Mount Vernon, New York Explained

Mount Vernon, New York
Settlement Type:City
Mapsize:250px
Map Caption1:Interactive map of Mount Vernon
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Type1:State
Subdivision Type2:County
Subdivision Name2:Westchester
Government Type:Mayor-Council
Leader Title:Mayor
Leader Name:Shawyn Patterson-Howard (D)
Leader Title1:City Council
Established Title:Incorporated (as a village)
Established Title2:Reincorporated (as a city)
Established Date:1853
Established Date2:1892
Area Total Sq Mi:4.41
Area Land Sq Mi:4.39
Area Water Sq Mi:0.02
Area Total Km2:11.42
Area Land Km2:11.38
Area Water Km2:0.04
Population As Of:2020
Population Total:73893
Population Density Km2:6495.76
Timezone:Eastern
Utc Offset:−5
Timezone Dst:Eastern
Utc Offset Dst:−4
Elevation M:33
Elevation Ft:108
Postal Code:10550, 10552, 10553
Area Code:914
Blank Name:FIPS code
Blank Info:36-49121
Blank1 Name:GNIS feature ID
Blank1 Info:0957917
Population Density Sq Mi:16824.45
Unit Pref:Imperial
Area Footnotes:[1]
Flag Size:125px

Mount Vernon is a city in Westchester County, New York, United States. It is an inner suburb of New York City, immediately to the north of the borough of the Bronx. As of the 2020 census, Mount Vernon had a population of 73,893,[2] making it the 24th-largest municipality in the state and largest African-American majority city in the state. Mount Vernon has 12,898 Jamaicans with African and Indian descent that had immigrated from their homeland of Jamaica after the country gained its independence from Britain on August 6, 1962.

Mount Vernon has two major sections. South-side Mount Vernon is more urban, while north-side Mount Vernon is more residential. Mount Vernon's downtown business district is on the city's south side, which includes City Hall, Mount Vernon's main post office, Mount Vernon Public Library, office buildings, and other municipal establishments.[3]

History

The Mount Vernon area was first settled in 1664 by families from Connecticut as part of the Town of Eastchester.[4] Mount Vernon became a village in 1853, and a city in 1892. Early development was driven by the New York Industrial Home Association No. 1, a home building cooperative organized to build homes for "tradesmen, employees, and other persons of small means".[5]

Mount Vernon takes its name from George Washington's Mount Vernon plantation in Virginia, much as neighboring Wakefield (in the Bronx) was named for the Virginia plantation where Washington was born.

In 1894, the voters of Mount Vernon participated in a referendum on whether to consolidate into a new "City of Greater New York". The cities of Brooklyn (coterminous with Kings County) and Long Island City, the western towns and villages of Queens County, and all of Richmond County (present day Staten Island) all voted to join with the existing city (present day Manhattan and The Bronx). However, the returns were so negative in Mount Vernon and the adjacent city of Yonkers that those two areas were not included in the consolidated city and remain independent to this day.[6]

The Mount Vernon Public Library, a gift to the city from Andrew Carnegie, opened in 1904 and is now part of the Westchester Library System, providing educational, cultural and computer services to county residents of all ages. The Mount Vernon Trust Company, opened in 1903. It was the largest bank in Westchester County, with branches in the east and west sections of the city.[7] [8]

During the 1960s, Mount Vernon was a divided city on the brink of a "northern style" segregation. Many African Americans from the southern United States migrated north and settled in the city of Mount Vernon for better job opportunities and educational advancements. At the same time, many white Americans from the Bronx and Manhattan looked to Mount Vernon as a new "bedroom community" because of rising crime in New York City (a "white flight" factor contributed as well). As a result, Mount Vernon became divided in two by the New Haven Line railroad tracks of the Metro-North Railroad: North Side and South Side. The population south of the tracks became predominantly African-American, while that north of the tracks was largely white.

At the height of this segregation in the 1970s, August Petrillo was mayor. When he died, Thomas E. Sharpe was elected mayor. Upon Sharpe's death in 1984, Carmella Iaboni took office as acting mayor until Ronald Blackwood was elected; Blackwood was the first Afro-Caribbean mayor of the city (as well as of any city in New York State). In 1996, Ernest D. Davis was elected the mayor of Mount Vernon; he served until 2007. Clinton I. Young, Jr. became the city's mayor on January 1, 2008. Four years later, on January 1, 2012, Ernest D. Davis became the 21st mayor of Mount Vernon. In 2013, Davis was investigated for failure to report rental income.[9] In 2015, Richard Thomas defeated Davis in an upset victory in the September primary. in the November general election, Thomas received 71% of the votes to become the mayor of Mount Vernon.[10] [11]

In the subsequent 2019 election, Shawyn Patterson-Howard unseated the incumbent Mayor Thomas in a hotly contested June primary to become the new Democratic nominee and went on to capture 81% of the vote to defeat André Wallace (who had since been named Acting Mayor and ran as a Republican) in the general election in November to become the first black woman mayor of Mount Vernon (and of any city in Westchester County).[12] [13]

Mount Vernon has in recent years undergone a transition from a city of homes and small businesses to a city of regional commerce. Between 2000 and 2006, Mount Vernon's economy grew 20.5%, making it one of the fastest-growing cities in the New York metropolitan area.[14]

In January 2019, Moody withdrew its credit rating for Mount Vernon because of the city's failure to provide audited financial statements.[15] The failure to prepare and deliver audited financial statements stemmed from a disagreement as to which entity would pay for the audit of the Urban Renewal Agency (URA), one of the city's agencies, and which auditing firm would perform the audit.[16] [17] [18] Further clouding the city's financial condition is the prospect that it might have a repayment obligation to HUD in connection with grants previously awarded to the city [19]

2019 Mayoral dispute

On July 9, 2019, mayor Richard Thomas pleaded guilty to stealing campaign funds and lying to the State Board of Elections.[20] Thomas was ordered to resign from office by September 30, 2019. The city council then appointed council president Andre Wallace as acting mayor.[21] Thomas refused to resign from his post. Wallace then appointed Shawn Harris as new police commissioner. After arriving for work, Thomas ordered the Mount Vernon Police to arrest Harris for trespassing.[22] Harris was released after an order from the Westchester County District Attorney. Both Thomas and Wallace occupied offices in the city hall, with Thomas in the mayor's office, under the guard of the Mount Vernon Police.[21] Finally, before a packed courtroom in White Plains, Judge Ecker made a decisive ruling that Thomas had actually vacated the office of mayor on July 8, that Wallace had automatically assumed the office at that time, and that Wallace would be the acting mayor of Mount Vernon until January 1, 2020.

Mount Vernon Charter Revision Commission

In March 2019, Mayor Richard Thomas called for the formation of the Mount Vernon Charter Revision Commission, suggesting the charter was antiquated, dating to the late 19th century.[23] In August 2019, the Commission presented its final report [24] which included four key proposed changes to the City's Charter:

  1. A new requirement for annual financial audits.
  2. Quarterly financial reports showing the city's fiscal condition.
  3. An updated comprehensive plan for economic growth.
  4. A periodic review of the city charter.[25]

Notable sites

St. Paul's Church is a Mount Vernon attraction designated as a National Historic Site.

Mount Vernon sites included on the National Register of Historic Places include:

Geography

Location

Mount Vernon is at (40.914060, −73.830507).[26] It is the third-largest and the most densely populated city in Westchester County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 11.4km2, of which 0.04sqkm, or 0.39%, is water.[27]

Mount Vernon is bordered by the village of Bronxville and city of New Rochelle to the north, by the town of Pelham and village of Pelham Manor to the east, by the Hutchinson River and the Eastchester and Wakefield sections of the Bronx to the south, and by the city of Yonkers and the Bronx River to the west.[28]

Elevation

Mount Vernon's elevation at City Hall is about 235feet, reflecting its location between the Bronx River to the west and the Hutchinson River to the east. On a clear day, the Throgs Neck Bridge can be seen from 10miles away from many parts of the city, while at night, the bridge's lights can also be seen. The city's seal, created in 1892, depicts what were then considered the highest points in Mount Vernon: Trinity Place near Fourth Street, Vista Place at Barnes Avenue, and North 10th Avenue between Washington and Jefferson places. Since then, it was discovered that the city's highest elevation is on New York Route 22, North Columbus Avenue, at the Bronxville line.

Neighborhoods

Mount Vernon is typically divided into four major sections in four square miles: Downtown, Mount Vernon Heights, North Side, and South Side.

Downtown

Downtown Mount Vernon features the Gramatan Avenue and Fourth Avenue shopping district (known as "The Avenue" by locals[29]) and the Petrillo Plaza transit hub, and houses the city's central government.

Downtown is in the same condition it was 40 years ago. It features the same mid-century architecture and format. Former mayor Clinton Young vowed to make Mount Vernon a new epicenter with a new central business district. His failed plans included establishing commercial office space and rezoning to allow high density development in the downtown, as well as affordable and market rate housing.[30]

Mount Vernon Heights

Mount Vernon Heights' highly elevated terrain has earned the moniker "the rolling hills of homes". It is home to the city's commercial corridor, along Sandford Boulevard (6th Street). Vernon Hills has been reclaimed from the Village of Easchester that used it as the name the name as open mall shopping center.

Sandford Blvd (6th Street)—also known as "Sandford Square"—is a commercial corridor which attracts residents from Mount Vernon, nearby communities in Westchester County and the Bronx a well as other locales.

Most of the commercial development in this corridor has occurred since the 1980s. The area is still undergoing revitalization to encourage economic development within this 400acres of land along and around the boulevard.

North Side

Mount Vernon's North Side is one of the most ethnically diverse neighborhoods in Westchester County. The northern part of the city consists of five neighborhoods: Chester Heights, Estate Manor/Aubyn Estates, Fleetwood, Huntswood, and Oakwood Heights. In Fleetwood, many large co-op buildings line the center of town, which is bisected by Gramatan Avenue.

South Side

Mount Vernon's South Side, which abuts The Bronx, resembles New York City and includes the neighborhoods Parkside, South Side and Vernon Park. Numerous industrial businesses are in Parkside, while the rest of South Side Mount Vernon features multi-family homes, apartment buildings, and commercial businesses.

South Side Mount Vernon features notable city landmarks such as Brush Park, Hutchinson Field, the Boys and Girls Club, and St. Paul's Church National Historic Site.

Demographics

2020 census

Mount Vernon city, New York – Racial and ethnic composition
!Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)!Pop 2000[31] !Pop 2010[32] ![33] !% 2000!% 2010!
White alone (NH)16,67712,449style='background: #ffffe6; 9,07724.39%18.50%style='background: #ffffe6; 12.28%
Black or African American alone (NH)39,88944,655style='background: #ffffe6; 41,22658.33%61.26%style='background: #ffffe6; 60.43%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)160200style='background: #ffffe6; 1400.23%0.30%style='background: #ffffe6; 0.19%
Asian alone (NH)1,4331,206style='background: #ffffe6; 1,3982.10%1.79%style='background: #ffffe6; 1.89%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)3627style='background: #ffffe6; 210.05%0.04%style='background: #ffffe6; 0.03%
Some Other Race alone (NH)663922style='background: #ffffe6; 1,4590.97%1.37%style='background: #ffffe6; 1.97%
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH)2,4401,670style='background: #ffffe6; 3,1403.57%2.48%style='background: #ffffe6; 4.25%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)7,0839,592style='background: #ffffe6; 14,00310.36%14.25%style='background: #ffffe6; 18.95%
Total68,38167,292style='background: #ffffe6; 73,893100.00%100.00%style='background: #ffffe6; 100.00%

2010 census data

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 67,292 people living in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 61.3% Black, 18.5% White, 0.3% Native American, 1.8% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.4% from some other race and 2.5% from two or more races. 14.3% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

2000 census data

As of the 2000 census,[34] 68,381 people, 27,048 households, and 18,432 families resided in the city. The population density was 14290.3sp=usNaNsp=us, with 28,558 housing units at an average density of 7205.9sp=usNaNsp=us. The racial makeup of the city was 59.58% African American, 28.63% White, 10.48% Hispanic or Latino of any race, 4.85% from other races, 4.44% from two or more races, 2.12% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, and 0.32% Native American. A significant proportion of the population is of Brazilian descent; Brazilians can be included in the African American, White, Multiracial and/or Latino categories. Similarly, a significant part of the Black and/or Latino population is of Caribbean origin.

There were 27,048 households, of which 40.9% were married couples living together, 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.2% were non-families, and 28.0% had a female householder with no husband present. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.27.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.3% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 31.1% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years.

For every 100 females, there were 82.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $47,128, and the median income for a family was $55,573. Males had a median income of $41,493 versus $37,871 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,827. 13.9% of the population and 11.8% of families were below the poverty line. 12.7% of the population was 65 or older.

Economy

Mount Vernon's three major employers are the Mount Vernon city school district with (1,021 employees), Michael Anthony Jewelers (712 employees), and Mount Vernon Hospital (700 employees).

Mount Vernon has a large commercial sector, with industries such as electronics, engineering, high tech, historical metal restoration, and manufacturing mainly in the Southside section of the city.

Mount Vernon also has an established Empire Zone for commercial and industrial use, in the southern portion of the city.

Parks and recreation

The city limits contain a number of city parks large and small, and Willson's Woods Park, a 23acres county-owned park. One of the oldest parks in the county system, Willson's Woods offers a wave pool, water slides, and a spray deck and water playground, against the backdrop of an English Tudor style bathhouse. The park also has areas for picnicking and fishing.[35] [This reference moved from previous location and citation needed template moved to unsourced statement above]

Government

The City of Mount Vernon is governed by a five-member city council, a mayor, and a comptroller. As per the city charter, to balance power, the mayor runs every four years with two council members, and the comptroller runs two years after the mayor with three council members. Therefore, in 2019, the mayor and two council seats were up for re-election; in 2021 the remaining offices will be up for election. Beyond the regular political powers of elected officials, the City of Mount Vernon also has a checks and balances voting session called the Board of Estimate.

City council

The city council consists of five representatives, elected at-large, one of whom is the city council president. The city council president is appointed/elected by the existing city council members. Under normal circumstances the council presidency is rotated, as are the council committee assignments as chair of the four council committees. In recent years, the full rotation has ceased to reappoint the more experienced council members. The council president also serves as mayor, in the absence of the mayor. This can occur when the mayor is out of town, had resigned, or dies in office. When this happens the president pro tempore becomes acting city council president and the acting president pro tempore becomes assumes his/her duties.

Mayor

NameYearsPartyNotes
Edward F. BrushJanuary 1, 1892 – December 31, 1893Republican
  • elected to one two-year term
Edson LewisJanuary 1, 1894 – December 31, 1895Republican
  • elected to one two-year term
Edwin W. FiskeJanuary 1, 1896 – December 31, 1903Democratic
  • elected to four two-year terms
Edward F. BrushJanuary 1, 1904 – December 31, 1907Republican (first term)
Independent (second term)
  • elected to two two-year terms
Benjamin HoweJanuary 1, 1908 – December 31, 1909Republican
  • elected to one two-year term
Edwin W. FiskeJanuary 1, 1910 – December 31, 1917Democratic
  • elected to four two-year terms
Edward F. BrushJanuary 1, 1918 – December 31, 1919Republican
  • elected to one two-year term
Elmer L. KincaidJanuary 1, 1920 – December 31, 1921Republican
  • elected to one two-year term
William D. MacQuestenJanuary 1, 1924 – December 31, 1927Republican
  • elected to one four-year term
  • did not run for renomination[36]
James BergJanuary 1, 1928 – July 2, 1931Republican
  • elected to one four-year term
  • resigned to become secretary of the Westchester County Sanitary Sewer Commission[37]
  • Berg, by virtue of not filing his letter of resignation was actually in office until 8:45 a. m. on July 2, 1931[38]
Thomas H. Hodge (Acting)July 2, 1931 – December 31, 1931Republican
  • was City Council President, became Acting Mayor after Berg's resignation
Leslie V. BatemanJanuary 1, 1932 – December 31, 1935Democratic
  • elected to one four-year term[39]
Denton Pearsall, Jr.January 1, 1936 – December 31, 1939Republican
  • elected to one four-year term
William Hart HusseyJanuary 1, 1940 – December 31, 1951Republican
  • elected to three four-year terms
Joseph V. VaccarellaJanuary 1, 1952 – December 31, 1959Democratic
  • elected to two two-year terms
P. Raymond SirignanoJanuary 1, 1960 – December 31, 1963Republican
  • elected to one four-year term
Joseph P. VaccarellaJanuary 1, 1964 – December 31, 1967Democratic
  • elected to one four-year term
August P. PetrilloJanuary 1, 1968 – August 29, 1976Republican
  • elected to two four-year terms
  • died in office[40]
Ronald A. Blackwood (Acting)August 29, 1976 – December 31, 1976Republican
  • was City Council President and a Republican at the time; became Acting Mayor after Petrillo's death
  • first African-American mayor
Thomas E. SharpeJanuary 1, 1977 – October 27, 1984Democratic
  • elected to two four-year terms
  • died in office[41]
Carmella Iaboni (Acting)October 27, 1984 – February 4, 1985Democratic
  • was City Council President, became Acting Mayor after Sharpe's death[42]
Ronald A. BlackwoodFebruary 4, 1985 – December 31, 1995Democratic
  • won a special to fill the remainder of Sharpe's unfilled term[43] [44]
  • elected to two four-year terms
Ernest D. DavisJanuary 1, 1996 – December 31, 2007Democratic
  • elected to three four-year terms[45]
  • lost to Young in the Democratic primary and the general election
Clinton I. Young, Jr.January 1, 2008 – December 31, 2011Democratic
  • elected to one four-year term[46]
  • lost to Davis in the election
Ernest D. DavisJanuary 1, 2012 – December 31, 2015Democratic
  • elected to one four-year term
Richard ThomasJanuary 1, 2016 – July 11, 2019Democratic
  • elected to one four-year term[47]
  • Removed from office by City Council[48] [49]
André Wallace (Acting)July 12, 2019 – December 31, 2019Democratic
  • was City Council President, became Acting Mayor after Thomas's removal from office [50] [51] [52] [53]
Shawyn Patterson-HowardJanuary 1, 2020 – presentDemocratic

Comptroller

NameYearsPartyNotes
Maureen WalkerJanuary 1, 1994 – December 31, 2017Democratic• elected to five four year terms
Deborah ReynoldsJanuary 1, 2018 – present (after winning an election that features former City Councilman Marcus Griffith, no independent official building have yet to be established by the City of Mount Vernon, authorized by the State of York, or U.S. House of Representative motion to do so as of November 16, 2021)Democratic• elected to one four year term[56]

Board of Estimate

The Board of Estimate is composed of the mayor, the city council president, and the comptroller. The city council president votes on behalf of the city council. All monetary decisions, including the annual budget and many legal ramifications, must pass vote of the Board of Estimate, which meets every Tuesday after the city council's Wednesday legislative session.

Court system

The Mount Vernon city court is part of the New York State Unified Court System. It has three elected full-time judges who serve for ten years and one part-time associate judge who is appointed by the mayor for a period of eight years. The judges of the court are William Edwards, Adrian Armstrong, and Nichelle Johnson. Adam Seiden serves as an associate judge of the court. The court handles a wide variety of cases, including initial processing of all felony criminal cases; handling of all misdemeanor cases from inception through trial; civil proceedings with a limited monetary jurisdiction of up to $15,000; all landlord tenant cases originating in the city; small claims cases; and all vehicle and traffic law matters. The court is housed in the public safety complex, which is adjacent to City Hall.

Education

See also: Mount Vernon City School District (New York). Mount Vernon City School District includes 11 elementary schools, two middle schools, two high schools and one alternative high school.

Elementary schoolsMiddle schoolsHigh schools
Cecil H. ParkerDenzel Washington School of the Arts (6-12)Mount Vernon High School
ColumbusBenjamin Turner Denzel Washington School of the Arts (6-12)
Edward WilliamsPennington MiddleNelson Mandela/Dr. Hosea Zollicoffer Alternative High
Graham SchoolMount Vernon STEAM Academy
Grimes
Hamilton
Lincoln
Rebecca Turner
Pennington
Traphagen
Mount Vernon Honor Academy (K-8)
Westchester Community College has an extension site education facility, downtown.

In 2011, The Journal News featured an article titled "Region's Aging Schools Crumble as Finances Falter", by Cathey O'Donnell and Gary Stern. The article discussed several old school buildings within the region that were in disrepair, how much it would cost to fix them, and which if any might need to be demolished. The Mount Vernon school district was included in the article, which stated:

"In Mount Vernon, meanwhile, where a high school wall collapsed last year, inspectors flagged buildings for insufficient smoke detectors, poor air quality, evidence of rodents and vermin, halls without emergency lighting and junction boxes with exposed live wires."[57]

Infrastructure and services

Fire department

The city of Mount Vernon is protected by the City of Mount Vernon Fire Department (CMVFD).The CMVFD currently operates out of four firehouses, throughout the city, under the command of a Deputy Chief each shift. The department operates four engine companies, two ladder companies, and one rescue company. The department responds to approximately 8,000 emergency calls annually.[58]

Police department

As of 2021, the Mount Vernon Police Department has 184 officers.[59]

In May 2021, the District Attorney for Westchester County requested intervention by the Department of Justice (DOJ) for civil rights violations by the Mount Vernon Police Department. The DOJ announced its civil investigation in December 2021.[60]

Healthcare

The 115-year-old Mount Vernon Hospital[61] has 121 beds.[62] It is part of the Montefiore Health System and provides in-patient, critical care, and ambulatory services to residents of Mount Vernon and neighboring communities. The hospital is most known for its premier Chronic Wound Treatment and Hyperbaric Center, which is one of the most advanced in the Northeast. It also offers a variety of services, including the Assertive Community Treatment Center (ACT), the Family Health and Wellness Center, the Hopfer School of Nursing, Hyperbaric Medicine, and Intensive Case Management.[63]

Mount Vernon Hospital is one of four hospitals in the county that provides programs in medicine, nursing, podiatry, and surgery. (Montefiore New Rochelle Hospital, Westchester Medical Center, and White Plains Hospital are the others.)

Mount Vernon Hospital's emergency room treats 25,000 patients a year and is going to be expanded at a cost of $2.5 million, doubling its size from 9000to. The expansion plans include 15 private treatment rooms and upgrades to the waiting area, triage room and other areas in the emergency department.

The area around the hospital has many medical office buildings and treatment facilities which provide healthcare to residents living in Mount Vernon, the southeast section of Yonkers, and the north Bronx, which shares a border with the city. For example, Planned Parenthood Hudson Peconic, the Planned Parenthood affiliate that serves New York's Putnam, Rockland, Suffolk and Westchester Counties, opened its first medical center in Mount Vernon in 1935; the affiliate remains a vital source for reproductive health care services to Mount Vernon residents.

Places of worship

The city's previous motto was "A City That Believes". This is reflected in the houses of worship in the city that represent more than 25 denominations.[64]

Research has confirmed the tradition that Grace Baptist Church was founded in 1888 by a few women who formally had been enslaved and it discovered their names: Emily Waller, Matilda Brooks, Helen Claiborne, Sahar Bennett, and Elizabeth Benson.[65]

Transportation

In late 2005, the RBA Group conducted a study and found that over 5,000 commuters traverse the area on a daily basis; about 3,600 commuters use the Westchester County Bee-Line Bus System, and 1,500 use the Metropolitan Transportation Authority's Metro-North Railroad commuter rail service.

Notable people

In popular culture

Motion pictures

Advertising

Films

Multiple movies have been set in or featured Mount Vernon, such as:

Television

Scenes from multiple TV shows have been shot in Mount Vernon, such as:

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: ArcGIS REST Services Directory. United States Census Bureau. September 20, 2022. January 19, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220119173812/https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer. live.
  2. Web site: Mount Vernon city, New York . . February 23, 2021 . March 10, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220310042926/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US3649121 . live .
  3. News: Cohen . Joyce . If You're Thinking of Living In / Wakefield, the Bronx; Hugging Westchester at the Subway's End . The New York Times . January 31, 1999 . August 21, 2009 . December 24, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101224151640/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/31/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-living-wakefield-bronx-hugging-westchester-subway-s-end.html . live .
  4. News: If You're Thinking of Living in: Mount Vernon. Lew. Julie. January 13, 1985. The New York Times. June 18, 2019. December 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201211060709/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/13/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-of-living-in-mount-vernon.html. live.
  5. Book: Shonnard . Frederic . History of Westchester County, New York, from its earliest settlement to the year 1900 . Spooner . Walter Whipple . New York History Co. . 1900 . 578–581 . 1046597892 . Internet Archive.
  6. , p.177-78
  7. News: 2 Banks Merge In Mt. Vernon. The Yonkers Herald. Yonkers, New York. July 18, 1930. 2. January 11, 2022. January 12, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220112235020/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92451521/american-national-bank/. live.
  8. News: Financial Institutions of County Owed Deb By Real Estate Industry. The Daily Times. Mamaroneck, New York. June 22, 1928. 4. January 13, 2022. January 13, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220113174724/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92498949/largest-bank/. live.
  9. News: Feds investigate Mount Vernon Mayor Ernest Davis' finances. February 13, 2013. The Journal News. Jonathan. Bandler. LoHud.com. February 23, 2013. February 16, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130216224654/http://www.lohud.com/article/20130213/NEWS/302130069/Feds-investigate-Mount-Vernon-Mayor-Ernest-Davis-finances. live.
  10. News: Lungariello . Mark . Westchester County Primaries: Thomas Wins in Mount Vernon . LoHud.com . The Journal News . September 11, 2015 . December 20, 2015 . December 26, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151226075313/http://www.lohud.com/story/news/politics/2015/09/10/westchester-county-primary-2015/71959272/?from=global&sessionKey=&autologin= . live .
  11. Web site: Garcia . Ernie . Richard Thomas Wins Mount Vernon Mayoral Race . LoHud.com . The Journal News . November 4, 2015 . December 20, 2015 . January 17, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190117111558/https://www.lohud.com/story/news/politics/elections/2015/11/03/thomas-wins-mount-vernon/74895762/ . live .
  12. News: Bandler . Jonathan . Patterson-Howard declares victory in Mount Vernon mayoral primary . LoHud.com . The Journal News . July 3, 2019 . January 2, 2020 . September 4, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904013056/https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/westchester/mount-vernon/2019/07/03/patterson-howard-declares-victory-mount-vernon-mayoral-primary/1640686001/ . live .
  13. News: Bandler . Jonathan . Patterson-Howard cruises to victory to become first woman elected Mount Vernon mayor . LoHud.com . The Journal News . November 6, 2019 . January 2, 2020 . December 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191218104618/https://www.lohud.com/story/news/politics/elections/2019/11/06/shawyn-patterson-howard-first-woman-elected-mayor-mount-vernon/4166691002/ . live .
  14. Web site: Congressman Eliot Engel : About Our District. engel.house.gov. October 7, 2018. October 7, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223103/https://engel.house.gov/about-our-district/. dead.
  15. News: Mount Vernon credit rating falls; who is to blame?. Bandler. Jon. January 29, 2019. Lohud.com. September 8, 2019. January 30, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190130191553/https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/westchester/mount-vernon/2019/01/29/mount-vernon-loss-credit-rating/2713486002/. live.
  16. News: MountVernonInspectorGeneralReport.02-25-19.pdf. Google Docs. September 8, 2019. July 12, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210712100932/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TWGz-mfZqun4xv_F-iQ-GM5r40EaJNJp/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook%7Ctitle%3DMountVernonInspectorGeneralReport.02-25-19.pdf&usp=embed_facebook. live.
  17. Web site: February2019_ErasmusMemo.pdf. Google Docs. September 8, 2019. July 11, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210711192629/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fH_jh2a44wBRpGrMHqhfBsUVbkPq5vzu/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook%7Ctitle%3DFebruary2019_ErasmusMemo.pdf&usp=embed_facebook. live.
  18. Web site: 2018.11.20.ErasmusAudited.pdf. Google Docs. September 8, 2019. July 12, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210712125337/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TvX0bgC3T2559RJyKkpnY-gBXcktdY6S/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook%7Ctitle%3D2018.11.20.ErasmusAudited.pdf&usp=embed_facebook. live.
  19. Web site: Ex. B 2018-03-28_Letter_Baker Tilly to the Mayor of Mt Vernon.pdf. Google Docs. November 4, 2019. May 22, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230522002322/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FyEZIGGmrGTMC-Z3mkVJvo8X0m0-u8wU/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook. live.
  20. Web site: Attorney General James And Comptroller DiNapoli Announce Guilty Plea Of Mount Vernon Mayor Richard Thomas | New York State Attorney General. ag.ny.gov. September 24, 2019. September 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190924230741/https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2019/attorney-general-james-and-comptroller-dinapoli-announce-guilty-plea-mount-vernon. live.
  21. News: Mt. Vernon Has 2 Mayors, and Its Police Commissioner Was Just Arrested. Sarah Maslin. Nir. The New York Times. July 18, 2019. September 24, 2019. September 15, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190915100442/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/18/nyregion/mount-vernon-mayor.html. live.
  22. Web site: DA Orders Release After Police Commissioner Named By Mount Vernon City Council Charged. Failla. Zak. July 17, 2019. Mount Vernon Daily Voice. September 24, 2019. July 18, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190718195115/https://dailyvoice.com/new-york/mountvernon/news/da-orders-release-after-police-commissioner-named-by-mount-vernon-city-council-charged/772174/. live.
  23. Web site: Mount Vernon mayor calls for revision of city charter. Bandler. Jonathan. March 28, 2019. lohud.com. en. August 31, 2019. June 11, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190611081807/https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/westchester/mount-vernon/2019/03/28/mount-vernon-mayor-city-charter-revision/3287678002/. live.
  24. Web site: City of Mount Vernon Charter Revision Commission Final Report. Cullen. Kevin. August 31, 2019. google drive. August 31, 2019. May 22, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230522002327/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1g3E1T16CNwG3a21vOutIzZtrDhTQVrTp/view?usp=sharing. live.
  25. Web site: August 1, 2019. Residents skeptical of Mount Vernon's plan to overhaul city charter. westchester.news12.com. en. August 31, 2019. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20190802053950/http://westchester.news12.com/story/40867935/residents-skeptical-of-mount-vernons-plan-to-overhaul-city-charter. August 2, 2019.
  26. Web site: US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990. United States Census Bureau. April 23, 2011. February 12, 2011. August 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190824085937/https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html. live.
  27. Web site: Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Mount Vernon city, New York. https://archive.today/20200212184828/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US3649121. dead. February 12, 2020. U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. January 29, 2013.
  28. Web site: Mount Vernon Comprehensive Plan, November 2011. Department of Planning. Westchester County. October 7, 2018. October 7, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223243/http://cmvny.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Mount-Vernon-Comprehensive-Plan-Chapter-3.0.pdf. dead.
  29. Web site: Gramatan Avenue at Lincoln Avenue, Mount Vernon, NY, 10550 - Office Building Property For Sale on LoopNet.com. LoopNet. en. October 7, 2018. October 7, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223226/http://www.loopnet.com/Listing/19046880/Gramatan-Avenue-at-Lincoln-Avenue-Mount-Vernon-NY/. live.
  30. News: Garcia. Ernie. August 3, 2019. Mount Vernon must pay more than $3 million to grocer. lohud.com. October 7, 2018. en. October 2, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231002000422/https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/westchester/mount-vernon/2018/08/03/mount-vernon-must-pay-more-than-3-million-grocer/874246002/. live.
  31. Web site: P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Mount Vernon city, New York. United States Census Bureau.
  32. Web site: P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino By Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Mount Vernon city, New York. United States Census Bureau. March 10, 2022. March 10, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220310042925/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=1600000US3649121&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2. live.
  33. Web site: P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino By Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Mount Vernon city, New York. United States Census Bureau. March 10, 2022. March 10, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220310043426/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=1600000US3649121&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2. live.
  34. Web site: U.S. Census website. United States Census Bureau. January 31, 2008. December 27, 1996. https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/. live.
  35. Web site: Parks. https://web.archive.org/web/20100713074850/http://parks.westchestergov.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1919&Itemid=3770. dead. July 13, 2010. parks.westchestergov.com. September 24, 2019.
  36. News: Contests in 3 Cities in Westchester – Republicans in New Rochelle, Yonkers and Mount Vernon Face Mayoralty Battles – Candidates File Petitions – Yonkers Also Has Fight Ahead in Both Parties for Aldermanic and Assembly Nominations . September 21, 2018 . The New York Times . August 24, 1927 . 24 . September 21, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180921230428/https://www.nytimes.com/1927/08/24/archives/contests-in-3-cities-in-westchester-republicans-in-new-rochelle.html . live .
  37. News: Plan Farewell for Mayor Berg . September 21, 2018 . The New York Times . June 22, 1931 . 9 . September 21, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180921231548/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/06/22/archives/plan-farewell-for-mavor-berg.html . live .
    • "Berg Resigns Mayors Post," Mount Vernon (New York) Daily Argus, July 2, 1931, p. 1, 4th col.; Old Fulton New York Post Cards (http://www.fultonhistory.com : accessed December 31, 2018) Browse Archives > Historical Newspapers United States and Canada > Mount Vernon NY Daily Argus > Mount Vernon NY Daily Argus 1931 > Mount Vernon NY Daily Argus 1931 – 3790.pdf
  39. News: Lelie V. Bateman, Mt. Vernon Leader – Ex-Mayor, Head of County Rationing Boards, Dies – Hines Trial Witness. September 14, 1946. The New York Times. April 18, 2020. en-US. 0362-4331. May 22, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230522002327/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/09/14/archives/leslie-v-bateman-mt-vernon-leader-exmayor-head-of-county-rationing.html. live.
  40. News: August P. Petrillo, Mount Vernon Mayor . September 21, 2018 . The New York Times . August 31, 1976 . 29 . September 21, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180921231822/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/08/31/archives/august-p-petrillo-mt-vernon-mayor.html . live .
  41. News: Thomas E. Sharpe, Mt. Vernon Mayor – Attracted 35 New Companies and Rehabilitated Housing During 8 Years in Office. September 21, 2018. The New York Times. October 28, 1984. 44. September 21, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180921230430/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/28/obituaries/thomas-e-shapre-mt-vernon-mayor.html. live.
  42. News: Williams. Lena. Heated Race Unfolds in Mt. Vernon. November 25, 1984. The New York Times. April 18, 2020. en-US. 0362-4331. May 22, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230522002330/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/25/nyregion/heated-race-unfolds-in-mt-vernon.html. live.
  43. News: Williams . Lena . Blackwood Outlines Goals As Mayor . September 21, 2018 . The New York Times . February 3, 1985 . WC1 . September 21, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180921231559/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/03/nyregion/blackwood-outlines-goals-as-mayor.html . live .
  44. News: Williams. Lena. Man in the News; Milestone for New Mt. Vernon Mayor. January 30, 1985. The New York Times. April 18, 2020. en-US. 0362-4331. November 28, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171128143620/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/30/nyregion/man-in-the-news-milestone-for-new-mt-vernon-mayor.html. live.
  45. Web site: Ernie Davis sworn in for third term as Mount Vernon mayor. westchester.news12.com. en. April 18, 2020.
  46. Web site: January 2, 2008. Young sworn in as new Mount Vernon mayor. westchester.news12.com. en. April 18, 2020. October 2, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231002000426/https://westchester.news12.com/young-sworn-in-as-new-mount-vernon-mayor-34912108. live.
  47. Web site: Richard Thomas sworn in as Mount Vernon mayor. Spillane. Matt. lohud.com. en. April 18, 2020. April 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210420173047/https://www.lohud.com/story/news/politics/2016/01/01/thomas-inauguration-mount-vernon-mayor/78179430/. live.
  48. Web site: Judge rules Andre Wallace is mayor, invalidating council choice of Lisa Copeland. Bandler. Jonathan. August 15, 2019. lohud.com. en. April 18, 2020. August 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200803143054/https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/westchester/mount-vernon/2019/08/15/mount-vernon-mayor-decision/2016515001/. live.
  49. Web site: August 1, 2019. Mount Vernon Back to One Mayor Again After Judge Rules Guilty Plea Equates Office Forfeiture, Ending Weeks-Long Standoff. NBC New York. en-US. April 18, 2020. July 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210730204534/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/mouth-vernon-finally-has-one-mayor-again-after-judge-rules-guilty-plea-equates-office-forfeiture/1496820/. live.
  50. News: Bandler . Jonathan . Mount Vernon: Andre Wallace becomes acting mayor but Richard Thomas insists he's still mayor . July 10, 2019 . The Journal News . The Journal News . July 10, 209 . en . July 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190711171438/https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/westchester/mount-vernon/2019/07/10/andre-wallace-mayor-mount-vernon-richard-thomas/1700178001/ . live .
  51. Web site: Judge rules Andre Wallace as acting Mayor of Mount Vernon. Harry. Ayana. August 16, 2019. WPIX. en. April 18, 2020. September 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190914053355/https://pix11.com/2019/08/16/judge-rules-andre-wallace-as-acting-mayor-of-mount-vernon/. live.
  52. Web site: UPDATED: Andre Wallace Is Officially the Mayor of Mount Vernon. Zucker. Dave. July 8, 2019. Westchester Magazine. en-US. April 18, 2020. May 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200511185241/https://westchestermagazine.com/life-style/updated-andre-wallace-is-officially-the-mayor-of-mount-vernon/. live.
  53. Web site: Andre Wallace named mayor of Mount Vernon once again after month of political turmoil. WABC. August 16, 2019. ABC7 New York. en. April 18, 2020. January 21, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210121030220/https://abc7ny.com/5470369/. live.
  54. Web site: Shawyn Patterson-Howard, first woman elected mayor of Mount Vernon, sworn in to office. Bandler. Jonathan. January 1, 2020. lohud.com. en. April 18, 2020. April 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200414163515/https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/westchester/mount-vernon/2020/01/01/shawyn-patterson-howard-mount-vernon-mayor/2789555001/. live.
  55. Web site: Vergari. Mark. January 4, 2020. Shawyn Patterson-Howard sworn in as Mount Vernon Mayor. www.lohud.com. en. April 18, 2020. April 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200415174627/https://www.lohud.com/videos/news/local/westchester/mount-vernon/2020/01/04/shawyn-patterson-howard-sworn-mount-vernon-mayor/2815102001/. live.
  56. Web site: Bandler. Jonathan Bandler and Jonathan. Maureen Walker loss means first new Mount Vernon comptroller since 1994. September 10, 2020. The Journal News. en-US. April 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210413071241/https://www.lohud.com/story/news/2017/09/13/first-new-mount-vernon-comptroller-since-1994/660814001/. live.
  57. Web site: Region's aging schools crumble as finances falter. The Journal News. July 4, 2015. January 13, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160113080558/http://www.lohud.com/article/99999999/WATCHDOG/399990168/. live.
  58. Web site: Fire Department. City of Mount Vernon, NY. September 21, 2016.
  59. Web site: Police Department. City of Mount Vernon, NY. September 21, 2016. November 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211123102458/https://cmvny.com/440/Police. live.
  60. News: The Washington Post . Justice Dept. launches civil investigation into Mount Vernon, N.Y., police . December 3, 2021 . Nakamura . David . December 3, 2021 . December 3, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211203200951/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/mount-vernon-police-investigation/2021/12/03/ca04b57e-5465-11ec-8927-c396fa861a71_story.html . live .
  61. Web site: Montefiore Mount Vernon Hospital . January 25, 2023 . www.montefiorehealthsystem.org . January 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230125210033/https://www.montefiorehealthsystem.org/MountVernon . live .
  62. Web site: Montefiore Medical Center – History and Milestones . January 25, 2023 . www.montefiore.org . January 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230125210534/https://www.montefiore.org/about-history-and-milestones . live .
  63. Web site: Montefiore Mount Vernon Hospital . January 25, 2023 . www.montefiorehealthsystem.org . January 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230125210033/https://www.montefiorehealthsystem.org/MountVernon . live .
  64. Web site: City of Mount Vernon, NY. Houses of Worship. April 9, 2020.
  65. Pilgrim, Rachel J., The Search for the Five Women of Grace Baptist Church , The New York Times, Race/Related, October 17, 2020
  66. Web site: Bee-Line Bus Map. Libertylines.com. August 25, 2014. April 12, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150412090610/http://www.libertylines.com/content/images/pdf/beeline.PDF. dead.
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  72. News: Dr. Christine Haycock . The Nutley Sun . January 31, 2008 . January 9, 2021 . . Born in Mount Vernon, N.Y., and raised in Richmond, Va., before moving to Nutley, Dr. Haycock went from Nutley High School to the Presbyterian Hospital School of Nursing. . January 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210111200709/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/499131177/ . live .
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  75. Web site: Official Web Site of the Boys and Girls Club of Mount Vernon. Board of Directors. November 5, 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120528101346/http://www.bgcmvny.com/index.php?PID=20&cid=2. May 28, 2012.
  76. News: Honoring Our Own. Westchester Magazine. January 23, 2009. July 18, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110718041321/http://www.westchestermagazine.com/Westchester-Magazine/February-2009/Honoring-Our-Own/ .
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  78. News: Barbara May Theresa Werle Obituary . . January 5, 2013 . January 7, 2013 . December 2, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224632/http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/utsandiego/obituary.aspx?n=barbara-may-theresa-werle&pid=162146393 . live .
  79. Sports Illustrated. December 17, 1979. Isaacs, Stan. Mean Joe: Goliath plays Othello. June 17, 2011. November 4, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121104113448/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1126412/1/index.htm. live.
  80. Web site: City of Mount Vernon General Page. Mount Vernon Public Library.
  81. Web site: Movies Filmed In Mount Vernon. IMDb. November 27, 2013. September 4, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140904040352/http://www.imdb.com/search/title?locations=Mt.%20Vernon,%20New%20York,%20USA&ref_=tt_dt_dt. live.
  82. News: Maker. Greg. October 3, 2012. Mount Vernon...Did You Know?. Mount Vernon Daily Voice. November 27, 2013. December 2, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235633/http://mountvernon.dailyvoice.com/lifestyle/mount-vernondid-you-know-0. live.
  83. Web site: gradesaver.com. Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind: About the film. March 9, 2012. January 26, 2013. March 9, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120309043530/http://www.gradesaver.com/eternal-sunshine-of-the-spotless-mind/wikipedia/film-setting-and-locations/. dead.
  84. News: HBO series 'The Leftovers' stars Mount Vernon. LoHud.com. Rauch, Ned P.. June 27, 2014. October 30, 2015. December 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201203021008/https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/westchester/2014/06/27/hbo-filming-leftovers-mount-vernon/11552691/. live.
  85. News: Introduction. Edinburgh University Press. Scenes from the Suburbs: The Suburb in Contemporary US Film and Television. 13. Vermeulen, Timotheus. 2014. 9780748691661. October 19, 2020. October 2, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231002000422/https://books.google.com/books?id=q5ilBgAAQBAJ&q=the+suburbs+web+series+mount+vernon&pg=PA13. live.

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