Cardinal myzomela explained

The cardinal myzomela (Myzomela cardinalis) is a species of bird in the honeyeater family Meliphagidae. It is named for the scarlet color of the male. It is found in American Samoa, New Caledonia, Samoa, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical mangrove forest. It frequents areas with flowers, such as gardens. This is a small, active bird, measuring about 13cm (05inches) from bill to tail.^[1] Males are red and black in coloration, females are grayish-olive, sometimes with a red cap or red head. Its long, curved bill is especially adapted for reaching into flowers for nectar.^[2]

Taxonomy

The cardinal myzomela was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the treecreepers in the genus Certhia and coined the binomial name Certhia cardinalis.^{[3] [4]} Gmelin based his description on the "cardinal creeper" that had been described and illustrated in 1782 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his book A General Synopsis of Birds. Latham had access to a specimen in the Leverian Museum that had been brought to London from the island of Tanna in Vanuata in the South Pacific Ocean.^[5] The cardinal myzomela is now one of 40 honeyeaters placed in the genus Myzomela that was introduced in 1827 by Nicholas Vigors and Thomas Horsfield.^[6]

Eight subspecies are recognised:^[6]

• M. c. pulcherrima Ramsay, EP, 1881 – Makira (or San Cristóbal), Ugi and Three Sisters (north of central Makira; southeast Solomon Islands)
• M. c. sanfordi Mayr, 1931 – Rennell Island (south Solomon Islands)
• M. c. sanctaecrucis Sarasin, 1913 – Temotu (formerly Santa Cruz Islands, southeast Solomon Islands) and Torres Islands (north Vanuatu)
• M. c. tucopiae Mayr, 1937 – Tikopia (far southeast Solomon Islands)
• M. c. tenuis Mayr, 1937 – Banks Islands to Efate (north to central Vanuatu)
• M. c. cardinalis (Gmelin, JF, 1788) – Erromango, Tanna and Aneityum (south Vanuatu)
• M. c. lifuensis Layard, EL & Layard, ELC, 1878 – Loyalty Islands (New Caledonia)
• M. c. nigriventris Peale, 1849 – Savaii and Upolu (west Samoa) and Tutuila (west American Samoa, central Polynesia)

Populations from elsewhere have been recently separated, e.g. as the Micronesian myzomela.

Notes and References

1. Book: Pratt , H. Douglas . The Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific . . 1987 . 0-691-02399-9. etal.
2. Web site: P. . Craig . Natural History Guide to American Samoa . National Park of American Samoa, Department Marine and Wildlife Resources, American Samoa Community College . 15 January 2010.
3. Book: Gmelin, Johann Friedrich . Johann Friedrich Gmelin. 1788 . Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis . 13th . 1, Part 1 . Latin . Lipsiae [Leipzig] . Georg. Emanuel. Beer . 472 .
4. Book: Paynter . Raymond A. Jr . 1986 . Check-list of Birds of the World . 12 . Museum of Comparative Zoology . Cambridge, Massachusetts . 359 .
5. Book: Latham, John . John Latham (ornithologist) . 1782 . A General Synopsis of Birds . 1, Part 2 . Printed for Leigh and Sotheby . London . 733, No. 35

   Plate 33, Fig. 2

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6. Web site: Gill . Frank . Frank Gill (ornithologist) . Donsker . David . Rasmussen . Pamela . Pamela Rasmussen . January 2023 . Honeyeaters . IOC World Bird List Version 13,1 . International Ornithologists' Union . 23 March 2023 .