Mortal Kombat: Deception Explained

Mortal Kombat: Deception
Developer:Midway Games
Publisher:Midway
Director:Ed Boon
Designer:Ed Boon
Paulo Garcia
Brian LeBaron
Producer:John Podlasek
Artist:Steve Beran
Martin Stoltz
Pav Kovacic
Composer:Dan Forden
Chase Ashbaker
Rich Carle
Brian Chard
Series:Mortal Kombat
Engine:RenderWare
Released:PlayStation 2 & Xbox
GameCube
Unchained
PlayStation Portable
Genre:Fighting
Modes:Single-player, multiplayer

Mortal Kombat: Deception is a 2004 fighting game developed and published by Midway. It is the sixth main installment in the Mortal Kombat franchise and a sequel to 2002's . It was released for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox in October 2004, for the GameCube in March 2005 and later ported for the PlayStation Portable under the title Mortal Kombat: Unchained in November 2006. Mortal Kombat: Deception follows the storyline from the fifth installment, Deadly Alliance. Its story centers on the revival of the Dragon King Onaga, who attempts to conquer the realms featured in the series after defeating the sorcerers Quan Chi and Shang Tsung, the main antagonists in the previous game, and the Thunder God Raiden, defender of Earthrealm. The surviving warriors from the previous titles join forces to confront Onaga.

Twenty-six characters are available to play in the game, with nine making their first appearance in the series. Deception contains several new features in the series, such as chess and puzzle games with the MK characters and an online mode. The Konquest Mode returns from Deadly Alliance, but follows the life of Shujinko, a warrior who is deceived by Onaga to search for artifacts to give Onaga more powers. Deception's Konquest Mode differs greatly from the Konquest Mode of Deadly Alliance, however, containing elements of open-world exploration in between story progression, rather than the Kombat Tower of Deadly Alliance.

Series co-creator Ed Boon designed Deception to be an unpredictable fighting game, and included new features such as the minigames as surprises. Several parts from Deadly Alliance such as combos and arenas were redesigned to be more realistic as well as more interactive. Deception has been well-received by video game reviewers, who praised the fights and the new features. The Konquest Mode, however, received criticism for poor voice acting. Several publications have called Deception the best fighting game of 2004.

Gameplay

The game's arenas are similar to those in , but include new features. Some have weapons which may be picked up and used. Others are now branching, meaning that you can knock the opponent out of the fighting area in certain locations, and then continue the fight in a new area. Most levels now have deathtraps, which instantly kill any player that gets knocked into them. The game also introduces the "Combo Breaker", a system which allows players to interrupt combos up to three times per match.[1] In contrast to Deadly Alliance, in which characters had only one Fatality, the Deception characters have two Fatalities and a hara-kiri suicide move. The latter is used when the phrase "Finish Him/Her" is shown on the screen and the player is about to lose.

Deception introduces two minigames that use MK characters, "Chess Kombat" and "Puzzle Kombat". The Konquest mode returns, but has been expanded into a roaming adventure game with its own plot.

The "Krypt" returns from Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance and serves as an interface to access extra content hidden in (actual coffins named with the series' trademark misspelling). In Deception, the size of the Krypt was reduced from 676 to 400 . Some also have locks that require keys which can only be found in the Konquest mode. The Krypt in Mortal Kombat: Deception includes twelve bonus characters (which was cut down to six characters in the GameCube version).[2]

Konquest mode

Deadly Alliances action role-playing game-style training mode — called "Konquest" — returns in Deception and is greatly expanded from the previous version. Set before the events of the main game, Deceptions Konquest mode explores the history of Shujinko, starting prior to his training with Bo' Rai Cho and ending with the beginning of Deceptions main story. While mostly an adventure game, the combat elements take place in the normal Deception fighting mode. Mastering each character's moves are now minor missions, and it is not necessary to beat all of them to beat the game mode. In Konquest, a young Shujinko meets Damashi, a being who requests his assistance in collecting six powerful items, the Kamidogu, to send to the Elder Gods. By the time he collects the six Kamidogu, Shujinko is an old man, having spent forty-six years on his mission. However, Damashi is then revealed to be the Evil Dragon King Onaga, who deceived Shujinko to obtain the six Kamidogu. Players seeking to unlock much of the bonus content in Deception are required to play through the Konquest mode. Even after completing the mode, players can continue exploring the worlds for additional items to unlock.[3]

Chess Kombat

"Chess Kombat" is minigame similar to classic chess. Each piece type is represented by a character of the player's choosing. As with regular chess, the quantity and movement of each piece is determined by their rank. The game can only end when one player takes the other team's 'Champion' (or King in traditional chess). The biggest difference is that all attempts to take a square are literally contested. Players will engage in one round of combat, with the winner taking the square.

All unlocked characters can be used in this minigame. The health and offensive strength of pieces in combat situations are determined by their rank. There are two designated squares which enhance the abilities of the entire team while occupied. Both teams can discretely turn one square into a deathtrap, which instantly kills any opponent piece that steps on it. Both teams have two 'Sorcerers' that can cast a spell instead of moving. The spells can resurrect, move, or kill lower-ranked characters. Each spell can only be used once.[4]

Puzzle Kombat

"Puzzle Kombat" is a puzzle game similar to Super Puzzle Fighter II Turbo. It features super deformed versions of the MK characters that attack each other once a player gains an advantage in the game. Players must win two rounds to win. The single player game had a ladder format like in Arcade mode.

The players supervise a grid which is constantly filled with blocks. The blocks drop in pairs, and can be rotated and moved by the player until they land. A player loses if the blocks reach the top of their grid. If a colored logo touches a block of the same color, then all connected blocks of the same color disappear. Bombs will remove all blocks of the same color as the one they touch. Removing blocks will cause the same number to be added to the opponent's grid, but their colors will be varied.

There are 12 playable characters, each with a unique special move that can be used when their 'Special' meter is filled. They either give the player an advantage, or hinder the opponent. Baraka's "Blade" will remove all blocks on the edges of his grid. Kenshi's "Invisible" will briefly make all of the blocks in the opponent's grid invisible, making matching much harder.[5]

Plot

Setting

The setting begins immediately after the events of Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance. The Deadly Alliance (Shang Tsung and Quan Chi) were successful in their plan. Raiden's warriors, who were meant to protect the six fictional universes (named "realms"), were killed during their tournament. It served as the perfect distraction to defeat their enemies while they simultaneously claimed enough souls to resurrect the Invincible Army. As a single survivor, Raiden attempts to fight both sorcerers but is ultimately defeated. The Deadly Alliance quickly dissolves as the two sorcerers turn on each other for Shinnok's amulet, which allows them to control the army. Quan Chi has no time to enjoy his victory before he sees that the Dragon King Onaga, the former emperor of the realm of Outworld, has been resurrected too. Quan Chi, Shang Tsung and Raiden join forces to stop Onaga, though Raiden ultimately unleashes all his powers in a colossal explosion that, apart from destroying both members of the Deadly Alliance, the surrounding palace and himself, has little effect on Onaga.[6]

Onaga now seeks to use six artifacts called the Kamidogu (literally "Tool of God" or "divine clay"), which are able to destroy the realms.[6] Those fighters who survive the battle against the Deadly Alliance now stand against Onaga and his supporters. The latter include the forces of Edenia, now led by Mileena in the titular theme of deception as she masquerades as her sister, Princess Kitana. Other enemies include the former defenders from the realms, who were resurrected by Onaga and are under his control.

Konquest

A young man named Shujinko is deceived into spending his entire life collecting the Kamidogu for Onaga, who uses the guise of an emissary of the Elder Gods, the beings who created the realms, named Damashi. Onaga reveals his identity and intentions after Shujinko has gathered all the Kamidogu.[7] Shujinko, led to believe he was working for the greater good, decides to continue training to defeat Onaga.[8]

Characters

26 total characters appear in the game, with seventeen returning and nine making their series debuts. Only one character (the boss Onaga) is unplayable.

New characters:

Returning characters:

The GameCube version included two additional playable characters in Goro and Shao Kahn, who were both killed in the opening sequence of Deadly Alliance.[10] The 2006 PlayStation Portable version of the game, Mortal Kombat: Unchained, included Goro and Kahn along with Deadly Alliance returnees Blaze, Frost, Jax, and Kitana.

Several of the returning characters have been redesigned and were given new moves, such as Liu Kang, who reappears as a zombie. Character redesigns were generally well-accepted, namely in the case of Sub-Zero. Once again appearing youthful rather than his depiction as a septuagenarian in Deadly Alliance, Sub-Zero sported a "grandmaster" armor set that was often likened to Shredder from the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise. Scorpion was redesigned to resemble a more classical ninja look, while characters like Ermac received a considerable makeover from the standard palette-swap ninja fare, offering up a more sorcerous appearance.

Development

Mortal Kombat co-creator Ed Boon wanted Deception to be an unpredictable fighting game that gave players new features "they could never imagine". In order to do so, the Midway staff listened to fans on bulletin boards to know what to work on for Deception, such as the playable characters. Wanting to surprise fans and make the game deeper, they added the puzzle and chess minigames (the chess minigame had first been considered for Deadly Alliance, but the developers lacked time to implement it).[11] [12] Boon and John Podlasek supervised the staff, which was divided into teams to work on different areas of the game. One of their concerns was to maintain the traditional feel of the MK series as they wanted the game's violence to make it a more realistic fighting game, rather than "a fighting simulator".[13]

Character appearances were improved to make their moves "more responsive" to the player's input.[14] They also wanted to bring back several characters they felt were absent for too long — including Sindel, Nightwolf, Baraka, and Mileena[15] — and an arena with several weapons which players could use to fight; however, it was remade to become the Liu Kang's Tomb arena.[16] Characters' combos were redesigned to be distinctive so that they would be more important; as Boon noted, they were necessary for any move the player would use to inflict more damage on an opponent.[17] The Midway staff focused on the designs and functions of the backgrounds, wanting to make them as influential to the outcome of the battle as the fighting between the characters.[18]

Because of popular demand and favorable reception of Deadly Alliance, the number of finishing moves, known as Fatalities, increased to two per character. The Fatalities were developed by a group of animators led by Carlos Pesina; they comically described Mileena's Fatality in which she eats the opponents' neck as the most disturbing due to how her "sexy moves" are modeled from Pesina. The Hara-Kiri moves were added to allow the losers to perform a finishing move as well, creating a race between both players. The Death Traps, meant to be introduced in the previous game, were added to give the combat more strategy as well as to give more chances to players to win a fight if they are at a disadvantage.[19] The game was originally meant to have other new finishing moves, such as tortures and falling cliffs similar to Fatalities.[20] [21]

One of the main features of Deception was the emphasis on online gameplay, which had yet to become common for console fighting games. A team of engineers took almost a full year to decide if the feature was viable. The MK team focused their energies solely on platforms that had strong online functionality available to the end consumer; this led to a greater focus on the PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions. Because the GameCube games require some re-engineering compared to the other platforms when porting, it was decided to exclude the GameCube from the work of the team until the online hurdles were cleared.[22] Some time after the game's release, Boon commented that he was disappointed that the GameCube version did not feature online gameplay as he regarded it as "the best in the business".[23]

Details about the game were first confirmed to the general public in the May 2003 issue of , in which the game was called Mortal Kombat VI, and an online mode was confirmed.[24] On February 6, 2004, Midway registered the domain names mkdeception.com and mortalkombatdeception.com. When Midway Entertainment was asked if Mortal Kombat: Deception was the official title, the developers gave no answers at that time.[25] Later that month, Midway released the first trailer from the game, confirming this title.[26]

Release

Mortal Kombat: Deception was released for the PlayStation 2 (PS2) and Xbox in North America on October 4, 2004,[27] and in PAL territories on November 19, 2004.[28] [29] [30] While the game is known as Mortal Kombat: Mystification in France, other countries did not change its original name.[31] A GameCube version was later released exclusively in North America on February 28, 2005.[32]

Two versions were released for both the PlayStation 2 and Xbox consoles: the standard edition for both systems, a Premium Pack for the PS2, and Kollector's Edition for the Xbox. The Premium Pack and Kollector's Edition include a metal trading card and a bonus disc containing a history of Mortal Kombat, several video biographies of characters, and an "arcade perfect" version of the original Mortal Kombat. The Xbox version cover art features either Scorpion, Raiden, Baraka or Mileena, while the PS2 version uses the character Sub-Zero.[33] [34]

In October 2005, the game was redistributed as a Platinum Hits title on the Xbox and as a Greatest Hits title on the PS2, coming in new packaging and sold for a discounted price. Deception is also included along with and in the compilation Mortal Kombat Kollection, which was released on September 29, 2008 for the PS2.[35]

Mortal Kombat: Unchained

Mortal Kombat: Unchained is the title of the PlayStation Portable version of Mortal Kombat: Deception, developed by Just Games Interactive. Unchained denotes its portability free of cables. The game was released on November 15, 2006, in North America;[36] November 23, 2006, in Australia;[37] and November 24, 2006, in Europe.[38]

Unchained includes all the characters from the GameCube version, and four more characters — Blaze, Frost, Jax and Kitana — from Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance that are exclusive to the PlayStation Portable version. Three of the four characters have only one Fatality and no Hara-kiri in contrast to other characters, most likely because that was all they had in Deadly Alliance. Exclusive to the Unchained version is the Endurance mode, where players can compete against a constant wave of opponents. The system's wireless ad hoc network functionality can be used for multiplayer games. Characters who remain hidden in the other versions appear unlocked by default in Unchained; producer Shaun Himmerick explained that the staff wanted to show players characters that were difficult to obtain in Deception, such as Liu Kang.[39] Although Midway did not develop the game, they helped Just Games Interactives optimize their code and the Wi-Fi feature, as they wanted to keep the frame rate very high.[40]

Reception

During its release week, Mortal Kombat: Deception shipped one million units, surpassing sales of the previous MK title and becoming the fastest-selling game in Midway's history.[41] A year later, the game had shipped 1.9 million units worldwide.[42]

Prior to the game's release, GameSpot named it the best fighting game of E3 2004.[43] It was also the winner of the 2004 GameSpot Top Spike TV Video Game Awards in the category of best fighting game.[44] In GameSpot's Best and Worst of 2004, Deception received the award for best fighting game.[45] The PlayStation 2 version was a runner-up in IGNs PS2 Best of 2004 Awards in the best fighting game category, and won the Readers' Choice.[46] On February 1, 2005, Deception received the "Fighting Game of the Year" award at the 8th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards (now known as the D.I.C.E. Awards).[47] Deception was nominated for the "Game…Sequel Fighting" award by the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers (NAVGTR), and the "Best Fighting Game of 2004" award by IGN, losing both to Dead or Alive Ultimate.[48] [49] In the Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2015 Ebook, the game was recognized for being the first fighting game to be given an online mode.[50]

Reviews

On Metacritic, both the PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions have a weighted average review score of 81 out of 100,[51] while the GameCube version has a score of 77. It won GameSpot's 2004 "Best Fighting Game" award.[52]

Louis Bedigian of GameZone praised the interaction with stages as one of the best parts of the game, commenting that it adds more strategy to the combat. He praised the return of "classic characters", commenting on their new designs and how different their attacks are. Jeremy Dunham of IGN wrote that it was the best game of the Mortal Kombat series. He also stated that the removal of special move buttons, which caused too much damage to an opponent, was one of the developer's best decisions. With the special moves removed from the fights, and the addition of Breakers, players are now able to stop any combo.[5] However, he called character designs in Deception "robotic" in comparison to other fighting games such as the Dead or Alive series or Virtua Fighter 4. The soundtrack was also criticized for having "basic sound effects".[53] GameSpot's Greg Kasavin commented that the fights have been highly improved with the addition of new fighting styles which: "is clearly inspired by kung fu movies". Although he stated the fights were not perfect and noted they could end in a few seconds due to the interaction with the arenas, he liked how painful and funny some moves looked. TeamXbox's Dale Nardozzi praised the characters' animations and movements, adding that the soundtrack: "sets the tone perfectly for your basic, disembowelments, decapitations, and impalements."

The Konquest Mode received mixed opinions. Dunham liked how the Konquest Mode explains the storyline from the game. Conversely, Kasavin commented that the Konquest Mode "is the weak point from the game" and described it as "ugly", lacking good voice acting and graphics. However, he noted that one of the "few nice touches" in Konquest was "hitting anybody you want". He added that the mode had to be completed if he wanted to unlock characters.[54] Bedigian complained that the Konquest is the biggest flaw of the game, criticizing the storyline, the trainings, and voice acting. However, Nardozzi found the mini-games to be very entertaining if played online.

In contrast to the Xbox and PS2 versions, the GameCube port received lower scores from publications. It has been criticized for the lack of an online mode and pixelated picture quality on the unlockable videos & cutscenes, though 1UP.com still praised it.[55] Although the addition of Goro and Shao Kahn was well-received, GameSpot opined that the other ports were better, while also commenting on Goro's appearance, which looks "anemic".[56] In his review, GameSpy's Miguel Lopez wrote the GameCube version "is far from the best version of the game" and advised players to use another port to play.[57]

Mortal Kombat: Unchained received an average of 70 from 14 reviews from Metacritic.[58] Jeff Haynes from IGN mentioned problems with the controls and criticized the long loading times.[59]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Kombat tips. IGN. February 16, 2009. February 3, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090203231459/http://guides.ign.com/guides/552223/page_2.html. live.
  2. Web site: Krypt guide. IGN. February 16, 2009. March 2, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090302054542/http://guides.ign.com/guides/552223/page_6.html. live.
  3. Web site: Konquest guide. IGN. February 16, 2009. April 22, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090422084930/http://guides.ign.com/guides/552223/page_22.html. live.
  4. Web site: Kombat Chess guide. IGN. February 16, 2009. February 3, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090203075848/http://guides.ign.com/guides/552223/page_5.html. live.
  5. Web site: Mortal Kombat: Deception, page 3. Dunham, Jeremy. IGN. October 1, 2004. February 16, 2009. March 30, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090330005009/http://ps2.ign.com/articles/552/552904p3.html. live.
  6. Mortal Kombat: Deception. Midway . Midway . 2004 . Intro sequence.
  7. Mortal Kombat: Deception. Midway . Midway . 2004 . Onaga: Shujunko, please save me! Old fool! Damashi does not exist! The avatar you see before is merely a projection of my consciousness!.
  8. Mortal Kombat: Deception. Midway . Midway . 2004 . Shujinko: If I am to redeem myself, I must continue to learn all that I can and prepare for this final battle against the Dragon King..
  9. Web site: GameChronicles: Mortal Kombat: Deception. Porter, Jason. November 12, 2004. GameChronicles. February 16, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20041119110246/http://www.gamechronicles.com/reviews/ps2/mkd/mkd.htm . November 19, 2004.
  10. Web site: Mortal Kombat: Deception. GamePro. Sid, Vivious. February 28, 2005. March 4, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20091004003320/http://www.gamepro.com/article/reviews/42567/mortal-kombat-deception/. 2009-10-04.
  11. Web site: Ed Boon on Twitter: "@Young_Deezy92 We actually had the idea during Deadly Alliance, but didn't have time to do it. So we held on to it for Deception." . 2014-03-19 . 2016-03-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305114039/https://twitter.com/noobde/status/340214758189965313 . live .
  12. Web site: Mortal Kombat Deception: Ed Boon & John Podlasek Interview . Semsey, Rob . May 1, 2004 . TeamXbox . February 15, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081006170619/http://interviews.teamxbox.com/xbox/791/Mortal-Kombat-Deception-Ed-Boon-John-Podlasek-Interview/p1/ . October 6, 2008 .
  13. Web site: Mortal Kombat Deception: Ed Boon & John Podlasek Interview, page 2 . Semsey, Rob . May 1, 2004 . TeamXbox . February 15, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080607031027/http://interviews.teamxbox.com/xbox/791/Mortal-Kombat-Deception-Ed-Boon-John-Podlasek-Interview/p2/ . June 7, 2008 .
  14. Web site: Mortal Kombat: Deception Developer Interview . https://archive.today/20130123214149/http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/action/mortalkombatdeception/video/6095762/mortal-kombat-deception-developer-interview?tag=videos;title;1 . dead . January 23, 2013 . May 12, 2004 . GameSpot . February 15, 2009 .
  15. Mortal Kombat: Deception . Midway . Midway . 2004 . Sindel Bio card.
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  17. Web site: Mortal Kombat: Deception Developer Interview . May 7, 2004 . GameSpot . February 15, 2009 .
  18. Web site: Mortal Kombat: Deception Video Tour . July 22, 2004 . GameSpot . February 17, 2009 .
  19. Mortal Kombat: Armageddon Premium Edition . Midway . Midway . October 11, 2006 . "The History of Fatalities" commentary.
  20. Mortal Kombat: Deception. Midway . Midway . 2004 . Tortures concept.
  21. Mortal Kombat: Deception . Midway . Midway . 2004 . Failin Cliffs concept.
  22. Web site: Mortal Kombat: Deception Interview. August 20, 2004. IGN. February 15, 2009. January 7, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100107183633/http://cube.ign.com/articles/540/540721p1.html. live.
  23. Web site: Mortal Kombat: Ed Boon Interview . https://web.archive.org/web/20071023152817/http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/news_060707_mortal.html . October 23, 2007 . Official Nintendo Magazine . August 2, 2009.
  24. Web site: Mortal Kombat VI Confirmed. April 24, 2003. IGN. February 15, 2009. July 23, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080723175502/http://ps2.ign.com/articles/394/394904p1.html. live.
  25. Web site: MK6 Image Leak. February 11, 2004. IGN. February 15, 2009. February 17, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070217103648/http://ps2.ign.com/articles/491/491732p1.html. live.
  26. Web site: MGD 2004: Mortal Kombat Deception. February 27, 2004. IGN. February 15, 2009. July 17, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070717064923/http://ps2.ign.com/articles/495/495301p1.html. live.
  27. Web site: Howarth . Robert 'Apache' . October 4, 2004 . Mortal Kombat: Deception Ships . June 26, 2024 . . en.
  28. Web site: Bramwell . Tom . November 19, 2004 . What's New? . June 26, 2024 . Eurogamer.
  29. Web site: Mortal Kombat: Deception . https://web.archive.org/web/20050717205019/http://www.gpstore.com.au/Games/1466780.html . July 17, 2005 . June 26, 2024 . . Release date: 19th November, 2004.
  30. Web site: Mortal Kombat: Deception . https://web.archive.org/web/20050106094108/http://www.gpstore.com.au/Games/1466779.html . January 6, 2005 . June 26, 2024 . Gameplanet.
  31. Web site: Mortal Kombat Mystification - Looks like there's a name change for France after all.. July 2004. IGN. 2010-04-04. 2011-05-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20110525034749/http://ps2.ign.com/articles/527/527706p1.html. live.
  32. Web site: 2006-11-09 . Midway Press Release: PR 2005-02-28 B . 2023-03-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20061109144615/http://www.midway.com/rxpage/mpr_909.html . 2006-11-09 .
  33. Web site: Mortal Kombat: Deception (Premium Pack). Amazon. February 16, 2009. April 11, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160411080927/http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0002TG3Z0/. live.
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  35. Web site: Mortal Kombat Kollection. GameSpot. February 16, 2009. August 18, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220818182045/https://www.gamespot.com/games/mortal-kombat-kollection/. live.
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  39. Web site: Mortal Kombat: Deception Unchained Producer Interview. Hayness, Jeff. IGN. September 10, 2006. February 16, 2009. February 23, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120223075037/http://psp.ign.com/articles/733/733558p1.html. live.
  40. Web site: Komplete Kombat: The Ed Boon Interview. Berghammer, Billy. Game Informer. March 14, 2006. February 17, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080228032002/http://www.gameinformer.com/News/Story/200603/N06.0314.1902.24687.htm . February 28, 2008.
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