Helopeltis Explained
The genus Helopeltis, also sometimes known as mosquito bugs, is a group of heteropterans in the family Miridae (capsid bugs) and tribe Dicyphini. They include pests of various crops, including cacao, cashew, cotton and tea. Now in a different subgenus, or placed in its own genus. A number of Afropeltis species are pests in Africa.
Mosquito bugs have a characteristic spine on the scutellum, which is a diagnostic feature.[1] Classification in the field is based on morphological characteristics, with considerable variations in colouration between insects of the same species (although for example, H. theivora is characteristically green and H. antonii red-brown).
Damage and distribution
With typical Hemipteran sucking mouthparts, they pierce plant tissues and cause damage ranging from leaf tattering and fruit blemishes, to complete death of shoots, branches or whole plants.
There has been evident speciation along the islands of the Malay Archipelago and there may be cryptic species in this genus. Helopeltis spp. sensu stricto are important 'new encounter' pests of SE Asian cocoa[2] including:
Other cocoa Mirid pest species, very similar to Helopeltis, are the African species which were placed into Afropeltis by Schmitz (1968).[3] These species usually have a lesser pests status than their Asian counterparts, with Sahlbergella singularis and Distantiella theobromae causing greatest cocoa tree and crop damage in Central and West Africa. Monalonion species, belonging to the same tribe, are similarly minor pests of Latin American cocoa.
Species
The Catalogue of life currently (2023[4]) lists:
- Helopeltis alluaudi
- Helopeltis anacardii
- Helopeltis antonii
- Helopeltis bakeri
- Helopeltis basilewskyi
- Helopeltis bergevini
- Helopeltis bergrothi
- Helopeltis bradyi
- Helopeltis carayoni
- Helopeltis cinchonae
- Helopeltis clavifer
- Helopeltis collaris
- Helopeltis corbisieri
- Helopeltis couturieri
- Helopeltis cuneata
- Helopeltis fasciaticollis
- Helopeltis gerini
- Helopeltis ghesquierei
- Helopeltis hyalospilosus
- Helopeltis insularis
- Helopeltis labaumei
- Helopeltis lalandei
- Helopeltis lemosi
- Helopeltis maynei
- Helopeltis mayumbensis
- Helopeltis melanescens
- Helopeltis obscuratus
- Helopeltis orophila
- Helopeltis pellucida
- Helopeltis pernicialis
- Helopeltis plebejus
- Helopeltis podagricus
- Helopeltis poppiusi
- Helopeltis pseudomaynei
- Helopeltis rauwolfiae
- Helopeltis schoutedeni
- Helopeltis seredensis
- Helopeltis sulawesi
- Helopeltis sumatranus
- Helopeltis theivora
- Helopeltis villiersi
- Helopeltis waterhousei
- Helopeltis westwoodii
Afropeltis
Entwistle (1972) lists and maps ten species of Afropeltis attacking cocoa:
- the A. bergrothi group:
- A. bergrothi: widely distributed east of the Niger River
- A. lalendei (= H. bergevini): very common, Ivory Coast to Nigeria
- A. serendensis: Ivory Coast and probably Ghana
- A. corbisieri: humid forest in central Africa
- A. gerini: southern Cameroun
- A. mayumbensis: north and east of the Congo River
- A. poppiusi: widespread, but only found on cocoa in Ivory Coast
- A. schoutedeni: the most widespread in tropical Africa
- A. lemosi: São Tomé and Príncipe
- A. westwoodi: widespread in west and central Africa
External links
Notes and References
- Stonedahl GM (1991) Oriental species of Helopeltis (Heteroptera: Miridae): a review of economic literature and guide to identification. Bulletin of Entomological Research 81: 465–490
- Entwistle PF (1972) Pests of Cocoa, Longmans, London, 779 pp
- Schmitz G (1968) 'Monographie des especes Africaines du genre Helopeltis Signoret (Heteroptera, Miridae) avec un exposedes problemes relatifes aux structures genitales', Ann. Mus. Roy. Afr. Cent. 168: 247 pp.
- https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/browse?taxonKey=62VFS Catalogue of life
