| State: | North Carolina |
| District Number: | 12 |
| Image Caption: | Interactive map of district boundaries |
| Representative: | Alma Adams |
| Party: | Democratic |
| Residence: | Charlotte |
| Population: | 770,376 |
| Population Year: | 2022 |
| Median Income: | $73,841[1] |
| Percent White: | 40.6 |
| Percent Hispanic: | 15.4 |
| Percent Black: | 33.8 |
| Percent Asian: | 5.6 |
| Percent More Than One Race: | 3.7 |
| Percent Other Race: | 0.9 |
| Cpvi: | D+13[2] |
North Carolina's 12th congressional district is a congressional district located in the northern and eastern portions of Charlotte as well as surrounding areas in Mecklenburg County and Cabarrus County represented by Democrat Alma Adams. Prior to the 2016 elections, it was a gerrymandered district located in central North Carolina that comprised portions of Charlotte, Winston-Salem, Greensboro, Lexington, Salisbury, Concord, and High Point.[3]
It was one of two minority-majority Congressional districts created in the state in the 1990s. Between 2003 and 2013, there was a small plurality of white Americans in the district according to the 2000 United States census, although African Americans made up a comparable proportion of the voting population. As redrawn for the 2012 elections and under the lines used prior to the 2016 elections, the district had an African-American majority according to the 2010 United States census. The 12th district is the most Democratic district in North Carolina, and it has never been represented by a Republican.
North Carolina had a twelfth seat in the House in the early nineteenth century (1803–1843) and in the mid-twentieth century (1943–1963). Most of the territory in the district's second incarnation is now in the 11th district.
The district was re-established after the 1990 United States census, when North Carolina gained a House seat due to an increase in population. It was drawn in 1992 as one of two minority-majority districts, designed to give African-American voters (who comprised 22% of the state's population at the time) the chance to elect a representative of their choice; Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act prohibited the dilution of voting power of minorities by distributing them among districts so that they could never elect candidates of their choice.[4]
In its original configuration, the district had a 64 percent African-American majority in population. The district boundaries, stretching from Gastonia to Durham, were so narrow at some points that it was no wider than a highway lane. It followed Interstate 85 almost exactly.[5] [6] One state legislator famously remarked, after seeing the district map, "if you drove down the interstate with both car doors open, you'd kill most of the people in the district."[7] [8]
The United States Supreme Court ruled in Shaw v. Reno (1993) that a racial gerrymander may, in some circumstances, violate the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution.
The state legislature defended the two minority-majority districts as based on demographics, with the 12th representing people of the interior Piedmont area and the 1st the Coastal Plain. Subsequently, the 12th district was redrawn several times and was adjudicated in the Supreme Court on two additional occasions. The version created after the 2000 census was approved by the U.S. Supreme Court in Hunt v. Cromartie. The district's configuration dating from the 2000 census had a small plurality of whites, and it was changed only slightly after the 2010 census. African Americans make up a large majority of registered voters and Hispanics constitute 7.1% of residents.
On February 5, 2016, U.S. Circuit Judge Roger L. Gregory ruled that the district, along with North Carolina's 1st congressional district,[9] must be redrawn from its post-2010 configuration,[10] and that race could not be a mitigating factor in drawing the district.[11] This decision, in the case of Cooper v. Harris, was subsequently upheld 5−3 by the U.S. Supreme Court in an opinion by Justice Elena Kagan on May 22, 2017.[12] In the opinion, Justice Kagan noted that this marked the fifth time the 12th district had appeared before the Supreme Court, following Shaw v. Reno and Hunt v. Cromartie which had both been heard twice before the Court.[13]
In all of its configurations, it has been a Democratic stronghold. Its previous incarnation was dominated by black voters in Charlotte, Greensboro, and Winston-Salem. The redrawn map made the 12th a compact district comprising nearly all of Mecklenburg County, except the southeast quadrant. Due to Charlotte's heavy swing to the Democrats in recent years, the reconfigured 12th is no less Democratic than its predecessor.
On February 23, 2022, the North Carolina Supreme Court approved a new map which changed the 12th district boundaries to include the northern half of Mecklenburg County, including most of Uptown, along with eastern Cabarrus County.[14]
| Member | Party | Years | Cong ress | Electoral history | District location | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| District established March 4, 1803 | ||||||||
| align=left | Joseph Winston | Democratic-Republican | nowrap | March 4, 1803 – March 3, 1807 | Elected in 1803. Re-elected in 1804. Retired. | 1803–1813 Web site: North Carolina congressional district map (1803–13). [15] | ||
| Meshack Franklin | Democratic-Republican | March 4, 1807 – March 3, 1813 | Elected in 1806. Re-elected in 1808. Re-elected in 1810. Redistricted to the . | |||||
| 1813–1823 Web site: North Carolina congressional district map (1813–43). | ||||||||
| align=left | Israel Pickens | Democratic-Republican | nowrap | March 4, 1813 – March 3, 1817 | Redistricted from the and re-elected in 1813. Re-elected in 1815. Retired. | |||
| align=left | Felix Walker | Democratic-Republican | nowrap | March 4, 1817 – March 3, 1823 | Elected in 1817. Re-elected in 1819. Re-elected in 1821. Lost re-election. | |||
| align=left | Robert B. Vance | Democratic-Republican | nowrap | March 4, 1823 – March 3, 1825 | Elected in 1823. Lost re-election. | 1823–1833 Web site: North Carolina congressional district map (1813–43). | ||
| align=left | Samuel P. Carson | Jacksonian | nowrap | March 4, 1825 – March 3, 1833 | Elected in 1825. Re-elected in 1827. Re-elected in 1829. Re-elected in 1831. | |||
| align=left | James Graham | Anti-Jacksonian | nowrap | March 4, 1833 – March 29, 1836 | Elected in 1833. Re-elected in 1835. Seat declared vacant. | 1833–1843 Web site: North Carolina congressional district map (1813–43). | ||
| Vacant | nowrap | March 29, 1836 – December 5, 1836 | ||||||
James Graham | Anti-Jacksonian | nowrap | December 5, 1836 – March 3, 1837 | Elected in 1836 to finish his term. Also elected in 1837 to the next term. Re-elected in 1839. Re-elected in 1841. Redistricted to the and lost re-election. | ||||
| Whig | nowrap | March 4, 1837 – March 3, 1843 | ||||||
| District dissolved March 4, 1843 | ||||||||
| District re-established January 3, 1943 | ||||||||
| align=left | Zebulon Weaver | Democratic | nowrap | January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1947 | Redistricted from the and re-elected in 1942. Re-elected in 1944. Lost renomination. | |||
| align=left | Monroe M. Redden | Democratic | nowrap | January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1953 | Elected in 1946. Re-elected in 1948. Retired. | |||
| align=left | George A. Shuford | Democratic | nowrap | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1959 | Elected in 1952. Re-elected in 1954. Re-elected in 1956. Renominated but later withdrew because of ill health. | |||
| align=left | David M. Hall | Democratic | nowrap | January 3, 1959 – January 29, 1960 | Elected in 1958. Died. | |||
| Vacant | nowrap | January 29, 1960 – June 25, 1960 | ||||||
| align=left | Roy A. Taylor | Democratic | nowrap | June 25, 1960 – January 3, 1963 | Elected to finish Hall's term. Re-elected in 1960. Redistricted to the . | |||
| District dissolved January 3, 1963 | ||||||||
| District re-established January 3, 1993 | ||||||||
Mel Watt | Democratic | January 3, 1993 – January 6, 2014 | Elected in 1992. Re-elected in 1994. Re-elected in 1996. Re-elected in 1998. Re-elected in 2000. Re-elected in 2002. Re-elected in 2004. Re-elected in 2006. Re-elected in 2008. Re-elected in 2010. Re-elected in 2012. Resigned to become director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency. | 1993–2003 | ||||
| 2003–2013 | ||||||||
| 2013–2017 | ||||||||
| Vacant | nowrap | January 6, 2014 – November 4, 2014 | ||||||
Alma Adams | Democratic | November 4, 2014 – present | Elected to finish Watt's term. Also elected in 2014 to the next term. Re-elected in 2016. Re-elected in 2018. Re-elected in 2020. Re-elected in 2022. | |||||
| 2017–2021 | ||||||||
| 2021–2023 | ||||||||
| 2023–2025 | ||||||||
| 2025–present --> | ||||||||