Budget of NASA explained

As a federal agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) receives its funding from the annual federal budget passed by the United States Congress. The following charts detail the amount of federal funding allotted to NASA each year over its history to pursue programs in aeronautics research, robotic spaceflight, technology development, and human space exploration programs.

Annual budget

NASA's budget for financial year (FY) 2020 is $22.6 billion.^[1] It represents 0.48% of the $4.7 trillion the United States plans to spend in the fiscal year.^[2]

Since its inception the United States has spent nearly US$650 billion (in nominal dollars) on NASA.

History of NASA's annual budget (millions of US dollars)

Calendar Year! colspan="3" NACA Budget^[3] Nominal Dollars (Millions) %of Federal Budget^[4] Constant Dollars (Millions) 1915 0.005 0.00% 0.128 1916 0.005 0.00% 0.119 1917 0.088 0.00% 1.770 1918 0.112 0.00% 1.920 1919 0.205 0.00% 3.067 1920 0.175 0.00% 2.265 1921 0.200 0.00% 2.892 1922 0.200 0.01% 3.081 1923 0.226 0.01% 3.414 1924 0.307 0.01% 4.646 1925 0.470 0.02% 6.951 1926 0.534 0.02% 7.808 1927 0.513 0.02% 7.630 1928 0.550 0.02% 8.324 1929 0.837 0.03% 12.665 1930 1.300 0.04% 20.147 1931 1.321 0.04% 22.493 1932 1.051 0.02% 19.856 1933 0.920 0.02% 18.316 1934 0.954 0.01% 18.419 1935 1.256 0.02% 23.723 1936 2.544 0.03% 47.366 1937 1.631 0.02% 29.306 1938 1.281 0.02% 23.510 1939 4.064 0.04% 75.669 1940 4.180 0.04% 77.274 1941 11.200 0.08% 197.2 1942 19.866 0.06% 315.4 1943 25.429 0.03% 380.4 1944 38.392 0.04% 564.6 1945 40.942 0.04% 588.7 1946 24.052 0.04% 319.2 1947 30.713 0.09% 356.4 1948 43.449 0.15% 466.6 1949 48.652 0.13% 529.1 1950 128 0.30% 1,374.6 1951 63.068 0.14% 627.8 1952 69.000 0.10% 673.9 1953 66.286 0.09% 642.5 1954 62.439 0.09% 600.7 1955 55.860 0.08% 539.4 1956 72.700 0.10% 691.7 1957 76.677 0.10% 706.2 1958 117 0.14% 1,847.3 1959 101 0.11% 2,188.8

width=70px rowspan=2 Calendar Year Colspan=3 NASA budget width=100px Nominal Dollars (Millions) width=30px % of Fed Budget^[5] ^[6] width=100px Constant Dollars (Millions) 1958 89 0.1% 1959 145 0.2% 1960 401 0.5% 1961 744 0.9% 1962 1,257 1.18% 1963 2,552 2.29% 1964 4,171 3.52% 1965 5,092 4.31% 1966 5,933 4.41% 1967 5,425 3.45% 1968 4,722 2.65% 1969 4,251 2.31% 1970 3,752 1.92% 1971 3,382 1.61% 1972 3,423 1.48% 1973 3,312 1.35% 1974 3,255 1.21% 1975 3,269 0.98% 1976 3,671 0.99% 1977 4,002 0.98% 1978 4,164 0.91% 1979 4,380 0.87% 1980 4,959 0.84% 1981 5,537 0.82% 1982 6,155 0.83% 1983 6,853 0.85% 1984 7,055 0.83% 1985 7,251 0.77% 1986 7,403 0.75% 1987 7,591 0.76% 1988 9,092 0.85%

width=70px rowspan=2 Calendar Year Colspan=3 NASA budget width=100px Nominal Dollars (Millions) width=30px % of Fed Budget width=100px Constant Dollars (Millions) 1989 11,036 0.96% 1990 12,429 0.99% 1991 13,878 1.05% 1992 13,961 1.01% 1993 14,305 1.01% 1994 13,695 0.94% 1995 13,378 0.88% 1996 13,881 0.89% 1997 14,360 0.90% 1998 14,194 0.86% 1999 13,636 0.80% 2000 13,428 0.75% 2001 14,095 0.76% 2002 14,405 0.72% 2003 14,610 0.68% 2004 15,152 0.66% 2005 15,602 0.63% 2006 15,125 0.57% 2007 15,861 0.58% 2008 17,833 0.60% 2009 17,782^[7] 0.57% 2010 18,724^[8] 0.52% 2011 18,448^[9] 0.51% 2012 17,770^[10] 0.50% 2013 16,865^[11] 0.49% 2014 17,647^[12] 0.50% 2015 18,010^[13] 0.49% 2016 19,300^[14] 0.50% 2017 19,508^[15] 0.47% 2018 20,736^[16] 0.50% 2019 21,500^[17] 0.47% 2020 22,629^[18] 0.48% 2021 23,271^[19] 2022 24,041 2023 25,384 2024 24,875

Notes for table:Sources for a part of these data:

• U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) (needs proper citation-link, numbers here differ from NASA Pocket Statistics)
• Air Force Association's Air Force Magazine 2007 Space Almanac
• Web site: NASA 2010 Budget. govinfo.gov. 13 May 2023.
• Web site: Consumer Price Index, 1913-. minneapolisfed.org. May 13, 2023.

Cost of Apollo program

NASA's budget peaked in 1964–66 when it consumed roughly 4% of all federal spending. The agency was building up to the first Moon landing and the Apollo program was a top national priority, consuming more than half of NASA's budget and driving NASA's workforce to more than 34,000 employees and 375,000 contractors from industry and academia.^[20]

In 1973, NASA submitted congressional testimony reporting the total cost of Project Apollo as $25.4 billion (about $ in dollars).^[21]

Economic impact of NASA funding

A November 1971 study of NASA released by MRIGlobal (formerly Midwest Research Institute) of Kansas City, Missouri concluded that "the $25 billion in 1958 dollars spent on civilian space R & D during the 1958–1969 period has returned $52 billion through 1971 – and will continue to produce payoffs through 1987, at which time the total pay-off will have been $181 billion. The discounted rate of return for this investment will have been 33 percent."^[22]

Other statistics on NASA's economic impact may be found in the 1976 Chase Econometrics Associates, Inc. reports^[23] and backed by the 1989 Chapman Research report, which examined 259 non-space applications of NASA technology during an eight-year period (1976–1984) and found more than:

• $21.6 billion in sales and benefits
• 352,000 (mostly skilled) jobs created or saved
• $355 million in federal corporate income taxes

According to a 1992 Nature commentary, these 259 applications represent ". . .only 1% of an estimated 25,000 to 30,000 Space program spin-offs."^[24]

A 2013 report prepared by the Tauri Group for NASA showed that NASA invested nearly $5 billion in U.S. manufacturing in FY 2012, with nearly $2 billion of that going to the technology sector. NASA also develops and commercializes technology, some of which can generate over $1 billion in revenue per year over multiple years^[25]

In 2014, the American Helicopter Society criticized NASA and the government for reducing the annual rotorcraft budget from $50 million in 2000 to $23 million in 2013, impacting commercial opportunities.^[26]

The 2017 Economic Impact Report prepared by NASA for their Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) awards found that for FY 2016, these programs created 2,412 jobs, $474 million in economic output, and $57.3 million in fiscal impact with an initial investment of $172.9 million.^[27]

Public perception

The perceived national security threat posed by early Soviet leads in spaceflight drove NASA's budget to its peak, both in real inflation-adjusted dollars and in a percentage of the total federal budget (4.41% in 1966). But the apparent U.S. victory in the Space Race — landing men on the Moon — erased the perceived threat, and NASA was unable to sustain political support for its vision of an even more ambitious Space Transportation System entailing reusable Earth-to-orbit shuttles, a permanent space station, lunar bases, and a human mission to Mars. Only a scaled-back space shuttle was approved, and NASA's funding leveled off at just under 1% in 1976, then declined to 0.75% in 1986. After a brief increase to 1.01% in 1992, it declined to about 0.5% in 2013.

To help with public perception and to raise awareness regarding the widespread benefits of NASA-funded programs and technologies, NASA instituted the Spinoffs publication. This was a direct offshoot of the Technology Utilization Program Report, a "publication dedicated to informing the scientific community about available NASA technologies, and ongoing requests received for supporting information." according to the NASA Spinoff about page the technologies in these reports created interest in the technology transfer concept, its successes, and its use as a public awareness tool. The reports generated such keen interest by the public that NASA decided to make them into an attractive publication. Thus, the first four-color edition of Spinoff was published in 1976.^[28]

The American public, on average, believes NASA's budget has a much larger share of the federal budget than it actually does. A 1997 poll reported that Americans had an average estimate of 20% for NASA's share of the federal budget, far higher than the actual 0.5% to under 1% that has been maintained throughout the late '90s and first decade of the 2000s.^[29] It is estimated that most Americans spent less than $9 on NASA through personal income tax in 2009.^[30]

However, there has been a recent movement to communicate discrepancy between perception and reality of NASA's budget as well as lobbying to return the funding back to the 1970–1990 level. The United States Senate Science Committee met in March 2012 where astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson testified that "Right now, NASA's annual budget is half a penny on your tax dollar. For twice that—a penny on a dollar—we can transform the country from a sullen, dispirited nation, weary of economic struggle, to one where it has reclaimed its 20th-century birthright to dream of tomorrow."^{[31] [32]} Inspired by Tyson's advocacy and remarks, the Penny4NASA campaign was initiated in 2012 by John Zeller and advocates the doubling of NASA's budget to one percent of the Federal Budget, or one "penny on the dollar."^[33]

In 2018, Business Insider surveyed approximately 1,000 US residents to determine what they believed was the annual NASA budget. The average respondent estimated that NASA's budget was 6.4% of annual federal spending, when it was actually 0.5%. In a follow-up question, 85% of respondents stated that NASA funding should be increased, despite the majority of responses overestimating NASA's actual budget.^[34]

Political opposition to NASA funding

Public opposition to NASA and its budget dates back to the Apollo era. Critics have cited more immediate concerns, like social welfare programs, as reasons to cut funding to the agency.^[35] Furthermore, they have questioned the return on investment (ROI) feasibility of NASA's research and development. In 1968, physicist Ralph Lapp argued that if NASA really did have a positive ROI, it should be able to sustain itself as a private company, and not require federal funding. More recently, critics have faulted NASA for sinking money into the Space Shuttle program, reducing funding available for its long-term missions to Mars and deep space.^[36] Human missions to Mars have also been denounced for their inefficiency and large cost compared to uncrewed missions.^[37] In the 2010s, Republicans in Congress increasingly opposed the Earth science aspects of NASA spending, arguing that spending on Earth science programs such as climate research was in pursuit of political agendas.^[38]

See also

• Federal budget (United States)
• Space policy of the United States

External links

• NASA - Budget Documents, Strategic Plans and Performance Reports
• The Planetary Society - What is NASA's budget?
• Space Policy Online - What's a Markup? And other common questions about the federal process.

Notes and References

1. Web site: NASA's FY 2020 Budget. The Planetary Society. en-US. 2019-12-31.
2. White House Office of Management and Budget "Table 1.1—Summary of Receipts, Outlays, and Surpluses or Deficits (-): 1789–2024|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-31}"
3. The National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA) was the precursor to NASA. It was subsumed by the new agency under the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, ceasing on October 1, 1958.
4. Web site: Appendix C. 2021-08-27. history.nasa.gov.
5. % of total federal expenditures from: Web site: NASA budgets: US spending on space travel since 1958 UPDATED . . February 2010 . November 20, 2022.
6. 1999–2010 based on federal outlays from: Federal budget (United States)#Total outlays in recent budget submissions
7. Web site: 2011 Budget Overview. nasa.gov. 2010-11-15. 2010-02-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20100201191410/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/420990main_FY_201_%20Budget_Overview_1_Feb_2010.pdf. dead.
8. Web site: U.S. Budget Compromise Includes $18.5 Billion for NASA. Berger. Brian. 2011-04-13. Space.com. 30 January 2012.
9. Web site: NASA FY 2013 President's Budget Request Summary. NASA. November 20, 2022. September 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210906010519/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/632697main_NASA_FY13_Budget_Summary-508.pdf. dead.
10. Web site: NASA FY 2014 President's Budget Request Summary. November 20, 2022 . NASA.
11. Web site: NASA FY 2015 President's Budget Request . NASA. November 20, 2022.
12. Web site: 2016 NASA Budget Estimates. NASA. November 20, 2022.
13. News: Clark. Stephen. NASA gets budget hike in spending bill passed by Congress. 2014-12-15. Spaceflight Now. 2014-12-14.
14. Web site: Agency fact sheet: NASA's FY 2017 budget request. 2016. March 21, 2017.
15. Web site: S.442 – National Aeronautics and Space Administration Transition Authorization Act of 2017. March 21, 2017.
16. Web site: NASA receives $20.7 billion in omnibus appropriations bill. Science News. 22 March 2018 . 23 March 2018.
17. Web site: Smith . Marcia . NASA's FY 2019 Budget Fact Sheet . Space Policy Online . 31 December 2019.
18. Web site: National Aeronautics and Space Administration FY 2021 President's Budget Requests Summary . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . 23 April 2020.
19. Web site: National Aeronautics and Space Administration FY 2022 President's Budget Requests Summary . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . 16 September 2021.
20. Book: Levine, Arnold S.. Managing NASA in the Apollo era : an administrative history of the U.S. civilian space program, 1958-1969. Scientific and Technical Information Branch, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1983. Chapter 4: The NASA Acquisition Process: Contracting For Research and Development. 317074611.
21. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Astronautics. (1973). 1974 NASA authorization: hearings, Ninety-third Congress, first session, on H.R. 4567. Page 1271. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
22. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19730012250.pdf "Economic Impact of Stimulated Economic Activity."
23. "The Economic Impact of NASA R&D Spending: Preliminary Executive Summary.", April 1975. Also: "Relative Impact of NASA Expenditure on the Economy.", March 18, 1975
24. Bezdek. Roger H.. Wendling. Robert M.. January 9, 1992. Sharing out NASA's spoils. Nature. Nature Publishing Group. 355. 6356. 105–106. 1992Natur.355..105B. 10.1038/355105a0. 46464236 .
25. https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2017/05/09/NASA-Socio-Economic-Impacts-2013_SEINSI.pdf "NASA Socio-Economic Impacts".
26. Hirschberg, Mike. "Investing in Tomorrow's Civil Rotorcraft" American Helicopter Society, July–August 2014. Accessed: 7 October 2014. Archived on 7 October 2014
27. https://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/2017_NASA_SBIR-STTR_Economic_Impact_Online.pdf "2017 Economic Impact Report"
28. Web site: About Spinoff. n.d.. NASA. https://web.archive.org/web/20141208072735/http://spinoff.nasa.gov/spinhist.html. 2014-12-08. dead. 26 Nov 2014.
29. Web site: Launius. Roger D. . Public opinion polls and perceptions of US human spaceflight. Division of Space History, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution.
30. Web site: Personal Income Tax Paid To NASA In 2009 By Income Level. NASACost.com.
31. Web site: Past, Present, and Future of NASA – U.S. Senate Testimony. Hayden Planetarium . 4 Dec 2012 . 7 Mar 2012.
32. Web site: Past, Present, and Future of NASA – U.S. Senate Testimony (Video). Hayden Planetarium . 4 Dec 2012 . 7 Mar 2012.
33. Web site: Why We Fight – Penny4NASA. Penny4NASA. 30 Nov 2012.
34. News: Mosher. Dave. Lee. Samantha. 85% of Americans would give NASA a giant raise, but most don't know how little the space agency gets as a share of the federal budget. Insider. December 18, 2018. September 6, 2022.
35. A Case for Cutting NASA's Budget. The New Republic. 2018-12-04. en-US.
36. News: NASA's Shuttle Program Cost $209 Billion — Was it Worth It?. Space.com. 2018-12-04.
37. News: Should NASA Ditch Manned Missions to Mars?. Space.com. 2018-12-04.
38. Eric Berger (October 29, 2015) Republicans outraged over NASA earth science programs… that Reagan began. Ars Technica