok . th . 131 . Special Part 82 D, pg. 1 . Government Gazette . http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2557/E/082/1.PDF . https://web.archive.org/web/20140528010329/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2557/E/082/1.PDF . dead . May 28, 2014 .
18. News: Thai coup: Leader Gen Prayuth receives royal endorsement . BBC . 2014-05-26 . 2014-05-27 .
19. News: Harlan. Chico. One day after coup, Thai junta moves to tighten its grip over the country. 10 October 2014. Washington Post. May 23, 2014.
20. Kurlantzick . Joshua . Review— Khaki Capital: The Political Economy of the Military in Southeast Asia . 1 September 2018 . Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia . 27 August 2018 . 23.
21. News: Haworth. Abigail. Bangkok's Big Brother is watching you. 22 Mar 2015. The Guardian. 2015-03-22.
22. Web site: Thailand: Human Rights in Free Fall. Human Rights Watch. 22 Mar 2015. 2015-01-29.
23. News: Ho . Victoria . What happens during the Thai military government's 'attitude adjustment' sessions . Mashable . 4 March 2016 . en.
24. News: Thai Buddhist monk wants to clean up his country's religious institutions. Fifield. Anna. The Washington Post. 11 September 2017.
25. News: Controverse autour du temple bouddhique Dhammakaya: un bras de fer religieux et politique. Dubus. Arnaud. 22 June 2016. Églises d'Asie. Information Agency for Foreign Missions of Paris. fr. Controversy regarding the Dhammakaya Buddhist temple: A religious and political standoff.
26. News: http://www.tnamcot.com/content/482809. 3 June 2016. Thai News Agency. 15 November 2016. th. th:ธรรมกายแจงปมภัยศาสนา. Dhammakaya responds to issues that threaten religion. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20170318153419/http://www.tnamcot.com/content/482809. 18 March 2017.
27. News: Tense times for Thai junta, Buddhist clergy. Tan Hui Yee. 25 February 2016. The Straits Times. 16 November 2016.
28. News: Thai junta seeks to force temples to open their finances. 16 June 2017. Reuters. Panarat. Thepgumpanat. Patpicha. Tanakasempipat. 11 September 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20210620192746/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-buddhism/thai-junta-seeks-to-force-temples-to-open-their-finances-idUSKBN1970WG. 20 June 2021. live.
29. News: Government plans smart cards for monks. 6 June 2016. Bangkok Post. 11 September 2017.
30. News: Monk reform no easy task. 7 June 2016. Bangkok Post. 11 September 2017.
31. Web site: มส.เห็นชอบรูปแบบบัญชีทรัพย์สินวัด. 11 October 2017. www.thairath.co.th.
32. News: Can Thailand tolerate more than one form of Buddhism?. 1 December 2016. New Mandala. Khemthong. Tonsakulrungruang. 11 September 2017.
33. News: 5 Things to Know About Thailand's Proposed Constitution. Chaichalearmmongkol. Nopparat. 4 August 2016. The Wall Street Journal. 11 September 2017. https://archive.today/20211017123455/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-263B-8043. 17 October 2021. live. subscription.
34. News: Prayut refuses to submit nomination of Somdet Chuang as Supreme Patriarch. The Nation. 12 September 2017.
35. News: NLA passes Sangha Act amendment bill. 29 December 2016. The Nation. 31 December 2016.
36. News: Somdet Phra Maha Muniwong new Supreme Patriarch. Bangkok Post. 9 February 2017.
37. News: Thai junta replaces director of Buddhism department with policeman. Reuters. Satrusayang. Cod. 25 February 2017. 24 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20211017111340/https://www.reuters.com/article/thailand-buddhism-idINKBN1640EX. 17 October 2021. live.
38. News: Thailand's Buddhism chief removed after pressure from religious groups. Tanakasempipat. Patpicha. 29 August 2017. 29 August 2017. Reuters. Niyomyat. Aukkarapon. https://web.archive.org/web/20201112033234/https://www.reuters.com/article/thailand-buddhism-idINKCN1B91EP. 12 November 2020.
39. News: Buddha Issara Followers Fume at Defrocked Monk's Arrest. 25 May 2018. Khaosod English. 26 May 2018.
40. Web site: Thailand raids temples, arrest monks in fight to clean up Buddhism. Wongcha-um. Panu. 25 May 2018. The Sydney Morning Herald. 26 May 2018.
41. News: Buddha Issara Accused of Royal Forgery. 24 May 2018. Khaosod English. 25 May 2018.
42. News: Buddha Issara Arrested in Dawn Raid. 24 May 2018. Khaosod English. 25 May 2018.
43. News: Thailand arrests senior monks in temple raids to clean up Buddhism. Reuters. Wongcha-um. Panu. Thepgumpanat. Panarat. Niyomyat. Aukkarpon. 25 May 2018. 24 May 2018.
44. News: Senior monks defrocked after raids. Bangkok Post. 26 May 2018.
45. Web site: th:คสช. ประกาศสิ้นสุด รธน. คงอำนาจ สว. . NCPO suspends charter, maintains senate . th . 2014-05-22 . 2014-05-22 . Post Today . http://www.posttoday.com/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87/296427/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8A-%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99-%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7.
46. Web site: th:คสช. ประกาศกฎอัยการศึกทั่วราชอาณาจักร-เคอร์ฟิวห้ามออกนอกบ้าน 4 ทุ่มถึงตี 5 . NCPO imposed martial law and curfew nationwide, people must be indoors from 22:00 to 05:00 hrs . http://www.manager.co.th/Politics/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9570000057172 . 2014-05-22 . 2014-05-22 . th . Manager .
47. News: Schools out Friday to Sunday . Bangkok Post . 2014-05-22 . 2014-05-22 .
48. Web site: th:เปิดบัญชีอัตราเงินตอบแทน "หัวหน้า คสช. - สนช. - สปช." . Let's see a list of remunerations of NCPO leader, NLA and NRC . http://www.isranews.org/isranews-scoop/item/31775-monny_31775.html . 2 August 2014 . 2 August 2014 . th . Isra News .
49. News: All protesters dispersed by soldiers; PDRC jubilant. 2014-05-22 . 2014-05-23 . The Nation .
50. Web site: th:กปปส. เฮเสียงนกหวีดลั่น-แกนนำอุบเงียบรอ "สุเทพ"-ทหารคุมตัว "เหวง" ให้ม็อบ นปช. กลับบ้าน . PDRC applauds the coup - their leaders remain quiet, waiting for Suthep's orders - Weng detained by military - Red Shirts return home . http://www.manager.co.th/Politics/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9570000057169 . 2014-05-22 . 2014-05-22 . th . Manager .
51. Web site: th:คสช. จัดรถส่งผู้ชุมนุมทุกกลุ่มกลับภูมิลำเนา . NCPO provides cars to send all protesters home . th . 2014-05-22 . 2014-05-23 . Manager . http://www.manager.co.th/Home/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9570000057235 .
52. News: Thailand's army coup draws fire from world community . CBC News . 2014-05-22 . 2014-05-22 .
53. Web site: EEAS on Thai coup . EEAS. 2014-05-22 . 2014-05-22 .
54. News: Hollande condemns Thai coup, calls for elections . The Nation . 2014-05-22 . 2014-05-22 .
55. Web site: Statement attributable to the Spokesman for the Secretary-General on Thailand. Office of the United Nations Secretary-General. 22 May 2014. New York. 22 May 2014.
56. Web site: US Department of State on Thai coup . US Department of State . 2014-05-22 . 2014-05-22.
57. Web site: Britain 'concerned' by Thailand coup . Expatica.co.uk . 2014-05-22 . 2014-05-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140523064332/http://www.expatica.co.uk/news/british-news/britain-concerned--by-thailand-coup_293298.html . 2014-05-23 . dead .
58. News: Nanuam. Wassana. Jikkham. Patsara. NCPO seizes Democrats' Elderly Day giveaways. 12 April 2016. Bangkok Post. 2016-04-12.
59. News: Khan. Mish. Red buckets and red alerts. 12 April 2016. New Mandala. 2016-04-01.
60. News: New Year's shopping tax break to cost govt up to B5bn. 27 December 2015. Bangkok Post. 25 December 2015.
61. News: Prayut defends removal of Bangkok governor. 26 August 2016. Bangkok Post. 26 August 2016.
62. News: Thai authorities see T-shirts as proof of sedition . 12 September 2018 . Japan Times . AP . 12 September 2018.
63. News: Phaicharoen . Nontharat . Rakkanam . Pimuk . Thai PM Defends Arrests of Suspect Linked to Pro-Republican Group . 12 September 2018 . Benar News . 2018-09-11.
64. News: Thai Police Shut Down Journalists' Discussion About Rohingya . 12 September 2018 . Voice of America (VOA) . AP . 10 September 2018.
65. Web site: Council of State of Thailand. 2017-04-11. 2017-04-18. th. th:รัฐธรรมนูญแห่งราชอาณาจักรไทย พุทธศักราช ๒๕๖๐. Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand, 2560 Buddhist Era. Ratthathammanūn hæng rātcha'ānāčhak thai phutthasakkarāt sǭng phan hā rǭi hoksip. Council of State of Thailand Law Library. Bangkok. Council of State of Thailand. (1) มาตรา ๒๖๕ ให้คณะรักษาความสงบแห่งชาติที่ดำรงตำแหน่งอยู่ในวันก่อนวันประกาศใช้รัฐธรรมนูญนี้ ยังคงอยู่ในตำแหน่งเพื่อปฏิบัติหน้าที่ต่อไป จนกว่าคณะรัฐมนตรีที่ตั้งขึ้นใหม่ภายหลังการเลือกตั้งทั่วไปครั้งแรกตามรัฐธรรมนูญนี้จะเข้ารับหน้าที่. ในระหว่างการปฏิบัติหน้าที่ตามวรรคหนึ่ง ให้หัวหน้าคณะรักษาความสงบแห่งชาติและคณะรักษาความสงบแห่งชาติยังคงมีหน้าที่และอำนาจตามที่บัญญัติไว้ในรัฐธรรมนูญแห่งราชอาณาจักรไทย (ฉบับชั่วคราว) พุทธศักราช ๒๕๕๗... (2) มาตรา ๒๗๙ บรรดาประกาศ คำสั่ง และการกระทำของคณะรักษาความสงบแห่งชาติ...ชอบด้วยรัฐธรรมนูญนี้และกฎหมาย และมีผลใช้บังคับโดยชอบด้วยรัฐธรรมนูญนี้ต่อไป....
66. Web site: ครม.ประยุทธ์ เข้าเฝ้าถวายสัตย์ฯ 16 ก.ค.. 14 July 2019. Thai PBS News. th. Prayut Cabinet to be sworn in before King on 16 July. https://web.archive.org/web/20190715143252/https://news.thaipbs.or.th/content/281696. 15 July 2019. live. 15 July 2019.