Mott Haven, Bronx Explained

Mott Haven
Settlement Type:Neighborhood of the Bronx
Nickname:"The Boogie Down Bronx"
Pushpin Map:USA Bronx#USA New York#USA
Pushpin Map Caption:Location in New York City##Location in New York State##Location in United States-->
Coordinates:40.81°N -73.926°W
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name: United States
Subdivision Type1:State
Subdivision Type2:City
Subdivision Name2: New York City
Subdivision Type3:Borough
Subdivision Name3: The Bronx
Subdivision Type4:Community District
Subdivision Name4:Bronx 1[1]
Established Title:Founded
Established Date:1849
Named For:Jordan Lawrence Mott
Area Total Sq Mi:1.180
Area Footnotes:[2]
Population Total:54,163[3]
Population As Of:2020
Population Density Sq Mi:auto
Demographics Type1:Economics
Demographics1 Title1:Median income
Demographics1 Info1:$25,325
Demographics Type2:Ethnicity
Demographics2 Title1:Hispanic
Demographics2 Info1:68.8%
Demographics2 Title2:Black
Demographics2 Info2:28%
Demographics2 Title3:White
Demographics2 Info3:1.9%
Demographics2 Title4:Asian
Demographics2 Info4:0.4%
Demographics2 Title5:Other
Demographics2 Info5:0.9%
Postal Code Type:ZIP Codes
Postal Code:10451, 10454, 10455
Area Code Type:Area codes
Area Code:718, 347, 929, and 917
Website:
Mott Haven Historic District
Embed:yes
Nrhp Type:hd
Nocat:yes
Location:An irregular pattern along Alexander Ave. and E. 138th St., New York, New York
Built:1850
Architect:Multiple
Architecture:Gothic, Queen Anne, Romanesque
Added:March 25, 1980
Refnum:80002586

Mott Haven is a primarily residential neighborhood in the southwestern section of the New York City borough of the Bronx. It is generally bounded by East 149th Street to the north, the Bruckner Expressway to the east and south, and the Harlem River to the west,[4] although these boundaries are not precise.[5] [6] [7] East 138th Street is the primary east–west thoroughfare through Mott Haven.

The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 1, and is located within ZIP Codes 10451, 10454, and 10455.[8] Mott Haven is patrolled by the New York City Police Department's 40th Precinct.

The local subway line is the IRT Pelham Line, operating along East 138th Street. The local buses are the . Mott Haven is served by the Triborough Bridge, the Third Avenue Bridge, the Madison Avenue Bridge, the 145th Street Bridge, and the Willis Avenue Bridge. The closest Metro-North Railroad stops are Harlem – 125th Street and Yankees – East 153rd Street.

History

Settlement by Jonas Bronck

The Bronx was named after the Swedish sea captain Jonas Bronck.[9] In 1639, the Dutch West India Company purchased the land of today's Mott Haven from the Wecquaesgeek (groups of Lenape tribe). Bronck built his farm on this land and named it "Emmanus". The house was located close to what is today the corner of Willis Avenue and 132nd Street. The peace treaty between Dutch authorities and the Wecquaesgeek chiefs Ranaqua and Tackamuckwas was signed in Bronck's house. This event is portrayed in a painting by the American artist John Ward Dunsmore (1856–1945).[10]

Even though Bronck only lived in the area for four years, the land became known as "Broncksland" and the river that bordered his land kept the name Bronck's River. The first time the spelling "Bronx land" was used, was in 1697 in the First Legislature outlined the County of West Chester.[11]

Development

The area that is now called Mott Haven was sold to the Morris family in 1670.[11] A small part of the larger swath of land known as Morrisania, it was purchased by Jordan Lawrence Mott for his iron works in 1849. A vestige of the iron works can be seen just west of the Third Avenue Bridge on East 134th Street. St. Ann's Church (ECUSA) on St. Ann's Avenue is the resting place of Lewis Morris, Gouverneur Morris and other members of that powerful colonial family, and a Registered Historic Place.

As the city below grew, the area quickly developed residentially. At the same time, an upper-middle class residential area, marked by brownstones built in an elaborate and architecturally daring fashion, started to grow along Alexander Avenue by the 1890s (Doctors' Row, aka the Irish Fifth Avenue).[12] A series of brownstones on East 134th Street, east of Willis Avenue., was known as Judges' Row. Soon after, the Bronx grew more quickly, especially with public transit into the area, including the Third Avenue Elevated Line. By the early 20th century, the population density of the area supported the construction of many tenement-style apartment buildings.

From the end of the 19th century through the 1940s, Mott Haven was a mixed German-American (north of East 145th Street) and Irish-American neighborhood (south of East 145th Street), with an Italian enclave west of Lincoln Ave.[13] The first Puerto Rican settlements came in the late 1940s along the length of Brook Avenue.[14] African-Americans came into the area when the Patterson Houses were built.[15]

It was organized by the veterans of the Irish Republican Army, who marched every Easter Sunday, down Willis Avenue from the Hub to East 138th Street, then west to St. Jerome's. The Star of Munster Ballroom at the northeast corner of Willis Avenue and East 138th Street was a center of Irish music for decades. It was speculated at one time that there were more bars on Willis Avenue than on any other city street, given its short length. More recorded Irish musicians lived in Mott Haven than in any place outside Ireland.[16]

"South Bronx" and late-20th century

Mott Haven and Port Morris were the first neighborhoods to give rise to the term "South Bronx". Together, they were earlier known as the North Side or North New York. This area was part of New York City after the incorporation of Greater New York in 1898.[17] The Chase Manhattan Bank at Third Avenue and East 137th Street was originally the North Side Board of Trade Building (1912). It later became the North Side Savings Bank, which became the Dollar Dry Dock Savings Bank, which became Chase.

In the 1940s when the Bronx was usually divided into the East Bronx and West Bronx, a group of social workers identified a pocket of poverty on East 134th Street, east of Brown Place, and called it the South Bronx. This area of poverty would spread in part due to an illegal practice known as blockbusting and to Robert Moses building several housing projects in the neighborhood. The poverty greatly expanded northward, following the post-war phenomenon colloquially referred to as white flight, reaching a peak in the 1960s when the socioeconomic North Bronx-South Bronx boundary reached Fordham Road. At this time a wave of arson destroyed or damaged many of the residential, commercial, and industrial structures in the area.[18]

During the course of Mott Haven's growth, the communities of Wilton and North New York were incorporated into it. Later attempts to market Mott Haven as the "Piano District" and the South Bronx as "SoBro" have not found traction.[19]

Redevelopment

There has been a significant wave of residential redevelopment in the neighborhood especially along East 138th Street corridor with developments such as "The Joinery", the first luxury mid-rise condominium in the area,[20] [21] in addition to recently built affordable housing such as "Borinquen Court" and "Tres Puentes" apartment complex.[22] Mott Haven is home to a community-supported agriculture program hosted at Brook Park.[23] Recent development plans include two affordable rental buildings, a Hampton Inn by Monadnock Development and Signature Urban Properties,[24] [25] and the so-called Piano District.

Demographics

Mott Haven is a high-density and mainly low-income neighborhood. Like most neighborhoods in New York City, the vast majority of households are renter-occupied. The neighborhood is largely Puerto Rican, with smaller numbers of African Americans, Mexicans and Dominicans present.[2]

Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Mott Haven and Port Morris was 52,413, a change of 3,383 (6.5%) from the 49,030 counted in 2000. Covering an area of, the neighborhood had a population density of 55.1PD/acre.[26]

The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 1.7% (867) White, 24.7% (12,927) African American, 0.2% (95) Native American, 0.4% (214) Asian, 0% (7) Pacific Islander, 0.2% (124) from other races, and 0.6% (310) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 72.3% (37,869) of the population.[27]

The entirety of Community District 1, which comprises Mott Haven and Melrose, had 98,403 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 77.6 years.[28] This is lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.[29] [30] Most inhabitants are youth and middle-aged adults: 28% are between the ages of between 0–17, 28% between 25–44, and 21% between 45–64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 12% and 10%, respectively.

As of 2017, the median household income in Community Districts 1 and 2, including Longwood, was $20,966.[31] In 2018, an estimated 29% of Mott Haven and Melrose residents lived in poverty, compared to 25% in all of the Bronx and 20% in all of New York City. One in eight residents (12%) were unemployed, compared to 13% in the Bronx and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 58% in Mott Haven and Melrose, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 58% and 51%, respectively. Based on this calculation,, Mott Haven and Melrose were considered to be low-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.

Land use and terrain

Mott Haven is dominated by tenement-style apartment buildings and large public-housing complexes. There are three historical districts consisting of brownstone-style rowhouses. In the last two decades, construction of modern two- and three-unit rowhouses and apartment buildings has increased the percentage of owner-occupiers. The neighborhood contains one of the highest concentrations of New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) projects in the Bronx. The total land area is roughly one square mile. The terrain is low-lying and flat except around St. Mary's Park, where it is somewhat hilly.

Historical districts and landmarks

Three Historic Districts are located in Mott Haven: Mott Haven, Mott Haven East and the Bertine Block.

St. Ann's Episcopal Church is located on the west side of St. Ann's Avenue, between East 139th and East 141st Streets. It is the Bronx's oldest church, having been built in 1841 and dedicated to Gouverneur Morris's mother Ann. Notable figures buried there include Lewis Morris, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; Gouverneur Morris; and former Mayor of New York City, R. H. Morris.

Public housing projects

The seventeen NYCHA developments in Mott Haven illustrate the various types of public-housing initiatives in vogue in New York City over the decades.[38]

  1. Dr. Ramon E. Betances I; thirteen buildings, 3, 4, 11 and 19 stories tall
  2. Dr. Ramon E. Betances II, 13; one 6-story building
  3. Dr. Ramon E. Betances II, 18; two buildings, 4 and 6 stories tall
  4. Dr. Ramon E. Betances II, 9A; one 4-story building
  5. Dr. Ramon E. Betances III, 13; two rehabilitated tenement buildings, 5 stories tall
  6. Dr. Ramon E. Betances III, 18; one rehabilitated and three abandoned tenement buildings, 5 stories tall
  7. Dr. Ramon E. Betances III, 9A; two rehabilitated tenement buildings, 6 stories tall
  8. Dr. Ramon E. Betances IV; eight buildings, 3, 4 and 5 stories tall with 282 apartments
  9. Dr. Ramon E. Betances V; six rehabilitated tenement buildings, 5 and 6 stories tall
  10. Dr. Ramon E. Betances VI; three rehabilitated tenement buildings, 5 and 6 stories tall
  11. Millbrook Houses; nine 16-story buildings
  12. Millbrook Extension; one 16-story building
  13. Mitchel Houses; ten buildings, 17, 19, and 20 stories tall
  14. Moore Houses; two 20-story buildings
  15. Mott Haven Houses; eight buildings, 20 and 22 stories tall
  16. Patterson Houses; fifteen buildings, 6 and 13 stories tall
  17. Southern Boulevard M.H.O.P. (Multi Family Homeownership Program); one 7-story rehabilitated tenement building

Media

The Mott Haven Herald is a news outlet that reports in Mott Haven, Melrose and Port Morris. It is produced by students at the City University Graduate School of Journalism and edited by Joe Hirsch.

Police and crime

Mott Haven and Melrose are patrolled by the 40th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 257 Alexander Avenue.[39] The 40th Precinct ranked 59th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010.[40], with a non-fatal assault rate of 186 per 100,000 people, Mott Haven and Melrose's rate of violent crimes per capita was greater than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 1,214 per 100,000 people was higher than that of the city as a whole.

The 40th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 60.2% between 1990 and 2022. The precinct reported 15 murders, 31 rapes, 559 robberies, 850 felony assaults, 365 burglaries, 753 grand larcenies, and 306 grand larcenies auto in 2022.[41]

Fire safety

Mott Haven contains three New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire stations:

In addition, FDNY EMS Station 14 is located at Lincoln Hospital at 234 East 149th Street.[45]

Health

, preterm births and births to teenage mothers were more common in Mott Haven and Melrose than in other places citywide. In Mott Haven and Melrose, there were 95 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 35.1 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Mott Haven and Melrose has a relatively high population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 14%, slightly higher than the citywide rate of 12%.

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Mott Haven and Melrose is 0.0086mg/m3, more than the city average. Fifteen percent of Mott Haven and Melrose residents are smokers, which is higher than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Mott Haven and Melrose, 42% of residents are obese, 20% are diabetic, and 38% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28%, respectively. In addition, 24% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.

Eighty-two percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is less than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 72% of residents described their health as "good", "very good" " or "excellent", lower than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Mott Haven and Melrose, there are 25 bodegas.

The nearest hospital is NYC Health + Hospitals/Lincoln.[46]

Post offices and ZIP Codes

Mott Haven is covered by multiple ZIP Codes. The section west of Third Avenue is part of 10451, while the sections east of Third Avenue are part of 10455 (north of 145th Street).[47] The section south of 145th Street is part of 10454. The United States Postal Service operates three post offices in Mott Haven:

Education

Mott Haven and Melrose generally had a lower rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city, . While 16% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 41% have less than a high school education and 43% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 26% of Bronx residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of Mott Haven and Melrose students excelling in math rose from 18% in 2000 to 37% in 2011, though reading achievement decreased slightly from 25% to 24% during the same time period.[52]

Mott Haven and Melrose's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is more than the rest of New York City. In Mott Haven and Melrose, 32% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, higher than the citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 62% of high school students in Mott Haven and Melrose graduate on time, lower than the citywide average of 75%.

Schools

Public:

Parochial:

Library

The New York Public Library operates the Mott Haven branch at 321 East 140th Street. The branch, a Carnegie library, opened in 1905 and is a New York City designated landmark.[53]

Transportation

The following New York City Subway stations serve Mott Haven:

The following MTA Regional Bus Operations bus routes serve Mott Haven:

The 145th Street Bridge and Madison Avenue Bridge eastward and the Willis Avenue Bridge northward from Manhattan lead to Mott Haven and are maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation. The Triborough Bridge, which also ends in Mott Haven, is maintained by the MTA Bridges and Tunnels, and is tolled.

Notable residents

People who were born, raised, or live in Mott Haven include:

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: NYC Planning Community Profiles. communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. February 25, 2018.
  2. Web site: Mott Haven neighborhood in New York. June 4, 2014.
  3. https://www.nyc.gov/assets/dfta/downloads/pdf/reports/Demographics_by_NTA.pdf Demographics by Neighborhood Tabulation Area (NTA)
  4. News: Hughes. C. J.. March 25, 2015. Mott Haven, the Bronx, in Transition. en-US. The New York Times. December 27, 2023. 0362-4331.
  5. Web site: Bronx Harlem River - DCP.
  6. Small, Eddie. "MAP: Here is Where Readers Think South Bronx Neighborhoods Begin and End", DNA Info, September 29, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2022. "The maps have been drawn, and most DNAinfo readers agree that Mott Haven stretches from 135th Street to 149th Street — although those are far from universally agreed upon borders.... For instance, despite a general consensus that Mott Haven was bordered by 135th Street to the south and 149th Street to the north, some readers had the neighborhood occupying a much larger space, going from the borough's southern waterfront all the way up to 163rd Street to the north."
  7. https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/plans/port-morris/port_morris.pdf Port Morris/Bruckner Boulevard Rezoning - Approved!
  8. Web site: Bronx Community District 1. September 21, 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304213905/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/lucds/bx1profile.pdf. March 4, 2016.
  9. Web site: The Story of The Bronx. February 3, 2016. The Bronx County Historical Society. en-US. July 12, 2016.
  10. Web site: East River NYC :: History. www.eastrivernyc.org. July 12, 2016 .
  11. Web site: The Bronx Mall Cultural Mosaic – The Bronx... Its History & Perspective. www.bronxmall.com. July 12, 2016 .
  12. Web site: Mott Haven Historic District – History . September 21, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20100302200901/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/MOTT_HAVEN_HISTORIC_DISTRICT.pdf. March 2, 2010. dead.
  13. Web site: Bronx Irish Americans: American Irish History in the Bronx. September 22, 2015.
  14. Web site: A South Bronx Latin Music Tale. September 22, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924073821/http://www.placematters.net/files/pdfs/mambo.pdf. September 24, 2015 . dead.
  15. News: Painting a Portrait of Black Experience in the Bronx. The New York Times. July 30, 2003. September 22, 2015. Rimer. Sara.
  16. Web site: Anne and Timothy Kelly Mark Golden Anniversary . . September 22, 2015.
  17. Web site: Bronx Chronology. September 28, 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150727034949/http://www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/chrono.html. July 27, 2015.
  18. Web site: The Bronx County Historical Society. September 21, 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150609052322/http://www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/bxbrief. June 9, 2015.
  19. Hughes, C. J. (March 6, 2020). "The Neighborhood Name Game". The New York Times.
  20. García Conde, Ed (October 3, 2017. "New South Bronx Condo Declares They’re ‘Making the Bronx Great Again’ – Via Gentrification". Welcome2theBronx.com. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
  21. Web site: Colon, David . South Bronx Condo Claims to Be 'Making The Bronx Great Again' . . October 4, 2017 . October 29, 2022 .
  22. Web site: McGibbon, Dejah. July 8, 2016 . First Look at Tres Puentes Affordable Housing Development Planned for Mott Haven . 6sqft . October 29, 2022.
  23. Web site: Friends of Brook Park . September 22, 2015.
  24. News: Wirsing. Robert. Project Slated for Mott Haven. . January 15, 2016 . 1.
  25. Web site: Warerkar . Tanay . New Mott Haven Development Will Have 293 Apartments, Hotel . . January 7, 2016 . October 13, 2021.
  26. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p5_nta.pdf Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010
  27. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p3a_nta.pdf Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010
  28. Web site: Mott Haven and Melrose (Including Melrose, Mott Haven and Port Morris). 2018. nyc.gov. NYC Health. March 2, 2019.
  29. Web site: 2016-2018 Community Health Assessment and Community Health Improvement Plan: Take Care New York 2020. 2016. nyc.gov. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. September 8, 2017.
  30. Web site: New Yorkers are living longer, happier and healthier lives . New York Post . Short . Aaron . June 4, 2017 . March 1, 2019.
  31. Web site: NYC-Bronx Community District 1 & 2--Hunts Point, Longwood & Melrose PUMA, NY. Census Reporter. July 17, 2018.
  32. Web site: Archived copy . March 4, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090530150725/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/maps/mott_haven.pdf . May 30, 2009 . dead .
  33. Web site: Mott Haven Landmarked District . March 4, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090530150725/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/maps/mott_haven.pdf . May 30, 2009 . dead .
  34. Web site: National Register of Historic Places Registration: Mott Haven Historic District. June 1979. January 12, 2011 . Spencer-Ralph, Elizabeth; Wilson, Susan J.. New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. See also: Web site: Accompanying 24 photos.
  35. Web site: Mott Haven East Landmarked District . March 4, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090530152758/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/maps/mott_haven_east.pdf . May 30, 2009 . dead .
  36. Web site: Bertine Block Landmarked District . March 4, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090530150701/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/maps/bertine_block.pdf . May 30, 2009 . dead .
  37. Web site: To Have and Have Mott . Forgotten New York . September 29, 2002 . January 16, 2010 .
  38. Web site: NYCHA Redirect. April 29, 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150525030524/http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/home/home.shtml. May 25, 2015.
  39. Web site: NYPD – 40th Precinct. www.nyc.gov. New York City Police Department. October 3, 2016.
  40. Web site: Mott Haven – DNAinfo.com Crime and Safety Report. www.dnainfo.com. October 6, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20170415061532/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/crime-safety-report/bronx/mott-haven. April 15, 2017. dead.
  41. Web site: 40th Precinct CompStat Report. www.nyc.gov. New York City Police Department. July 22, 2018.
  42. Web site: Squad Company 41 . FDNYtrucks.com . March 14, 2019.
  43. Web site: Engine Company 60/Ladder Company 17/Battalion 14 . FDNYtrucks.com . March 14, 2019.
  44. Web site: Engine Company 83/Ladder Company 29. FDNYtrucks.com . March 14, 2019.
  45. Web site: Bronx Community District 1. New York City Department of City Planning. Dec 2002. 12. December 27, 2023.
  46. Web site: Best 30 Hospitals in Bronx, NY with Reviews . Yellow Pages . March 14, 2019.
  47. Web site: Mott Haven, New York City-Bronx, New York Zip Code Boundary Map (NY) . United States Zip Code Boundary Map (USA) . March 14, 2019.
  48. Web site: Location Details: Bronx . USPS.com . March 7, 2019.
  49. Web site: Location Details: Mott Haven . USPS.com . March 7, 2019.
  50. Web site: Location Details: Hub . USPS.com . March 7, 2019.
  51. Web site: Location Details: Uptown Parcel Annex . USPS.com . March 7, 2019.
  52. Web site: Mott Haven and Melrose – BX 01. 2011. Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy. October 5, 2016.
  53. Web site: About the Mott Haven Library . The New York Public Library . March 14, 2019.
  54. Web site: AG: Andre's New Posse . September 21, 2015.
  55. Stoffers, Carl (December 26, 2014). "No More Bouts, But the Fight Goes On; Former Boxer Tries to Help Others Get Back on Their Feet". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 15, 2018. "These days, around the Mott Haven neighborhood where he grew up, Mr. Barkley is often stopped for handshakes and fist bumps."
  56. Plitt, Amy (April 11, 2016). "A Brief History of the Bronx: From First Settlers to Modern Megaprojects; From Its Earliest Settlements to the Megaprojects of the Present Day". Curbed. Retrieved October 15, 2018. "1639 – Jonas Bronck becomes the Bronx's first European settler Scandinavian immigrant: Bronck came to New York (then New Netherland) in 1639, settling in what's now Mott Haven."
  57. "Eye on Albany Campaign 2002: State Senate District 32". Gotham Gazette. Retrieved October 15, 2018. "Senator Pedro Espada, Jr. (Dem/Rep) was born in Puerto Rico and raised in Mott Haven."
  58. Hughes, C. J. "Bonfire of the Vanities No Longer". The New York Times. July 23, 2006. Retrieved October 15, 2018. "Edward J. Flynn, one of many Irish-Americans who grew up in Mott Haven in the early 20th century, was a career politician who became head of the Bronx County Democratic Party, a power in choosing candidates for higher office."
  59. Dao, James; and Lichtblau, Eric (December 6, 2003). "Torture Is Possible in Prosecutor's Death". The New York Times. Retrieved October 15, 2018. "Born in the Mott Haven section of the Bronx, Mr. Luna attended Fordham University, graduating with a bachelor's degree in communications in 1988."
  60. https://www.thisisbronxmusic.org/bronx-music-history/1960s-1980s "1960's – 1980's"

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