| Conventional Long Name: | Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus |
| Year Start: | 1918[1] |
| Year End: | 1919[2] |
| Flag Caption: | Flag[3] [4] [5] [6] |
| Common Name: | Mountain Republic |
| Leader1: | Tapa Tchermoeff |
| Title Leader: | Prime Minister |
| Year Leader1: | 11 May 1918 – December 1918 |
| Leader2: | Pshemakho Kotsev |
| Year Leader2: | December 1918 – 12 May 1919 |
| Established Event1: | Union of the Peoples of the Northern Caucasus within Russia[7] |
| Established Date1: | 6 March 1917 |
| Established Event2: | Independence declared |
| Established Date2: | 11 May 1918 |
| Established Event3: | Replaced by North Caucasian Emirate[8] |
| Established Date3: | September 1919 |
| P1: | Russian Republic |
| Flag P1: | Flag of Russia.svg |
| S1: | North Caucasian Emirate |
| Flag S1: | Flag of North Caucasian Emirate.svg |
| Flag Type: | Flag |
| Flag Size: | 130 |
| Coa Size: | 70 |
| Area Km2: | 430874 |
| Area Sq Mi: | 157000 |
| Population Census: | 11,221,860[9] |
| Population Census Year: | 1919 |
| Government Type: | Confederated parliamentary republic under a provisional government |
| Currency: | Tumen |
| Demonym: | North Caucasian |
| Religion: | Sunni Islam (majority and state-backed faith) Russian Orthodox Church (minority) |
| Today: | Russia |
The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (MRNC), also referred to as the United Republics of the North Caucasus, Mountain Republic, or the Republic of the Mountaineers, was a state in Eurasia and encompassing the entirety of the North Caucasus that emerged during the Russian Civil War and existed from 1918 to 1919. It formed as a consolidation of various Caucasian ethnic groups, including the Abazins, Circassians, Chechens, Karachays, Ossetians, Balkars, Ingush, and Dagestanis.
The MRNC encompassed the former territories of Terek Oblast and Dagestan Oblast within the Russian Empire. These territories now constitute the present-day republics of Chechnya, Ingushetia, North Ossetia–Alania, Kabardino-Balkaria, Dagestan, and a portion of Stavropol Krai in the Russian Federation. Spanning approximately 430874km2, the MRNC had a population of approximately 11.2 million. Throughout its existence, the capital of the MRNC relocated from Vladikavkaz to Nazran and ultimately settled in Temir-Khan-Shura.
The MRNC broke away from the Russian Empire after the February Revolution, just before the outbreak of the Russian Civil War. The Russian Volunteer Army captured the state in 1919, and it ceased to exist.[10] However, in September 1919, the North Caucasian Emirate was proclaimed as the successor of the Mountain Republic.[11] However, in August 1920, it was captured by the Soviet Russia, which led to an uprising.[12] In April 1921, the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was established by the Bolsheviks within the RSFSR, but the uprising lasted until 1925.[13]
The Union consisted seven "states" distributed on a national basis and united under a confederative principle within the territories: Dagestan, Ingushetia, Chechnya, North Ossetia–Alania, Circassia (including West Circassia, although the union had control only over East Circassia), Karachay-Balkaria, the Nogai steppes, and also asserted claims in Abkhazia.[14] [15] [16]
The Cabinet of Ministers of the Mountain Republic comprised representatives from nearly all regions of the North Caucasus.
See also: Flag of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus. The Union of the Peoples of the Northern Caucasus was established in March 1917 and an Executive Committee was elected to oversee its operations. Abdulmajid Tapa Tchermoev was appointed as Chairman of the Executive Committee. In August 1917, the Executive Committee decided to readopt the 1847 constitution of Imam Shamil.
The independent republic was declared on 11 May 1918 at the time of the collapse of the Russian Tsarist empire during the Russian Revolution of 1917. The new republic established a government led by Prime Minister Tchermoev, Rashid Khan Kaplanov, and Haidar Bammate.[17] The capital was initially Vladikavkaz but was later relocated to Temir-Khan-Shura after being occupied by the Red Army.[18] The Republic received support from Said Shamil, the grandson of Imam Shamil, and gained international recognition from various countries. The United Kingdom formed an alliance with Russian general Anton Denikin and made efforts to reinstate Tsarist rule in the region.
During the Brest-Litovsk negotiations, an effort was made to dispatch delegates to represent the Republic under Ottoman supervision. However, the Ottomans later declined this association due to an unfavorable response from the Bolsheviks. On 30 May 1918, the Bolshevik government issued a diplomatic note declaring their non-recognition of the MRNC. In March 1919, a delegation led by Tapa Tchermoeff and Ibrahim Bey Gaydarov went to Paris to participate in the Treaty of Versailles and sought international recognition of the Republic's independence.[19]
The Dagestan cavalry regiments, units within the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division, pledged their allegiance to the Mountainous Republic and Ottoman pashas of Circassian descent arrived with their forces to provide assistance. An army was formed and participated in confrontations against General Anton Denikin's Volunteer Army. With backing from the North Caucasus Army, led by Yusuf Izzet Pasha, the Caucasus region was liberated from Soviet Russia.
Following the conclusion of World War I and the withdrawal of Turkish troops, the Mountain government underwent reorganization. In late 1918, Pshemaho Kotsev was confirmed as leader of the coalition cabinet in the Mountain Congress held in Temir-Khan-Shura. Hostilities ended in January 1920 with Denikin's army defeat by the 11th Red Army. In January 1921, the Red Army occupied the Mountain Republic and established the Soviet Mountain Republic within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR).
The "Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus", a political organization operating in the 21st century, has invoked the Mountainous Republic to advocate for the cooperation of different Northern Caucasus separatist groups in their struggle against Russia.