Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar explained

Army of Emigrants and Supporters
Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar
(Arabic: لواء المهاجرون والأنصار)
Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar
(Arabic: جيش المهاجرين والأنصار)
War:the Syrian Civil War
Active:Summer 2012[1] – present
Ideology:Salafi jihadism, Islamic fundamentalism
Leaders:
  • Sheikh Mu'tasim Billah al-Madani[2] (September 2015–present)
  • Mansur Dagestani[3]
  • Abu Ibrahim al-Khurasani[4] (June 2015–September 2015)
  • Salahuddin al-Shishani (December 2013–June 2015)
  • Abu Omar al-Shishani[5] (summer 2012–winter 2013)[6]
Groups:Green Battalion
Area:Northwestern Syria
Size:≈750 fighters [7]
Partof:Be Steadfast Operations Room [8] Former:
Predecessor:Muhajireen Battalion (Katibat al-Muhajireen)
Allies:

Former:

Opponents:


United States
Battles:Syrian Civil War

Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar (LMA, Arabic: لواء المهاجرون والأنصار), Brigade of Emigrants and Supporters or literally Banner of the Emigrants and Supporters), also known as Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar (JMA or JAMWA, Arabic: جيش المهاجرين والأنصار, Army of Emigrants and Supporters), formerly the Muhajireen Battalion (Arabic: كتيبة المهاجرين, Katibat al-Muhajireen), is a Salafi jihadist group consisting of both Arabic-speaking fighters and fighters from the North Caucasus that has been active in the Syrian Civil War against the Syrian government.[14] The group was briefly affiliated with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in 2013,[6] but after changes in leadership, it took an increasingly hostile stance against it.[15] In September 2015, JMA pledged allegiance to the al-Nusra Front.

The group has been designated as a terrorist organization by Bahrain,[16] Canada, Malaysia[17] and the United States.[18] [19] However an analyst named Joanna Paraszczuk has argued that the charges of kidnapping and attacking civilians indicated by the US State Department were unproven; and that the sanctions will have no practical effect.[20]

History

Origin

The group was established under the name Muhajireen Battalion in summer 2012, and was led by an ethnic Kist, Abu Omar al-Shishani ("Father of Omar the Chechen), an Islamist fighter from Georgia’s Pankisi Gorge[1] who had fought against Russia in the Second Chechen War and the Russo-Georgian War. While Syrian jihadist groups like Ahrar ash-Sham and al-Nusra Front included foreign jihadists who had traveled to Syria to fight with the rebels, Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar was composed largely of non-Syrian fighters when it was formed.[5] Its membership would come to consist of mostly Arabs from Syria, Saudi Arabia and Libya.[14]

Role in the Syrian Civil War

The group became involved in the Battle of Aleppo against the Syrian Army and its allies. The group lost ten men in two days in late September 2012 in a confrontation with the Syrian Army; the unit subsequently redeployed after receiving insufficient support from other rebels.[5]

The Muhajireen Battalion went on to participate in major assaults against Syrian military bases in alliance with other jihadist units. In October 2012, they assisted the al-Nusra Front in a raid on the 606 Rocket Brigade, an air defense and Scud missile base in Aleppo.[21] In December 2012, they fought alongside al-Nusra Front during the overrunning of the Sheikh Suleiman Army base west of Aleppo. In February 2013, together with the al-Tawhid Brigade and al-Nusra Front, they stormed the base of the Syrian military's 80th Regiment near the main airport in Aleppo.[22]

In March 2013, the Kavkaz Center reported that the Muhajireen Battalion had merged with two Syrian jihadist groups, Jaish Muhammad and Kata'ib Khattab, to form the group Jaish Muhajireen wal-Ansar.[23]

The group played a key role in the August 2013 capture of Menagh Air Base, which culminated in a SVBIED driven by two of their members killing and wounding many of the last remaining Syrian Armed Forces defenders.[24] A branch of the Muhajireen Battalion was involved in the 2013 Latakia offensive.[25]

In August 2013, Abu Omar al-Shishani released a statement announcing the expulsion of one of his commanders, Emir Seyfullah, and 27 of his men from the group. He accused the men of embezzlement and stirring up the animosity of local Syrians against the foreign fighters by indulging in takfir—excommunication—against other Muslims.[26] However, Seyfullah rejected these charges, instead claiming that he had been expelled because he had opposed Abu Omar's plan to merge JMA with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[27]

Following the announcement of the death of Caucasus Emirate leader Dokka Umarov in March 2014, a statement from the North Caucasian members of JMA was posted on the rebel Kavkaz Center website pledging allegiance to his successor, Aliaskhab Kebekov.[28]

In February 2014, JMA clashed with the Badr Martyrs' Brigade of the 16th Division over the Haritan and Mallah areas of Aleppo. An agreement was then signed on 16 February JMA representative Abu Karim al-Ukraini and Badr Martyrs' Brigade leader Abdul Khaliq Lahyani under the auspices of Ahrar al-Sham representative Abu Amir al-Shami, in which the two groups agreed to release their prisoners from the other party and to work together against the Syrian government, and the Badr Martyrs' Brigade agreed to not set up military headquarters in and around Mallah and to hand over houses to JMA, while JMA agreed for its fighters to remain in these houses and its headquarters, not to stand masked at checkpoints which were to be manned by Ahrar al-Sham and the al-Nusra Front.[29] However, on the next day the commander of JMA, Salahuddin al-Shishani, stated that al-Ukraini signed the agreement without consulting him and the rest of JMA's leadership. Al-Shishani denounced the Badr Martyrs' Brigade as apostates "supported by the infidel West" through the Supreme Military Council, and rejected the agreement as invalid.[30] [31]

Later in February 2014, JMA joined the Ahl al-Sham Operations room, a joint command consisting of the main Aleppo-based rebel groups including al-Nusra Front, the Islamic Front and the Army of Mujahideen. In the months that followed, JMA reportedly spearheaded many of the assaults on Syrian government-controlled areas of western Aleppo.[11] On 25 July 2014, the group joined with several other Aleppo-based jihadist factions into an alliance called Jabhat Ansar al-Din.[32]

In late 2014, the Saudi-dominated faction Green Battalion swore allegiance to JMA leader Salahuddin al-Shishani and became part of the group.[33] In mid-2015, Shishani was deposed from the leadership following an internal dispute with the Saudi head of JMA's sharia committee, Mu'tasim Billah al-Madani.[14] [34] Al-Madani subsequently became the new leader of JMA,[2] while Shishani and his North Caucasian loyalists formed a new independent group called Jaish al-Usrah, and swore allegiance to the Caucasus Emirate's then leader, Magomed Suleymanov.[35]

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

In late November 2013, in an online statement, Abu Omar al-Shishani swore a bay'at—oath of allegiance—to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). The statement claimed that those members of the group who had sworn a prior bay'at to Dokka Umarov, leader of the Caucasus Emirate, were awaiting approval from Umarov before also joining ISIL.[36] The group suffered a split, with hundreds of members siding with Abu Omar and joining ISIL.[14] Those fighters who remained in JMA appointed another Chechen, Salahuddin al-Shishani, as their new commander in December 2013. The group has since fought alongside groups that ISIL has clashed with,[11] and some of its leaders have publicly opposed ISIL.[15] Following the 2015 leadership dispute, many JMA militants reportedly defected to ISIL.[37]

In 2016 the group's Islamic Repentance Brigade based in Aleppo defected to ISIL.[38]

Al-Nusra Front and Tahrir al-Sham

Reuters reported in early March 2015 that the al-Nusra Front had plans to unify with Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar into a new organisation, separate from al-Qaeda.[39] Al-Nusra rejected these reports on 9 March 2015.[40] On 23 September 2015, Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar left Jabhat Ansar al-Din and joined al-Nusra.[41]

The al-Nusra Front formed Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) on 28 January 2017, with Liwa Muhajireen wal-Ansar as a member group.[42] As part of HTS, the group fought in an northwestern Syria campaign of late 2017–early 2018[43] and the offensive in mid-2019. On 19 May 2019, during the latter offensive, LMA emir Mansur Dagestani was killed in combat in the northern Hama Governorate.[3]

Structure

The group's leadership structure consists of a military leadership, a sharia committee, a shura council and a media arm, Liwa al-Mujahideen al-Ilami. The latter is the same name as an unrelated media group established by foreign mujahideen fighting in the Bosnian War. The name simply translates as "media group of the mujahideen".

The group is composed of diverse nationalities. The Chechen rebel news agency Kavkaz Center described the then Muhajireen Battalion as being made up of mujahideen from the Caucasus Emirate, Russia, Ukraine, Crimea and other CIS countries.[44] Many of them were veterans from other conflicts.[5] Members killed fighting for the group have included ethnic Azeris,[45] Tajiks, Kazakhs and Dagestanis.[46] Some Syrian rebels referred to them as "Turkish brothers".[47] One JMA battalion was composed of jihadists from western countries (the US, the UK, Germany and others) who fought together for language reasons.[48] As the group expanded, it integrated native Syrians into its membership.[23] Following a leadership dispute in mid-2015, the JMA split and became effectively an Arab dominated organisation.[14]

See also

Notes and References

  1. News: "Obliged to Unite under One Banner": A Profile of Syria's Jaysh al-Muhajireen wa'l-Ansar . Jamestown . 19 April 2013 . . 22 June 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131213202547/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=40749&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=684&no_cache=1 . 13 December 2013 . live .
  2. News: JMA Has (Another) New Emir, & He's Saudi. Paraszczuk. Joanna. From Chechnya To Syria. 4 September 2015. 4 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150904161317/http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=24113. 4 September 2015. live.
  3. Web site: Mansur Dagestani, Amir of Liwa Muhajireen Wal Ansar, Killed in N. Hama. From Chechnya to Syria. Joanna Paraszczuk. 22 May 2019. 9 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190614221422/http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=26280. 14 June 2019. live.
  4. News: Has Salakhuddin Shishani Been Replaced As JMA Emir?. Paraszczuk. Joanna. From Chechnya To Syria. 9 June 2015. 18 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150619114453/http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=23831. 19 June 2015. live.
  5. News: Syria: the foreign fighters joining the war against Bashar al-Assad . Abdul-Ahad . Ghaith . Ghaith Abdul-Ahad . . 23 September 2012 . 23 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190630181202/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/23/syria-foreign-fighters-joining-war . 30 June 2019 . live .
  6. News: Syria crisis: Omar Shishani, Chechen jihadist leader. BBC. 3 December 2013. 20 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131206091406/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25151104. 6 December 2013. live.
  7. News: Now It's Official: JMA Has Joined Jabhat al-Nusra. Chechens in Syria. 23 September 2015. 23 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924050403/http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=24140. 24 September 2015. live.
  8. Web site: Jihadists in Syria's Idlib Form New 'Operations Room' | Voice of America - English. www.voanews.com. 15 June 2020 .
  9. Web site: Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar Capture Claimed "Assad Spies" In Aleppo. From Chechnya To Syria. 10 September 2014. 12 September 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102711/http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=22537. 10 July 2018. live.
  10. News: Former Guantanamo detainee killed while leading jihadist group in Syria. 4 April 2014. 19 May 2014. Long War Journal. https://web.archive.org/web/20140512124903/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/04/former_guantanamo_de_2.php. 12 May 2014. live.
  11. Web site: Aleppo: Syria's Stalingrad?. 22 April 2014. 22 May 2014. National Interest. https://web.archive.org/web/20140427061616/http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/aleppo-syrias-stalingrad-10320. 27 April 2014. live.
  12. News: A dual perspective on joint JMA/FSA assault on Mallah. Reddit. 28 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150830003930/https://www.reddit.com/r/syriancivilwar/comments/2xcvfr/a_dual_perspective_on_joint_jmafsa_assault_on/. 30 August 2015. live.
  13. Web site: Foreign jihadists advertise role in Latakia fighting. Caleb Weiss. The Long War Journal. 11 July 2016. 12 July 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160915103030/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/07/foreign-jihadists-advertise-role-in-latakia-fighting.php. 15 September 2016. live.
  14. News: Chechen Ousted as Amir of Jaish al-Muhadjireen wal-Ansar Rebel Group in Syria. Jamestown . 10 July 2015. 12 July 2015. Jamestown Foundation. https://web.archive.org/web/20150812111248/http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=44148&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&cHash=2ad7ab46646f5cacf4e97c3558bc1f11#.VaL6hvmqqkp. 12 August 2015. live.
  15. News: Officials from Al Nusrah Front, Ahrar al Sham vow to continue fight against Islamic State. 20 July 2015. 21 July 2015. Long War Journal. https://web.archive.org/web/20150721081728/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/07/officials-from-al-nusrah-front-ahrar-al-sham-vow-to-continue-fight-against-islamic-state.php. 21 July 2015. live.
  16. Web site: Bahrain Terrorist List (individuals – entities). www.mofa.gov.bh.
  17. http://www.moha.gov.my/images/maklumat_bahagian/KK/kdndomestic.pdf
  18. Web site: Currently listed entities. Public Safety Canada. 2014-11-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20170202121931/https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-eng.aspx#2011. 2017-02-02. live.
  19. Web site: Designations of Foreign Terrorist Fighters. US Department of State. 24 September 2014. 25 September 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20170121130321/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/09/232067.htm. 21 January 2017. live.
  20. Web site: US Designates Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar as a Foreign Terrorist Fighters. From Chechnya To Syria. 25 September 2014. 2 December 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141120043016/http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=22603. 20 November 2014. live.
  21. Web site: Al Nusrah Front commanded Free Syrian Army unit, 'Chechen emigrants,' in assault on Syrian air defense base. 19 October 2012. Long War Journal. 22 March 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130204052707/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2012/10/al_nusrah_front_comm.php. 4 February 2013. live.
  22. Web site: Chechen commander leads Muhajireen Brigade in Syria. 20 February 2013. Long War Journal. 22 March 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20180701140218/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/02/chechen_commander_le.php. 1 July 2018. live.
  23. Web site: Chechen commander forms 'Army of Emigrants,' integrates Syrian groups. 28 March 2013. Long War Journal. 28 March 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130331013434/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/03/chechen_jihadist_for.php. 31 March 2013. live.
  24. Web site: Rebels Gain Control of Government Air Base in Syria. 5 August 2013. New York Times. 27 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170217123742/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/06/world/middleeast/rebels-gain-control-of-government-air-base-in-syria.html?_r=0. 17 February 2017. live.
  25. Web site: Decoder: The Battle for Latakia Begins. 5 August 2013. Syria Deeply. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140211222334/http://beta.syriadeeply.org/2013/08/decoder-battle-latakia-begins/#.UgDoe5JGtq8. 11 February 2014.
  26. News: Influence of Chechen Leader of North Caucasian Fighters in Syria Grows. Vatchagaev. Mairbek. Jamestown Foundation. 9 August 2013. 16 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131022154432/http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=41255&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=381&cHash=29f5982933f249d513ffd0fd9e3e3085. 22 October 2013. live.
  27. Web site: Syria Spotlight: Insurgent Split — The Dispute Between Abu Umar al-Shishani & His Deputy, Seyfullakh the Chechen. 23 November 2013. 12 May 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140429200018/http://eaworldview.com/2013/11/syria-spotlight-dispute-abu-umar-al-shishani-deputy-seyfullakh-chechen/. 29 April 2014. live.
  28. Web site: North Caucasus Fighters in Syria Pledge Allegiance to Umarov's Successor. 31 March 2014. 29 April 2014. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. https://web.archive.org/web/20140429102202/http://www.rferl.org/content/caucasus-syria-fighters-allegiance-/25315330.html. 29 April 2014. live.
  29. Web site: اتفاق بين جيش المهاجرين والأنصار ولواء شهداء بدر [Agreement between Jaysh al-Muhajireen and Ansar and the Badr Martyrs Brigade]]. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 16 February 2014.
  30. Web site: "الألماني" حيّ يرزق و"الشيشاني" يُبطل هدنة "الأوكراني" ["The German" is alive, and the "Chechen" invalidates the "Ukrainian" armistice]]. Al-Akhbar. Sohaib Anjrini. 18 February 2014.
  31. Web site: "جيش المهاجرين والأنصار": الاتفاق الذي أُبرِم أمس مع لواء "شهداء بدر" اتفاق باطل [Jaysh al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar: The agreement concluded yesterday with the "Badr Martyrs Brigade" is invalid]]. El-Dorar al-Shamia. 17 February 2014.
  32. Web site: Syria Update: July 17 - 25, 2014. Institute for the Study of War Syria Updates. 25 July 2014. 26 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20180628183714/http://iswsyria.blogspot.com/2014/07/syria-update-july-17-25-2014.html. 28 June 2018. live.
  33. Web site: Video: Saudi Faction Swears Allegiance To Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar Emir. From Chechnya To Syria. 4 October 2014. 12 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20180710132939/http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=22652. 10 July 2018. live.
  34. Web site: The Islamic State Raises Its Black Flag Over The Caucasus. 29 June 2015. 30 June 2015. CTC Sentinel. https://web.archive.org/web/20150702222525/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-islamic-state-raises-its-black-flag-over-the-caucasus. 2 July 2015. live.
  35. Web site: Chechen commander in Syria pledges to Islamic Caucasus Emirate. 10 July 2015. 12 July 2015. Long War Journal. https://web.archive.org/web/20150712211946/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/07/chechen-commander-in-syria-pledges-to-islamic-caucasus-emirates.php. 12 July 2015. live.
  36. Web site: Chechen-led group swears allegiance to head of Islamic State of Iraq and Sham. 27 November 2013. 11 April 2014. Long War Journal. https://web.archive.org/web/20140413045158/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/11/muhajireen_army_swea.php. 13 April 2014. live.
  37. News: Chechens Fighting in Syria Increasingly Joining Forces With Islamic State. Jamestown . 3 March 2016. Jamestown Foundation. 7 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160307064355/http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=45167&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=7a6812fef4c4d3c755b6356265cb38c3#.Vt0Q9fl97IU. 7 March 2016. live.
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  39. News: Insight - Syria's Nusra Front may leave Qaeda to form new entity. Reuters. 4 March 2015. 4 March 2015. Karouny. Mariam. https://web.archive.org/web/20150305080344/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2015/03/04/uk-mideast-crisis-nusra-insight-idUKKBN0M00G620150304. 5 March 2015. live.
  40. News: Al-Nusra Front Reaffirms Allegiance to Al-Qaeda. Arutz Sheva. 9 March 2015. 9 March 2015. Ariel. Ben. https://web.archive.org/web/20150311203832/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/192377#.VP6SxI6GMg5. 11 March 2015. live.
  41. News: Insurgent group pledges allegiance to Al Nusra Front. Reuters. 23 September 2015. 23 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150925092557/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/23/us-mideast-crisis-syria-nusra-idUSKCN0RN1Z920150923. 25 September 2015. live.
  42. Weiss. Caleb. Spring 2017. Transformative Networks: The Case of North Caucasian and Central Asian Jihadist Networks. Illini Journal of International Security (IJOIS). III. 21. Madani now serves as a religious leader for LMA and the larger al Qaeda entity, now known as Hay’at Tahrir al Sham (or the Assembly for the Liberation of Syria, HTS).. 6 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190609010840/https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/96239/weiss_caleb.pdf. 9 June 2019. live.
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  45. Web site: 12 Azeri jihadists reported killed in Syria. 2 April 2014. 11 April 2014. Long War Journal. https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083015/http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2014/04/12_azeri_jihadists_reported_ki.php. 7 April 2014. live.
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