| Saraiki | |
| Imagescale: | 0.6 |
| States: | Pakistan |
| Region: | South Punjab and neighbouring regions |
| Ethnicity: | Saraiki |
| Speakers: | 28.84 Million[1] |
| Familycolor: | Indo-European |
| Fam2: | Indo-Iranian |
| Fam3: | Indo-Aryan |
| Fam4: | Northwestern |
| Fam5: | Punjabic |
| Fam6: | Lahnda |
| Agency: | Saraiki area study centre (SASC), BZU Multan |
| Script: | Perso-Arabic (Saraiki alphabet) Devanagari Gurmukhi Multani |
| Iso3: | skr |
| Glotto: | sera1259 |
| Glottorefname: | Saraiki |
| Glottofoot: | no |
| Notice: | IPA |
| Map: | Saraiki-speakers by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg |
Saraiki ({{Nastaliq| سرائیکی ; also spelt Siraiki, or Seraiki) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Lahnda group, spoken by around 28 million people primarily in the south-western half of the province of Punjab in Pakistan.[2] It was previously known as Multani, after its main dialect.
Saraiki has partial mutual intelligibility with Standard Punjabi,[3] and it shares with it a large portion of its vocabulary and morphology. At the same time in its phonology it is radically different (particularly in the lack of tones, the preservation of the voiced aspirates and the development of implosive consonants), and has important grammatical features in common with the Sindhi language spoken to the south. Saraiki however, does relate considerably with other Western Punjabi dialects. There is a political movement in Pakistan to declare Saraiki the administrativelanguage of its own region.
The Saraiki language identity arose in the 1960s, encompassing more narrow local earlier identities (like Multani, Derawi or Riasati), and distinguishing itself from broader ones like that of Punjabi.
Due to effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media like Urdu, Standard Punjabi and English and religious impact of Arabic and Persian, Saraiki like other regional varieties of Pakistan are continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words.[4]
The present extent of the meaning of is a recent development, and the term most probably gained its currency during the nationalist movement of the 1960s. It has been in use for much longer in Sindh to refer to the speech of the immigrants from the north, principally Siraiki-speaking Baloch tribes who settled there between the 16th and the 19th centuries. In this context, the term can most plausibly be explained as originally having had the meaning "the language of the north", from the Sindhi word Sindhi: siro 'up-river, north'.[5] This name can ambiguously refer to the northern dialects of Sindhi, but these are nowadays more commonly known as "Siroli" or "Sireli".
An alternative hypothesis is that Sarākī originated in the word sauvīrā, or Sauvira, an ancient kingdom which was also mentioned in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata.
Currently, the most common rendering of the name is Saraiki. However, Seraiki and Siraiki have also been used in academia until recently. Precise spelling aside, the name was first adopted in the 1960s by regional social and political leaders.
Saraiki is a member of Western Punjabi sub family of the Indo-Aryan subdivision of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.
In 1919, Grierson maintained that the dialects of what is now the southwest of Punjab Province in Pakistan constitute a dialect cluster, which he designated "Southern Lahnda" within a putative "Lahnda language". Subsequent Indo-Aryanist linguists have confirmed the reality of this dialect cluster, even while rejecting the name "Southern Lahnda" along with the entity "Lahnda" itself. Grierson also maintained that "Lahnda" was his novel designation for various dialects up to then called "Western Punjabi", spoken north, west, and south of Lahore. The local dialect of Lahore is the Majhi dialect of Punjabi, which has long been the basis of standard literary Punjabi. However, outside of Indo-Aryanist circles, the concept of "Lahnda" is still found in compilations of the world's languages (e.g. Ethnologue). Saraiki appears to be a transitional language between Punjabi and Sindhi. Spoken inUpper Sindh as well as the southern Panjab, it is sometimes considered a dialect of either Sindhi or of Panjabi due to a high degree of mutual intelligibility.[6]
The following dialects have been tentatively proposed for Saraiki:[7]
The historical inventory of names for the dialects now called Saraiki is a confusion of overlapping or conflicting ethnic, local, and regional designations. One historical name for Saraiki, Jaṭki, means "of the Jaṭṭs", a northern South Asian ethnic group. Only a small minority of Saraiki speakers are Jaṭṭs, and not all Saraiki speaking Jaṭṭs necessarily speak the same dialect of Saraiki. However, these people usually call their traditions as well as language as Jataki. Conversely, several Saraiki dialects have multiple names corresponding to different locales or demographic groups. The name "Derawali" is used to refer to the local dialects of both Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan, but "Ḍerawali" in the former is the Multani dialect and "Derawali" in the latter is the Thaḷi dialect.
When consulting sources before 2000, it is important to know that Pakistani administrative boundaries have been altered frequently. Provinces in Pakistan are divided into districts, and sources on "Saraiki" often describe the territory of a dialect or dialect group according to the districts. Since the founding of Pakistan in 1947, several of these districts have been subdivided, some multiple times.
In the context of South Asia, the choice between the appellations "language" and "dialect" is a difficult one, and any distinction made using these terms is obscured by their ambiguity.[8] In a sense both Saraiki and Standard Panjabi are "dialects" of a "Greater Punjabi" macrolanguage.
Saraiki was considered a dialect of Punjabi by most British colonial administrators, and is still seen as such by many Punjabis. Saraikis, however, consider it a language in its own right[9] and see the use of the term "dialect" as stigmatising.A language movement was started in the 1960s to standardise a script and promote the language. The national census of Pakistan has tabulated the prevalence of Saraiki speakers since 1981.
Saraiki is primarily spoken in the south-western part of the province of Punjab, in an area that broadly coincides with the extent of the proposed Saraikistan province. To the west, it is set off from the Pashto- and Balochi-speaking areas by the Suleiman Range, while to the south-east the Thar desert divides it from the Marwari language. Its other boundaries are less well-defined: Punjabi is spoken to the east; Sindhi is found to the south, after the border with Sindh province; to the north, the southern edge of the Salt Range is the rough divide with the northern varieties of Lahnda, such as Pothwari.
Saraiki is the first language of approximately 29 million people in Pakistan according to the 2023 census.[10] The first national census of Pakistan to gather data on the prevalence of Saraiki was the census of 1981. In that year, the percentage of respondents nationwide reporting Saraiki as their native language was 9.83. In the census of 1998, it was 10.53% out of a national population of 132 million, for a figure of 13.9 million Saraiki speakers resident in Pakistan. Also according to the 1998 census, 12.8 million of those, or 92%, lived in the province of Punjab.[11]
After Partition in 1947, Hindu and Sikh speakers of Saraiki migrated to India, where they are currently widely dispersed, though with more significant pockets in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi and Jammu and Kashmir. There is also a smaller group of Muslim pastoralists who migrated to India, specifically Andhra Pradesh, prior to Partition.[12]
There are census figures available – for example, in the 2011 census, people reported their language as "Bahawal Puri", and as "Hindi Multani".[13] However, these are not representative of the actual numbers, as the speakers will often refer to their language using narrower dialect or regional labels, or alternatively identify with the bigger language communities, like those of Punjabi, Hindi or Urdu. Therefore, the number of speakers in India remains unknown.[14] There have been observations of Lahnda varieties "merging" into Punjabi (especially in Punjab and Delhi), as well as of outright shift to the dominant languages of Punjabi or Hindi. One pattern reported in the 1990s was for members of the younger generation to speak the respective "Lahnda" variety with their grandparents, while communicating within the peer group in Punjabi and speaking to their children in Hindi.
Saraiki's consonant inventory is similar to that of neighbouring Sindhi. It includes phonemically distinctive implosive consonants, which are unusual among the Indo-European languages. In Christopher Shackle's analysis, Saraiki distinguishes up to 48 consonants and 9 monophthong vowels.
The "centralised" vowels pronounced as //ɪ ʊ ə// tend to be shorter than the "peripheral" vowels pronounced as //i ɛ a o u//. The central vowel pronounced as /link/ is more open and back than the corresponding vowel in neighbouring varieties. Vowel nasalisation is distinctive: pronounced as //'ʈuɾẽ// 'may you go' vs. pronounced as //'ʈuɾe// 'may he go'. Before pronounced as //ɦ//, the contrast between pronounced as //a// and pronounced as //ə// is neutralised. There is a high number of vowel sequences, some of which can be analysed as diphthongs.
| Close | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Near-close | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| Mid | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| Near-open | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| Open | pronounced as /link/ |
Saraiki possesses a large inventory of consonants:
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Retroflex | Post-alv./ Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop/ Affricate | voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| aspirated | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| voiced | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| voiced aspirated | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| implosive | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| Nasal | plain | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| aspirated | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| voiced | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| voiced aspirated | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| Tap | plain | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| aspirated | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Approximant | plain | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| aspirated | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
In its stop consonants, Saraiki has the typical for Indo-Aryan four-fold contrast between voiced and voiceless, and aspirated and unaspirated. In parallel to Sindhi it has additionally developed a set of implosives, so that for each place of articulation there are up to five contrasting stops, for example: voiceless pronounced as //tʃala// 'custom' ~ aspirated pronounced as //tʃʰala// 'blister' ~ implosive pronounced as //ʄala// 'cobweb' ~ voiced pronounced as //dʒala// 'niche' ~ voiced aspirate pronounced as //dʒʰəɠ// 'foam'.
There are five contrasting places of articulation for the stops: velar, palatal, retroflex, dental and bilabial. The dentals pronounced as //t tʰ d dʰ// are articulated with the blade of the tongue against the surface behind the teeth. The retroflex stops are post-alveolar, the articulator being the tip of the tongue or sometimes the underside.There is no dental implosive, partly due to the lesser retroflexion with which the retroflex implosive pronounced as //ᶑ// is pronounced. The palatal stops are here somewhat arbitrarily represented with pronounced as /[tʃ]/ and pronounced as /[dʒ]/. In casual speech some of the stops, especially pronounced as //k//, pronounced as //g// and pronounced as //dʒ//, are frequently rendered as fricatives – respectively pronounced as /[x]/, pronounced as /[ɣ]/ and pronounced as /[z]/.
Of the nasals, only pronounced as //n// and pronounced as //m// are found at the start of a word, but in other phonetic environments there is a full set of contrasts in the place of articulation: pronounced as //ŋ ɲ ɳ n m//. The retroflex pronounced as /link/ is a realised as a true nasal only if adjacent to a retroflex stop, elsewhere it is a nasalised retroflex flap pronounced as /[ɽ̃]/. The contrasts pronounced as //ŋ// ~ pronounced as //ŋɡ//, and pronounced as //ɲ// ~ pronounced as //ɲdʒ// are weak; the single nasal is more common in southern varieties, and the nasal + stop cluster is prevalent in central dialects. Three nasals pronounced as //ŋ n m// have aspirated counterparts pronounced as //ŋʰ nʰ mʰ//.
The realisation of the alveolar tap pronounced as //ɾ// varies with the phonetic environment. It is trilled if geminated to pronounced as //ɾɾ// and weakly trilled if preceded by pronounced as //t// or pronounced as //d//. It contrasts with the retroflex flap pronounced as //ɽ// (pronounced as //taɾ// 'wire' ~ pronounced as //taɽ// 'watching'), except in the variety spoken by Hindus. The fricatives pronounced as //f v// are labio-dental. The glottal fricative pronounced as //ɦ// is voiced and affects the voice quality of a preceding vowel.
There are no tones in Saraiki. All consonants except pronounced as //h j ɳ ɽ// can be geminated ("doubled"). Geminates occur only after stressed centralised vowels, and are phonetically realised much less markedly than in the rest of the Punjabi area.
A stressed syllable is distinguished primarily by its length: if the vowel is peripheral pronounced as //i ɛ a o u// then it is lengthened, and if it is a "centralised vowel" (pronounced as //ɪ ʊ ə//) then the consonant following it is geminated. Stress normally falls on the first syllable of a word. The stress will, however, fall on the second syllable of a two-syllable word if the vowel in the first syllable is centralised, and the second syllable contains either a diphthong, or a peripheral vowel followed by a consonant, for example pronounced as //dɪɾ'kʰan// 'carpenter'. Three-syllable words are stressed on the second syllable if the first syllable contains a centralised vowel, and the second syllable has either a peripheral vowel, or a centralised vowel + geminate, for example pronounced as //tʃʊ'həttəɾ// 'seventy-four'. There are exceptions to these rules and they account for minimal pairs like pronounced as //it'la// 'informing' and pronounced as //'itla// 'so much'.
Unusually for South Asian languages, implosive consonants are found in Sindhi, possibly some Rajasthani dialects, and Saraiki, which has the following series: /pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link//.
The "palatal" pronounced as //ʄ// is denti-alveolar and laminal, articulated further forward than most other palatals.
The "retroflex" pronounced as //ᶑ// is articulated with the tip or the underside of the tongue, further forward in the mouth than the plain retroflex stops. It has been described as post-alveolar, pre-palatal or pre-retroflex. reports that this sound is unique in Indo-Aryan and that speakers of Multani take pride in its distinctiveness. The plain voiced pronounced as //ɖ// and the implosive pronounced as //ᶑ// are mostly in complementary distribution although there are a few minimal pairs, like pronounced as //ɖakʈəɾ// 'doctor' ~ pronounced as //ᶑak// 'mail'. The retroflex implosive alternates with the plain voiced dental stop pronounced as //d// in the genitive postposition/suffix pronounced as //da//, which takes the form of pronounced as //ᶑa// when combined with 1st or 2nd person pronouns: pronounced as //meᶑa// 'my', pronounced as //teᶑa// 'your'.
A dental implosive (pronounced as //ɗ̪//) is found in the northeastern Jhangi dialect, which is characterised by a lack of phonemic contrast between implosives and plain stops, and a preference for implosives even in words where Saraiki has a plain stop. The dental implosive in Jhangi is articulated with the tongue completely covering the upper teeth. It is not present in Saraiki, although contends that it should be reconstructed for the earlier language. Its absence has been attributed to structural factors: the forward articulation of pronounced as //ʄ// and the lesser retroflexion of pronounced as //ᶑ//.
Aspirated (breathy voiced) implosives occur word-initially, where they contrast with aspirated plain stops: pronounced as //ɓʰɛ(h)// 'sit' ~ pronounced as //bʰɛ// 'fear'. The aspiration is not phonemic; it is phonetically realised on the whole syllable, and results from an underlying pronounced as //h// that follows the vowel, thus pronounced as /[ɓʰɛh]/ is phonemically pronounced as //ɓɛh//.
The historical origin of the Saraiki implosives has been on the whole the same as in Sindhi. Their source has generally been the older language's series of plain voiced stops, thus Sanskrit > Saraiki pronounced as /ʄəɲən/ 'be born'. New plain voiced stops have in turn arisen out of certain consonants and consonant clusters (for example, > pronounced as /dʒao/ 'barley'), or have been introduced in loanwords from Sanskrit, Hindi, Persian or English (pronounced as /ɡərdən/ 'throat', pronounced as /bəs/ 'bus'). The following table illustrates some of the major developments:
| b- | ɓ | > pronounced as /ɓəhʊ̃/ 'many' |
| dv- | > pronounced as /ɓja/ 'another' | |
| v- | > pronounced as /ɓuɖɖʱa/ 'old' | |
| b | > pronounced as /bən/ 'forest' | |
| v | > pronounced as /vaʈ/ 'path' | |
| j | ʄ | > pronounced as /ʄɪbbʰ/ 'tongue' |
| jy- | > pronounced as /ʄeʈʰ/ 'husband's elder brother' | |
| -jy- | ʄʄ | > pronounced as /rəʄʄəɲ/ 'to satisfy' |
| -dy- | > pronounced as /əʄʄ/ 'today' | |
| y- | dʒ | > pronounced as /dʒe/ 'if' |
| ḍ- | ᶑ | Pk. > pronounced as /gəᶑᶑũ/ 'donkey' |
| d- | > pronounced as /ᶑʊkkʰ/ 'sorrow' | |
| -rd- | ᶑᶑ | > pronounced as /kʊᶑᶑəɲ/ 'to jump' |
| -dāt- | > pronounced as /kəᶑᶑəɳ/ 'when' | |
| -bdh- | ɖɖ | > pronounced as /ʈʰəɖɖa/ 'cold' |
| -ṇḍ- | ɳɖ | > pronounced as /ᶑəɳɖa/ 'stick' |
| g | ɠ | > pronounced as /ɠã/ 'cow' |
| gr- | > pronounced as /ɠəɳɖʰ/ 'knot' | |
| ɡ | > pronounced as /ɡrã/ 'village' |
Within South Asia, implosives were first described for Sindhi by Stake in 1855. Later authors have noted their existence in Multani and have variously called them "recursives" or "injectives", while Grierson incorrectly treated them as "double consonants".
See also: Saraiki alphabet. In the province of Punjab, Saraiki is written using the Arabic-derived Urdu alphabet with the addition of seven diacritically modified letters to represent the implosives and the extra nasals. In Sindh the Sindhi alphabet is used. The calligraphic styles used are Naskh and Nastaʿlīq.
Historically, traders or bookkeepers wrote in a script known as kiṛakkī or laṇḍā, although use of this script has been significantly reduced in recent times. Likewise, a script related to the Landa scripts family, known as Multani, was previously used to write Saraiki. A preliminary proposal to encode the Multani script in ISO/IEC 10646 was submitted in 2011.[15] Saraiki Unicode has been approved in 2005. The Khojiki script has also been in use, whereas Devanagari and Gurmukhi are not employed anymore.
See main article: Saraiki literature.
See also: Saraiki culture. The language, partly codified during the British Raj, derived its emotional attraction from the poetry of the Sufi saint, Khawaja Ghulam Farid, who has become an identity symbol.[19] His poems, known as Kafi are still famous.Shakir Shujabadi (Kalam-e-Shakir, Khuda Janey, Shakir Diyan Ghazlan, Peelay Patr, Munafqan Tu Khuda Bachaway, and Shakir De Dohray are his famous books) is a very well recognized modern poet.[20]
Ataullah Khan Esakhelvi and Shafaullah Rokhri are considered legends of Saraiki music and the most popular singers from the Saraiki belt.[21]
See also: Television in Pakistan. Former Pakistan Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani had said southern Punjab is rich in cultural heritage which needs to be promoted for next generations. In a message on the launch of Saraiki channel by Pakistan Television (PTV) in Multan, he is reported to have said that the step would help promote the rich heritage of 'Saraiki Belt'.[22]
| TV Channel | Genre | Founded | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Waseb TV | Entertainment | ||
| Kook TV | Entertainment | ||
| Rohi TV | Entertainment | ||
| PTV MULTAN | Entertainment | ||
| PTV National | Entertainment |
These are not dedicated Saraiki channels but most play programmes in Saraiki.
"the Punjabis claim that Siraiki is a dialect of Punjabi, whereas the Siraikis call it a language in its own right."