| Muhammad XII | |
| Sultan | |
| Birth Date: | 1460[1] [2] |
| Birth Place: | Alhambra, Granada |
| Death Place: | Fes, Kingdom of Fez |
| Spouse: | Morayma |
| Issue: | Ahmed Aixa (Sor Isabel de Granada) Yusef |
| Full Name: | Abu ʿAbdallah Muhammad XII (Arabic: Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد الثاني عشر) |
| House: | Nasrid dynasty |
| Father: | Abu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan of Granada |
| Mother: | Aixa |
| Religion: | Islam |
| Type: | monarch |
| Succession1: | Sultan of Granada 1st reign |
| Reign1: | 1482–1483 |
| Predecessor1: | Abu l-Hasan Ali |
| Successor1: | Abu l-Hasan Ali |
| Succession2: | 2nd reign |
| Reign2: | 14872 January 1492 |
| Predecessor2: | Muhammad XIII |
| Successor2: | None |
Abu Abdallah Muhammad XII (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد الثاني عشر|Abū ʿAbdi-llāh Muḥammad ath-thānī ʿashar; –1533), known in Europe as Boabdil, was the 22nd and last Nasrid ruler of the Emirate of Granada in Iberia.
Muhammad XII was the son of Abu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan of the Emirate of Granada whom he succeeded in 1482,[3] as a result of both court intrigue and unrest amongst the population at large.[4]
Muhammad XII soon sought to gain prestige by invading Castile, but was taken prisoner at Lucena in 1483.[3] Muhammad's father was then restored as ruler of Granada, to be replaced in 1485 by his uncle Muhammad XIII, also known as Abdullah ez Zagal.
Muhammad obtained his freedom and Christian support to recover his throne in 1487, by consenting to hold Granada as a tributary kingdom under the Catholic monarchs.[3] He further undertook not to intervene in the Siege of Málaga, in which Málaga was taken by the Christians.
Following the fall of Málaga and Baza in 1487, Almuñécar, Salobreña and Almería were taken by the Christians the following year. By the beginning of 1491, Granada was the only Muslim-governed city in Iberia.
In 1491, Muhammad XII was summoned by Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon to surrender the city of Granada, which was besieged by the Castilians. Eventually, on 2 January 1492, Granada was surrendered.[3] The royal procession moved from Santa Fe to a place a little more than a mile from Granada, where Ferdinand took up his position by the banks of the Genil. A private letter written by an eyewitness to the Bishop of León only six days after the event recorded the scene:
The Moorish sultan, with about eighty or a hundred on horseback and very well dressed, went forth to kiss the hand of their Highnesses. According to the final capitulation the key to Granada will pass into Spanish hands without Muhammad XII having to kiss the hands of Los Reyes, as the Spanish royal couple Isabella and Fernando became known. The indomitable mother of Muhammad XII insisted on sparing her son this final humiliation of kissing the hand of Isabella.
Christopher Columbus seems to have been present; he refers to the surrender:[5]
After your Highnesses ended the war of the Moors who reigned in Europe, and finished the war of the great city of Granada, where this present year 1492 on the 2nd January I saw the royal banners of Your Highnesses planted by force of arms on the towers of the Alhambra.
Legend has it that as Muhammad XII went into exile, he reached a rocky prominence which gave a last view of the city. Here he reined in his horse and viewed for the last time the Alhambra and the green valley that spread below. The place where this allegedly took place is today known as the Suspiro del Moro, "the Moor's sigh". Muhammad mourned his loss, and continued his journey to exile accompanied by his mother - who is supposed to have snapped, "Cry like a woman over what you couldn't defend like a man."[6]
Muhammad XII was given an estate in Laujar de Andarax, Las Alpujarras, a mountainous area between the Sierra Nevada and the Mediterranean Sea. He crossed the Mediterranean in exile, departing in October 1493 from Adra and landing in Cazaza.[7] [8] He settled in Fes, accompanied by an entourage of 1,130 courtiers and servants. Large numbers of the Muslim population of Granada had already fled to North Africa, taking advantage of a clause in the articles of surrender that permitted free passage.
Shortly after his surrender, Muhammad Boabdil sent a long letter to the Marinid rulers of Morocco asking for refuge. The letter begins with a long poem praising the Marinids, followed by a prose passage where he laments his defeat and asks forgiveness for past wrongdoings of his forefathers against the Marinids. The entire text was reported by al-Maqqari:[9]
The 17th-century historian Al-Maqqari wrote that Muhammad XII crossed the Mediterranean to Melilla then went to Fes where he built a palace. He stayed there until his death in 1518 or 1533.[10] [11] He is said to have been buried in a small domed tomb near a musalla (place of prayer), located outside of Bab Mahrouk in Fes.[11] Muhammad XII was survived by two sons; Yusef and Ahmed.[11] Al-Maqqari met with his descendants in 1618 in Fes; they lived in a state of poverty and relied on the Zakat.[11]
An alternative final resting place for Muhammad XII is suggested by the late nineteenth century Arabist M.C. Brosselard, who translated a lengthy prescription in Andalusian script on a three-foot long onyx slab held in the town museum of Tlemcen. This epitaph marked the tomb of the exiled king our lord Abu-Abdullah who died in Tlemcen in May 1494, aged thirty-four. The conflict between places and dates of death may arise from confusion between Muhammad XII and his uncle El Zagal, who also died in North African exile.[12]
Spanish chronicler Luis del Mármol Carvajal wrote "Muhammad XII died near the Oued el Assouad (Black River) at ford told Waqûba during the war between the Marinids and the Saadians", placing his death in 1536. This source is also taken by Louis de Chénier, a diplomat of King Louis XVI of France, in his Historical research on the Moors and History of the Empire of Morocco published in Paris in 1787.[13]
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