Mourne Mountains Explained

Mourne Mountains
Other Name:Beanna Boirche
Photo Size:300
Country Type:Sovereign state
Country:United Kingdom
Region Type:Constituent country
Region:Northern Ireland
District Type:Counties
District:County Down
Highest:Slieve Donard
Elevation M:850
Geology:Granite
Map:UK Northern Ireland#Island of Ireland

The Mourne Mountains (; Irish: Beanna Boirche), also called the Mournes or the Mountains of Mourne, are a granite mountain range in County Down in the south-east of Northern Ireland.[1] They include the highest mountains in all of Ulster, the highest of which is Slieve Donard at 850m (2,790feet).[2] The Mournes are designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty[3] and it has been proposed to make the area Northern Ireland's first national park.[4] The area is partly owned by the National Trust and sees many visitors every year.[5] The Mourne Wall crosses fifteen of the summits and was built to enclose the catchment basin of the Silent Valley and Ben Crom reservoirs. The wall, and the area inside it, are owned by Northern Ireland Water.

Name

The name 'Mourne' is derived from the name of a Gaelic clan or sept called the Múghdhorna.[6] [7] The older name of this mountainous territory was Bairrche, which is likely a collective noun derived from the Irish barr, meaning 'top, peak'.[8] This survives in the Irish name for the mountains, na Beanna Boirche, literally "the peaks of the peak district".[9] [10] It was historically anglicized as 'Bennyborfy'.[11] The name Bairche or Boirche was also personified as the mythical shepherd of the mountains.[8]

Many of the mountains have names beginning "Slieve", from the Irish sliabh, meaning "mountain".[12]

Mountains

On clear days, the Mourne Mountains can be seen from the Isle of Man[13] and Dublin.[14]

+ style="text-align: left;" Highest summits[15] [16] (MountainViews Online Database)
RankNameIrish nameElevationProminence
1Slieve Donard
Sliabh Dónairt ("Domhanghart's mountain") 850m (2,790feet) 822m (2,697feet)
2Slieve CommedaghSliabh Coimhéideach ("guarding/watching mountain")767m (2,516feet) 180m (590feet)
3Slieve BinnianSliabh Binneáin ("mountain of the little peaks")746m (2,448feet) 282m (925feet)
4Slieve BearnaghSliabh Bearnach ("gapped mountain")739m (2,425feet) 304m (997feet)
5Slieve LamaganSliabh Lámhagáin ("crawling/creeping mountain")704m (2,310feet) 197m (646feet)
6Slieve MeelbegSliabh Míol Beag ("small mountain of the beasts")702m (2,303feet) 193m (633feet)
7Slieve MeelmoreSliabh Míol Mór ("great mountain of the beasts")680m (2,230feet) 109m (358feet)
8Slieve Bearnagh North Tor680m (2,230feet) 10m (30feet)
9Slieve Binnian North Top678m (2,224feet) 53m (174feet)
10Slieve MuckSliabh Muc ("pig mountain")670m (2,200feet) 155m (509feet)
11Chimney Rock Mtn/Slieve NeirSliabh an Aoire ("shepherd mountain")656m (2,152feet) 131m (430feet)
12Cove Mountain655m (2,149feet) 100m (300feet)
13Slieve CorraghSliabh Corrach ("rugged/pointed mountain")640m (2,100feet) 15m (49feet)
14Eagle MountainSliabh an Iolair ("eagle mountain")638m (2,093feet) 263m (863feet)
15ShanlieveSeanshliabh ("old mountain")626m (2,054feet) 31m (102feet)
16Slieve LoughshannaghSliabh Loch Seannach ("fox lake mountain")617m (2,024feet) 104m (341feet)
17Slieve BegSliabh Beag ("little mountain")596m (1,955feet) 41m (135feet)
18DoanDún Maol Chobha ("Maol Cobha's fort")593m (1,946feet) 119m (390feet)
19Slievenaglogh (Northern)Sliabh na gCloch ("mountain of the stones")586m (1,923feet) 41m (135feet)
20Carn MountainSliabh an Chairn ("mountain of the cairn")585m (1,919feet) 50m (160feet)
21FinlieveFinnshliabh ("white mountain")[17] 579m (1,900feet) 20m (70feet)
22Slievemoughanmore560m (1,840feet) 154m (505feet)
23Crossone
(lesser summit of Slieve Donard)
Cros Eoghain ("Owen's cross")[18] 540m (1,770feet) 12m (39feet)
24Pigeon Rock Mtn/DrumleeDroim Lao ("ridge of the calf")534m (1,752feet) 139m (456feet)
25Ott MountainUcht ("mountain-breast")527m (1,729feet) 32m (105feet)
26Ben CromBinn Chrom ("stooped/curved peak")526m (1,726feet) 81m (266feet)
27Rocky Mountain (Eastern)Sliabh na gCloch ("mountain of the stones")524m (1,719feet) 60m (200feet)
28Spences Mountain
(lesser summit of Slieve Neir)
515m (1,690feet) Unknown
29Cock Mountain/SlievahillySliabh an Choiligh ("cock mountain")504m (1,654feet) 130m (430feet)
30Butter MountainSliabh an Ime ("butter mountain")500m (1,600feet) 95m (312feet)
+ style="text-align: left;" Lesser summits and hillsRankNameIrish nameTranslationHeight
31SlievemartinSliabh Mártain Martin's mountain485m (1,591feet)
32SpalthaUnknownUnknown479m (1,572feet)
33Thomas MountainUnknownUnknown475m (1,558feet)
34TievedockaraghTaobh Docrachdifficult hillside473m (1,552feet)
35SpelgaSpeilgeachplace of pointed rocks472m (1,549feet)
36SlievemeenSliabh Mínsmooth mountain471m (1,545feet)
37Pierces CastleUnknownUnknown465m (1,526feet)
38CrenvilleUnknownUnknown460m (1,510feet)
39Millstone MountainUnknownUnknown459m (1,506feet)
40Wee BinnianBroinn Bhinneáinbreast of (Slieve) Binnian459m (1,506feet)
41SlievenagarraghUnknownUnknown450m (1,480feet)
42SlievenamaddySliabh na Madaidhdog mountain[19] 450m (1,480feet)
43Altaggart MountainUnknownUnknown445m (1,460feet)
44Slievenaglogh (Southern)Sliabh na gClochmountain of the stones445m (1,460feet)
45SlievenamiskanSliabh Meascáinbutter lump mountain444m (1,457feet)
46SlievenabrockSliabh na mBrocbadger mountain[20] 438m (1,437feet)
47Hares GapUnknownUnknown435m (1,427feet)
48Hares CastleUnknownUnknown430m (1,410feet)
49Wee SlievemoughanUnknownUnknown428m (1,404feet)
50SlievedermotSliabh DiarmuidDermot's mountain[21] 425m (1,394feet)
51SlievemeelSliabh Maolbald mountain420m (1,380feet)
52LeganabruchanUnknownUnknown410m (1,350feet)
53CraigdooCreag Dubhblack rock[22] 408m (1,339feet)
54Rocky Mountain (Western)UnknownUnknown405m (1,329feet)
55Slieve BanSliabh Bánwhite mountain[23] 395m (1,296feet)
56Windy GapUnknownUnknown395m (1,296feet)
57Lukes MountainUnknownUnknown391m (1,283feet)
58SlievebaneUnknownUnknown390m (1,280feet)
59TornamrockTorr na mBrocTorr of the Badgers390m (1,280feet)
60SlievenamuckUnknownUnknown390m (1,280feet)
61GruggandooUnknownUnknown380m (1,250feet)
62Black StairsUnknownUnknown370m (1,210feet)
63Deers MeadowUnknownUnknown370m (1,210feet)
64CarnadrannaUnknownUnknown365m (1,198feet)
65Slieve RoeSliabh Ruadhred mountain[24] 364m (1,194feet)
66Slieve RoosleyUnknownUnknown362m (1,188feet)
67Hen Mountain/SlievenakirkSliabh na Circe[25] hen mountain360m (1,180feet)
68Trainors RocksUnknownUnknown360m (1,180feet)
69LugagourUnknownUnknown360m (1,180feet)
70Leckan MoreUnknownUnknown355m (1,165feet)
71Percy ByssheUnknownUnknown355m (1,165feet)
72CrannogeUnknownUnknown350m (1,150feet)
73The FallowUnknownUnknown350m (1,150feet)
74CrotlieveCrotshliabhhump-mountain347m (1,138feet)
75KnocksheeCnoc Sidhefairy hill[26] 346m (1,135feet)
76Long SeefinSuidhe FinnFinn's seat[27] 345m (1,132feet)
77Glen FofannyUnknownUnknown340m (1,120feet)
78SlievenagoreUnknownUnknown335m (1,099feet)
79MoolieveUnknownUnknown332m (1,089feet)
80MullagharveUnknownUnknown330m (1,080feet)
81SlievenamanUnknownUnknown323m (1,060feet)
82ArdglashUnknownUnknown320m (1,050feet)
83Wee RoosleyUnknownUnknown320m (1,050feet)
84SlievemageoghUnknownUnknown316m (1,037feet)
85SlievemiskanUnknownUnknown310m (1,020feet)
86CarmeenUnknownUnknown310m (1,020feet)
87GrugganskeaghUnknownUnknown310m (1,020feet)
88KnockchreeUnknownUnknown305m (1,001feet)

Other features

The below sub-headings detail other features and visitor attractions found in the Mourne Mountains.

The Mourne Wall

The Mourne Wall is a dry stone wall measuring 31.4km (19.5miles) in length[28] that crosses fifteen summits and was constructed to define and protect the 36abbr=inNaNabbr=in catchment area purchased by Belfast Water Commissioners in the late 19th century.[29] This followed a number of Acts of Parliament allowing the sale, and the establishment of a water supply from the Mournes to the growing industrial city of Belfast.[30] Construction of the Mourne Wall was started in 1904 and was completed in 1922.[29]

The Mourne Wall has been a listed building since 1996, and 600 repairs were completed in 2018 by Geda Construction.[31]

Forests

Tollymore Forest Park is at Bryansford, near the town of Newcastle in the Mourne and Slieve Croob Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It covers an area of 630ha at the foot of the Mourne Mountains and has views of the surrounding mountains and the sea at nearby Newcastle. The Shimna River flows through the park where it is crossed by 16 bridges, the earliest dating to 1726. The river is a spawning ground for salmon and trout and is an Area of Special Scientific Interest for its geology, flora and fauna. The forest has four walking trails signposted by different coloured arrows, the longest being the 8miles "long haul trail". The Forest Park has been managed by the Forest Service since they purchased it from the Roden Estate in 1941.

Donard Forest is near Newcastle, County Down. It borders Donard Park at the foot of the Mourne Mountains. The Glen River flows through the forest, crossed by three stone bridges.

Rostrevor Forest is near the village of Rostrevor, County Down, between the Mourne Mountains and Carlingford Lough, in the Mourne Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The first trees, primarily sitka spruce, douglas fir and pine, were planted in 1931.

Reservoirs

All water reservoirs are owned and maintained by Northern Ireland Water (NIW).

Silent Valley Reservoir is a reservoir in the Mourne Mountains near Kilkeel, County Down. It supplies most of the water for County Down, surrounding counties and most of Belfast via the Aquarius pipeline. The reservoir was built between 1923 and 1933 by a workforce of over one thousand men, nine of whom died during construction. The catchment area is 9,000-acres (3,600 ha / 36 km2).

Ben Crom Reservoir is upstream of Silent Valley in the Kilkeel River valley, and supplies the same areas. It was constructed between 1953 and 1957.

Spelga Reservoir is in the townland of Spelga (Irish: Speilgeach), close to Hilltown, in the North West of the Mourne Mountains. It was formed by construction of Spelga Dam and sits at over 1,200 ft (370 m) above sea level. The dam was constructed between 1953 and 1957, and has a volume of 2,700,000 cubic metres and a catchment area of 1,340-acres (542 ha / 5.423 km2).

Fofanny Dam Reservoir is approximately 2 km north-east of Spelga Dam and is much smaller.

Flora and fauna

Aside from grasses, the most common plants found in the Mournes are heathers and gorse. Of the former, three species are found: cross-leaved heath, bell heather, and common heather. Of the latter, two species are found: common gorse and western gorse. Other plants which grow in the area are: common cottongrass, roseroot, harebell, marsh St John's-wort, wild thyme, wood sorrel and heath spotted orchid.

Sheep graze high into the mountains, and the range is also home to birds, including the raven, peregrine falcon, wren, buzzard, meadow pipit, grey wagtail, stonechat and snipe. The golden eagle, a former inhabitant, has not been seen in the Mournes since 1836.

Recreation

"Discover Northern Ireland", a website operated by Tourism NI, promotes the Mourne Mountains as a popular destination for hiking and taking in views of the surrounding landscape, including local forests and the coastline.[32] The Mournes offer a range of activities for visitors, including hiking, forest and beach walks, cycling and rock climbing, with nearly three-quarters of visitors choosing the Mournes as a place to go walking and hiking.[33]

The Mournes are a popular destination for Duke of Edinburgh's Award expeditions.[34] However, there are also a number of walking challenges which take place in the Mournes. The Mourne Wall challenge, which is also referred to as the 7-peak challenge because it takes into account 7 of the 10 highest Mourne mountains, is advertised by WalkNI.[35] The Mourne six peak challenge is advertised by DiscoverNI and takes hikers up Slieve Donard, Commedagh, Bearnagh, Slieve Binnian, Slieve Meelmore and Slieve Meelbeg across three days of hiking.[36]

Information and statistics on tourism to the Mournes were gathered by TourismNI in 2014.[37] In a survey of leisure visitors, 79% were found to come from Northern Ireland, 15% from elsewhere in the British Isles or Republic of Ireland, and 5–6% were international visitors.[38] Two-thirds of all visitors made a single-day trip rather staying overnight, and party sizes averaged between 3 and 4 people.[39]

There are many granite cliffs, in the form of outcrops and tors, scattered throughout the range, making the Mournes one of Northern Ireland's major rock-climbing areas since the first recorded ascents in the 1930s. The rockforms are generally quite rounded, thus often requiring cams for protection, but with good friction. The 1998 guidebook lists 26 separate crags, with a total of about 900 routes of all grades.[40] [41]

Conservation

Following a fundraising drive in 1993, the National Trust purchased nearly 1300order=flipNaNorder=flip of land in the Mournes, which included a part of Slieve Donard (at 850m (2,790feet)) and nearby Slieve Commedagh (at 767m (2,516feet)), the second-highest mountain in the area.[42]

It has been proposed that the Mourne Mountains be made Northern Ireland's first national park.[43] [44] The plan has been subject to controversy because of the area's status as private property, with over 1,000 farmers based in the proposed park,[44] and also because of fears over the impact on local communities, bureaucracy and house prices.[45]

Gorse burning

Historically, gorse had many uses in the rural economy[46] and hill farmers often cleared gorse by hand.[47] There is also a tradition in the Mournes of controlled gorse burning to improve grazing for sheep. Today, however, many of the fires are unmanaged and some become out-of-control wildfires.[48] In the 1950s, Emyr Estyn Evans had written that some shepherds in the Mournes tended to burn gorse and heather recklessly. He said that such over-burning "results in widespread destruction" and, along with other mismanagement, had "greatly impoverished the mountain environment".[49] In the 21st century there have been hundreds of heather and gorse wildfires in the Mournes each year, the vast majority started deliberately, with "farmers and vandals" often blamed.[50] It is claimed many of the wildfires are caused by hill farmers and landowners carrying out unapproved burning to clear gorse/heather and thus maximize the subsidy payments they receive for the amount of grazing-land they have.[46] [48] [51] Some are also caused by careless visitors.[51] In April 2021, more than a hundred firefighters tackled a major gorse wildfire in the eastern Mournes, which blazed for three days and devastated habitat in the area.[52] [53] The over-clearing of gorse, heather and trees also heightens the risk of landslides.[47]

Wind farm proposal

In 2015, German-owned company ABO Wind applied to build a wind farm at Gruggandoo in the western Mourne Mountains. Its first two applications were turned down, and its revised application is to build eight turbines standing 142m (466feet) high, along with a network of access tracks, substations and a control building. The turbines would be among the tallest structures in Ireland. The company claims they could power 37% of homes in the district. There is opposition, as the wind farm would be in an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and would impact wildlife and habitats. Local protest group, Mourne AONB Against Windfarms, warn it would open the door for further wind farms to be built in the Mournes and other protected areas.[54] Planning officers for Newry, Mourne and Down District Council deem the wind farm "unacceptable" and recommended the council reject it. In 2020, councillors instead voted to ask for a public inquiry.[55]

Popular culture

The mountains are immortalised in a song written by Percy French in 1896, "The Mountains of Mourne". The song has been recorded by many artists, including Don McLean, and was quoted in Irish group Thin Lizzy's 1979 song "Roisin Dubh (Black Rose): A Rock Legend". Frank Baker's famous Ulster-based comic novel Miss Hargreaves refers to it:"I'm not going to tell you much about the holiday except to say it was a grand month and we enjoyed every bit of it even though it rained much of the time. We went miles in the car, swam in the river, messed about in an old tub of a boat belonging to a farmer; and we spent a good many evenings in the hotel at Dungannon, drinking Irish whiskey and flirting with a cheeky girl Henry rather fell for. We climbed the Mourne Mountains and sang the right song on the top, though we couldn't remember the words".

"The Mountains of Mourne" are also mentioned in John Lennon's song "The Luck of the Irish" on the album Some Time in New York City.[56]

The scenery of the Mourne Mountains have also provided the backdrop for a number of productions, most famously HBO's Game of Thrones.[57]

Many local painters have depicted the mountains, including the same Percy French, who immortalized them in song.[58] [59]

The Mourne Mountains also influenced C. S. Lewis to create the mythical world featured in his The Chronicles of Narnia series.[60] [61]

Helicopter crash

On 23 October 2010 an AgustaWestland AW109 (tail number: N2NR) was operating a VFR flight from Enniskillen Airport to Caernarfon Airport, Wales. While en route the helicopter crashed into the western side of Shanlieve, killing all three passengers and crew on board. The cause of the accident was determined to be pilot error in heavy fog.[62]

See also

References

External links

Notes and References

  1. Pitfield, Mankelow, Cooper, Cameron, Lusty, Shaw, Linley . County Down and Belfast: mineral resource map of Northern Ireland.. 2012. 14 October 2019.
  2. Web site: Ireland's Range High Points. High Point Ireland. 2015.
  3. Web site: Mourne Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . NAAONB . 2019 . 14 October 2019.
  4. Mourne National Park Working Party Report to Minister . September 2007 . Mourne National Park Working Party . 14 October 2019.
  5. Web site: The Mournes . National Trust . 2019 . 14 October 2019.
  6. Book: Joyce, Patrick. The origin and history of Irish names of places. 1869. 128.
  7. Web site: Placenames Database of Ireland . Placenames Database of Ireland.
  8. Web site: Irish Hill and Mountain Names. MountainViews.ie. Paul Tempan. May 2019.
  9. Book: McKay, Patrick . A Dictionary of Ulster Place-Names . 112 . The Institute of Irish Studies . The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast . 1999 . 978-0853897422.
  10. https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/9b31e0501b744154b4584b1dce1f859b/page/Place-Name-Info/?data_id=dataSource_1-PlaceNames_Gazeteer_No_Global_IDs_3734%3A24072 Place Names NI: Mourne Mountains
  11. Book: O'Laverty, James . The Barony of Iveagh . www.libraryireland.com . An Historical Account of the Diocese of Down and Conor, Ancient and Modern . 1 . 1878 .
  12. Web site: Slieve definition of slieve by The Free Dictionary. The Free Dictionary. October 2019. 15 October 2019.
  13. Web site: Mourne Mountains from the Isle of Man. Andy Stephenson. 2010. 23 January 2020.
  14. Web site: View of Mourne Mountains over Dublin. gettyimages. 22 January 2020.
  15. Web site: Irish Highest 100: The highest 100 Irish mountains with a prominence of +100m. Mountainviews.ie. September 2018.
  16. Web site: Irish Hill and Mountain Names. MountainViews.ie. Paul Tempan. February 2012.
  17. http://www.placenamesni.org/resultdetails.php?entry=15008 Place Names NI: Finlieve
  18. http://www.placenamesni.org/resultdetails.php?entry=15008 Place Names NI: Crossone
  19. http://www.placenamesni.org/resultdetails.php?entry=14656 Place Names NI: Slievenamaddy
  20. http://www.placenamesni.org/resultdetails.php?entry=14646 Place Names NI: Slievenabrock
  21. http://www.placenamesni.org/resultdetails.php?entry=15074 Place Names NI: Slievedermot
  22. http://www.placenamesni.org/resultdetails.php?entry=14663 Place Names NI: Craigdoo
  23. http://www.placenamesni.org/resultdetails.php?entry=15140 Place Names NI: Slieve Ban
  24. http://www.placenamesni.org/resultdetails.php?entry=14891 Place Names NI: Slieve Roe
  25. http://www.placenamesni.org/resultdetails.php?entry=14745 Place Names NI: Hen Mountain
  26. http://www.placenamesni.org/resultdetails.php?entry=15141 Place Names NI: Knockshee
  27. http://www.placenamesni.org/resultdetails.php?entry=14872 Place Names NI: Long Seefin
  28. Web site: Mourne Mountain Mythical Measurements (blog post by Kieron Gribbon). 18 August 2019 . 18 August 2019.
  29. Web site: The Mourne Wall. The Mourne Mountains. 2010. 22 January 2020.
  30. Web site: History of Belfast Water Supply. Belfast Plumbing Services. 1 August 2016. 22 January 2020.
  31. Web site: The Mourne Wall – NI Water's very own Wonderwall!. NI Water. 31 May 2019. 22 January 2020.
  32. Web site: Mourne Mountains . 19 August 2019.
  33. Web site: Destination Mournes. TourismNI. 2014. 17 October 2019.
  34. Web site: Mournes Expedition Area Information. The Duke of Edinburgh. February 2011. 17 October 2019.
  35. Web site: Mourne Wall Challenge. Outdoor Recreation Northern Ireland. 2019. 17 October 2019.
  36. Web site: Mourne six peak challenge. DiscoverNI. 2019. 17 October 2019.
  37. Web site: Destination Mournes. TourismNI. 2014. 17 October 2019.
  38. Web site: Destination Mournes. TourismNI. 2014. 17 October 2019.
  39. Web site: Destination Mournes. TourismNI. 2014. 17 October 2019.
  40. Web site: Irish Climbing Online Wiki – Co. Down. 7 April 2011.
  41. Book: Mournes: MCI Guide. Robert . Bankhead. Mountaineering Ireland. 1998. 0-902940-14-7.
  42. Web site: The Mountains of Mourne . The Mourne Mountains . 2015 . 14 October 2019.
  43. News: Minister paves the way for national park in the Mournes. 25 September 2002. Northern Ireland Planning Service. 11 October 2009.
  44. News: Mourne Mountains national park status row. https://web.archive.org/web/20110205013229/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/3304922/Mourne-Mountains-national-park-status-row.html. dead. 5 February 2011. Peterkin. Tom. 29 August 2007. The Daily Telegraph. 11 October 2009.
  45. News: Community split over national park . Cassidy. Martin. 23 February 2007. BBC News. 11 October 2009.
  46. News: Viney . Michael . The link between gorse fires, farming and a disregard for nature . . 13 May 2017.
  47. News: McKimm . Mike . Gorse fires in Northern Ireland damage environment . . 5 May 2011.
  48. Web site: Response to Northern Ireland Environment Agency consultation on reducing wildfires in the countryside . . 2018.
  49. Book: Evans . Emyr Estyn . Mourne Country: Landscape and Life in South Down . 1951 . Dundalgan Press . 76.
  50. News: Mourne Mountains: NIFRS records more than 1,000 wildfires since 2016 . . 30 June 2021.
  51. News: The Irish Times view on mountain fires: an ecological disaster . . 27 April 2021.
  52. Web site: Slieve Donard: Over 100 firefighters continue to tackle Mournes 'major incident' . 25 April 2021 . BBC News . 26 April 2021.
  53. News: Northern Irish fire service believes Mourne Mountain blaze started deliberately . Freya . McClements . Irish Times . 26 April 2021 . 28 April 2021.
  54. News: Council to consider Mourne wind turbines taller than London Eye . Belfast Telegraph . 26 October 2020.
  55. https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/nichola-mallon-asked-to-agree-to-inquiry-into-mournes-wind-farm-project-39671470.html "Nichola Mallon asked to agree to inquiry into Mournes wind farm project"
  56. Web site: The Luck of the Irish Lyrics and Guitar Chords . Irish Folk Songs . 19 August 2019.
  57. Web site: Game of Thrones Filming & Production . . 19 August 2019.
  58. Web site: 30 May 2007 . Lot :167, The Mountains of Mourne By William Percy French . Adams Irish Art Auctioneers.
  59. Web site: Percy French Paintings . Official page of the Percy French Society.
  60. News: Guardian Staff . 4 December 2005 . Northern Ireland: If you didn't find Narnia in your own wardrobe ... . en-GB . The Observer . 24 October 2020 . 0029-7712.
  61. News: Inge . Sopphie . 22 November 2016 . Winter snow blankets Mourne landscape that inspired Narnia as magical CS Lewis square opens in Belfast . en-GB . belfasttelegraph . 24 October 2020 . 0307-1235.
  62. Web site: Agusta A109A II, N2NR, 23 October 2010. 23 October 2010.