Mushika dynasty explained

Native Name:Ezhimala
Kolladesham
Conventional Long Name:Mushika
Year End:12th century AD
Common Languages:
  • Tamil (early historic)
  • Malayalam (medieval)
Capital:
Today:India
Religion:Hinduism
Government Type:Monarchy

Mushika dynasty, also spelled Mushaka, also Eli or Ezhi[1] , was a minor dynastic power that held sway over the region in and around Mount Ezhi (Ezhimala) in present-day northern Kerala, south India.[2]

The country of the Ezhimala, ruled by an ancient chiefly lineage ("the Muvan"), appears in early historic (pre-Pallava) south India.[3] [4] Early Tamil poems contain several references to the exploits of Nannan, the ruler of Ezhimala (fl. c. 180 AD, who defeated the Tagadur Satiyaputra ruler).[5] Nannan was known as a great enemy of the early Chera rulers. The family also had matrimonial alliances with the Chera, Pandya and Chola rulers in this period.[6]

The Ezhimala polity gradually developed into a monarchical state (known as the Kolladesham) in the early medieval period.[7] It came under the influence of medieval Chera kingdom in the early medieval period.[8] The hereditary title of the Mushika kings in the medieval period was Ramaghata Mushaka (Malayalam: Iramakuta Muvar).[9] [10] Mushika royals seem to have assisted the Chera kings in their struggle against the Chola Empire.[11] [12] Two subsequent Chola inscriptions (c. 1005 AD, Rajaraja I and c. 1018–19, Rajadhiraja) mention the defeat of the Kolladesham and the fall of the Iramakuta Muvar. The presence of the Cholas in north Kerala (1020 AD) is confirmed by the Eramam inscription. The kingdom survived the Chera state, and came to be known as Kolathunad (Kannur-Kasaragod area) in the post-Chera period.

The Mushaka Vamsa Kavya, a dynastic chronicle composed in the 11th century by poet Athula, describes the history of the Mushika lineage.[13] The medieval Mushikas were considered as Kshatriyas of Soma Vamsa. The dynasty also claimed descent from the legendary Heheya Kshatriyas.[14]

The Mushika kings appear to have encouraged a variety of merchant guilds in their kingdom. Famous Indian guilds such as the anjuvannam, the manigramam, the valanchiyar and the nanadeshikal show their presence in the kingdom. The kings are also described as great champions of Hindu religion and temples. Some Mushika rulers are known for their patronage to a famous Buddhist vihara in central Kerala. Presence of Jewish merchants is also speculated in the ports of Mushika kingdom. A location in Madayi is still known as "the Jew's pond" (the Jutakkulam).

Etymology

The term "Mushika" or "Mushaka" [Parvata] is the Sanskrit translation of the ancient Tamil name "Ezhimalai" (the Ezhil Kunram).[15] [16] The name was incorrectly pronounced as "Elimala" (thus "the Mountain of the Rats") also.

The Ezhimala hill is described in Mushaka Vamsa Kavya as the "Mushaka Parvata".[17] The early historic fort, under the Ettikulam Fort, is currently protected by Department of Archaeology, Kerala.[18]

Origins

The ancient ruling family of the Ezhimala seems to have existed in northern Kerala at least from early historic (pre-Pallava) period.[19]

Ancient Tamil poems also describe the polity of Ezhimalai (also Ezhilmalai) on the northern edge of Tamilakam on its west (Malabar) coast.[20] The rulers of Ezhilmalai were the most prominent hill chieftains of ancient Kerala.[21] The port known as "Naravu" was located in Ezhimalai chiefdom (Akam, 97). The "Muvan" chieftain of the early Tamil poems, described as an adversary of the early Chera chieftains, is also identical with the Muvan of Ezhimalai.[22] The early historic Ezhimala clan had matrimonial alliances with the Chera, Pandya and Chola rulers .[23] The family was also related to that of the rulers of Kantiramala.

Mahabharata, the Sanskrit epic poem of ancient India, also mention the Mushika as one of the kingdoms of the deep South of India, and is grouped with the Cheras, Pandyas and Cholas.[24]

Ezhimala Nannan

There are repeated references to several rulers with the name or title "Nannan" in early Tamil literature.[25] These include, among others, the Akananuru and Purananuru poems, the Natrinai, the Pathitruppathu and the Kurunthokai. Nannan was the ruler of Ezhimalai ("the Ezhil Kunram") in northern Kerala.[26] The Vaka tree is described as the sacred tutelary tree of Nannan. He was known as a great enemy of the early (pre-Pallava) Chera rulers (western Tamil Nadu and central Kerala). He is also marked out as the hunter chieftain of the "vetar" descent group ("vetar-ko-man").

Nannan (the ruler of Pazhi)

Nannan is described as the ruler of "Pazhi" and "Param" by poet Paranar (Akam, 142 and 152). He was a companion of the Ay ruler (southern Kerala) Eyinan. Poems 351 and 396 from the Purananuru characterize Nannan and Ay Eyinan as relatives and as extremely close friends. So intimate was their relationship that Nannan renamed the "Pirampu" hills in his country as "Ay-pirampu".[27] [28]

In the battle of Pazhi, the warriors of Nannan led by certain Njimili (or Minjili) defeated the Tagadur Adigan [Adigaiman] ruler (the Satiyaputra) Neduman Anji.[29] The Satiyaputra, on behalf of the Chera ruler Perumcheral Irumporai, had invaded Pazhi of Nannan with a large force. The Satiyaputra ruler was slain by Njimili or Minjili in the battle ("who won fame by putting to the sword vast numbers of enemies"). Njimili or Minjili also killed Ay ruler Eyinan, also in a fight at Pazhi (Akam, 141, 181, and 396, and Natrinai, 265).

Nannan was eventually defeated by Chera ruler "Kalankaykkanni" Narmudi Cheral (fl. c. 180 AD).

Other references

Nannan (c. 210 AD), probably the son of the ruler of the same name, is also introduced in the early Tamil poems. He is celebrated in "Malaipadukkadam" by poet Perum Kausika and is also mentioned by Mankudi Marudan in "Maduraikkanchi". Another ruler of by the name [Nannan] is infamous for killing a young women (apparently for eating a fruit [mango] that came floating down to her in a stream). Another "Nannan" with the title "Udiyan" is mentioned as the "master of gold filled Pazhi".

There references to certain "Nannan", the ruler of "Konkanam". He is described as the Nannan dwelling in "Kanam" and as "Konkanam Kizhan" (the lord of Konkanam), and as the lord of the mountain Konkanam ("Ko Perunkanam") (Akam, 392).

Naravu/Naura

The port known as "Naravu" was located in Ezhimalai country (Akam, 97). It is generally identified with Naura, which is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as a port somewhere north of Tyndis and Muziris.[30] [31] Naura generally generally identified with present-day Kannur).

According to both Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and Pliny the Elder, Naura was located in the Tamil south India (Limyrike/Limerike or Damirica/Damirike), but outside the influence of the Chera rulers.[32] [33]

Descriptions in Tamil poems

The term "naravu" means honey or liquor in Tamil.

Territorial extent

Ezhimala dynasty had jurisdiction over two Nadus - The coastal Poozhinadu and the hilly eastern Karkanadu. According to the works of Sangam literature, Poozhinadu consisted much of the coastal belt between Mangalore and Kozhikode.[34] Karkanadu consisted of Wayanad-Gudalur hilly region with parts of Kodagu (Coorg).[35] It is said that Nannan, the most renowned ruler of Ezhimala dynasty, took refuge at Wayanad hills in the 5th century CE when he was lost to Cheras, just before his execution in a battle, according to the Sangam works. The Ezhimala/Mushika Kingdom at the peak of its power, reportedly extended from Netravati River (Mangalore) in the north to Korapuzha (Kozhikode) in the south with Arabian Sea on the west and Kodagu hills on the eastern boundary, also including the isolated islands of Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea.[36]

Until the 16th century CE, Kasargod town was known by the name Kanhirakode (may be by the meaning, 'The land of Kanhira Trees') in Malayalam.[37] The Kumbla dynasty, who swayed over the land of southern Tulu Nadu wedged between Chandragiri River and Netravati River (including present-day Taluks of Manjeshwar and Kasaragod) from Maipady Palace at Kumbla, had also been vassals to the Kolathunadu/Kolathiri rulers, before the Carnatic conquests of Vijayanagara Empire.[38] The Kumbla dynasty had a mixed lineage of Malayali Nairs and Tuluva Brahmins. They also claimed their origin from Cheraman Perumals of Kerala.[39] Francis Buchanan-Hamilton states that the customs of Kumbla dynasty were similar to those of the contemporary Malayali kings, though Kumbla was considered as the southernmost region of Tulu Nadu.[39]

In his book on travels (Il Milione), Marco Polo recounts his visit to the area in the mid 1290s. Other visitors included Faxian, the Buddhist pilgrim and Ibn Batuta, writer and historian of Tangiers. The Arabic inscription on a copper slab within the Madayi Mosque in Kannur records its foundation year as 1124 CE.[40] [41]

Medieval Mushikas

Medieval Kolla-desam (or the Mushika-rajya) stretched on the banks of Kavvai, Koppam and Valappattanam rivers.

Origins from Mushaka Vamsa Kavya

The medieval Mushikas rulers professed to be of the Hehaya line (the Hehayas being themselves Yadavas).[42] The first Mushika king, consecrated by Parashurama as the kshatriya king of the country, according to the poem, was son of a widowed queen from Mahismati. The queen had escaped from the wrath of Parashurama and fled to the divine Ezhimala Mountain. This king’s [youngest] son succeeded him in as the Mushika ruler.

The Vaishnava Garuda [eagle] banner was the flag-sign of the medieval Mushika rulers.

Relation to the Chera rulers

The Kolla-desham (or the Mushika-rajya) came under the influence of the medieval Chera kingdom in the early medieval period.[43] The reign of Chera ruler Vijayaraga (late 9th century AD) probably witnessed the expansion of Chera influence into the Mushika country.[44] However, the repeated Chola references (early 11th century AD) to several kings in medieval Kerala confirms that the sovereign power of the Chera rulers was restricted to central Kerala (the country around capital Mahodayapuram-Kodungallur). The medieval Chera authority remained nominal in northern and southern Kerala compared with the power that local rulers (such as that of the Mushika in the north and Venad in the south) exercised politically and militarily.[45]

Mushika rulers from medieval inscriptions (10th - 12th centuries AD)

  1. Validhara Vikrama Rama (c. 929 AD) — mentioned in the Ezhimala-Narayankannur inscription.[46]
  2. Kantan Karivarman alias "Ramakuta Muvar" (c. 1020 AD) — mentioned in an Eramam inscription of Chera Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya (10th/11th century AD).
  3. "Mushikesvara" Jayamani (c. 1020 AD) — Tiruvadur inscription.[47]
  4. "Ramakuta Muvar" (as a donor to the Tiruvalla temple in Tiruvalla Copper Plates/Huzur Treasury Plates).[48]
  5. Udaya Varma alias "Ramakuta Muvar " (early 12th century AD) — mentioned in the Kannapuram inscription.

Chola attacks on Mushika kingdom (Kolla-desam)

Corrections by M. G. S. Narayanan on K. A. Nilakanta Sastri and Elamkulam P. N. Kunjan Pillai are employed.

The Ramanthali/Ezhimala-Narayankannur inscription (1075 AD) notably mentions Alupa king Kunda Alupa.

Inscriptions

Inscriptions mentioning Mushika rules by name/title

InscriptionLocationNotes
Ramanthali/Ezhimala-Narayankannur inscription (929 AD)
  • Mentions Mushika Validhara Vikrama Rama.
  • The so-called Agreement of Muzhikkulam is quoted in the record.[52]
  • Merchant guild manigramam is appointed as the guardian of the Narayankannur Temple.
Eramam inscription (1020 AD)
  • Eramam, near Payyanur.[53]
  • A single slab in the site of the ruined Chalappuram Temple.
  • Mentions Chera king Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya (10th/11th century AD) and Ramakuta Muvar Kantan Karivarman (Srikantha Kartha) (c.1020 AD).
  • Mentions the merchants guilds of Valanchiyar and Nanadeyar.
  • Mentions Rajendra Chola Samaya Senapati from Katappa Palli.
Tiruvadur inscription (c. 1020 AD)
  • Partly in the courtyard of the temple on either side of the sopana.
  • Partly in the sanctum sanctorum of the temple.
  • Creation and endowment of a grama (Brahmin settlement) with members chosen from some old grama settlements from central Kerala (Vaikom, Paravur, Avittathoor, Irinjalakuda and Peruvanam).
  • The engraver is mentioned as Rama Jayamani, the "royal goldsmith of the Mushika king [Jayamani]".
Tiruvalla Copper Plates(Huzur Treasury Plates)
Kannapuram inscription(beginning of the 12th century)
  • Single stone slab fixed on a platform outside the prakara (outer wall) of the Kannapuram temple.
  • Ramakuta Muvar Udaya Varma is mentioned.

Inscriptions related to Mushika country

Records mentioning Chera rulers from Mushika country

!Inscription!Location!Notes
Panthalayani Kollam inscription (973 AD)
  • Single stone slab in the upper frame of the srikoyil (central shrine) entrance in Tali temple.[54]
  • Name of the king – probably Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya (10th/11th century AD) – is built over by the present structure.
Pullur Kodavalam inscription (1020 AD)
  • Pullur, near Kanhangad.[55]
  • Engraved on a single stone slab in the courtyard of the Pullur Kodavalam Vishnu Temple[56] [57]
  • Mentions Chera king Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya (962–1021 AD).
  • Identified king Manukuladitya with king Bhaskara Ravi.
Trichambaram inscription(c. 1040 AD)
  • Three blocks of granite on the base of the central shrine of the temple.[58]
  • Mentions Chera king Raja Raja (c. 1036–1089 AD).
Panthalayani Kollam inscription(c. 1089 AD)
  • Single granite slab in the courtyard of the Panthalayani Kollam Bhagavati temple.[59]
  • The record was destroyed.
  • Mentions Chera king Rama Kulasekhara (1089–1122 AD).
  • The location given as "Kollathu Panthalayani".

Miscellaneous records

InscriptionLocationNotes
Ramanthali/Ezhimala-Narayankannur inscription (1075 AD)
  • Ramanthali, near Ezhimala.
  • Obverse sides of three granite blocks in the base of central shrine of Narayankannur Temple.
  • Mentions Alupa king Kunda Alupa.
Trichambaram inscription(c. 11th century)
  • Two granite blocks on the base of the central shrine of the temple.[60]
  • The chieftain of Eranad Manavepala Mana Viyatan creates an endowment for the thiruvilakku at the Trichambaram Temple.
  • Manavepala Manaviyatan appears in the famous Jewish copper plates (c. 1000 AD).
Maniyur inscription(c. 11th century)
  • Single stone slab outside the prakara (outer wall) of the temple.
  • Confirms the extension of the so-called Agreement of Muzhikkulam to Mushika country.

Udaya Varma Kolattiri

An inscription discovered from Kannappuram Temple, found fixed on a platform outside the prakara of the temple, in old Malayalam mentions king "Udaya Varma Ramakuta Muvar".[61] The record give details of land set apart for the expenses of the Kannapuram Temple. The inscription can be attributed to the early years of the 12th century on the basis of script and language.

King Udaya Varma of Karippattu palace in Kolattunadu is described as a favourite of the medieval Chera king in traditional Kerala chronicles. He is described as the overlord of the Fort Valapattanam, the medieval Chera king's Palace, the Taliparamba Temple, and the Perinchellur Brahmin village.[62]

References

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Notes and References

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