| Moronene | |
| States: | Indonesia |
| Region: | Sulawesi |
| Speakers: | 37,000 |
| Date: | 2000 |
| Ref: | e18 |
| Familycolor: | Austronesian |
| Fam2: | Malayo-Polynesian (MP) |
| Fam3: | Celebic |
| Fam4: | Bungku–Tolaki |
| Fam6: | Eastern |
| Dia1: | Wita Ea (Rumbia, Poleang) |
| Dia2: | Tokotu’a (Kabaena) |
| Iso3: | mqn |
| Glotto: | moro1287 |
| Glottorefname: | Moronene |
Moronene is an Austronesian language spoken in Bombana Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. It belongs to the Bungku–Tolaki branch of the Celebic subgroup.
Moronene has the following consonant inventory:[1]
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| pronounced as /ᵐp/ | pronounced as /ⁿt/ | pronounced as /ᵑk/ | ||||||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| pronounced as /ᵐb/ | pronounced as /ⁿd/ | pronounced as /ᵑg/ | ||||||
| Fricative | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Flap | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
The vowel phonemes are pronounced as //a e i o u//. Sequences of two like vowels are pronounced as a long vowel, e.g. nee pronounced as /[ne:]/.[1]
Moronene has flexible word order. However, there is a high frequency of clause-initial verbs in "connected narrative discourse." Noun phrases are not marked for case.[2] The language has prepositions.
There are two forms of pronouns, free pronouns and absolutive clitics. There are singular and plural forms, there are no dual, trial or paucal forms. There is an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person plural forms. There is no gender, and there appears to be no present-day politeness distinction.
| 1SG | pronounced as /[i'?aku]/ pronounced as /['?aku]/ | pronounced as /['aku]/ ~ pronounced as /[’?aku]/ ~ pronounced as /['haku]/ | ||
| 2SG | pronounced as /[i'tʃoʔo]/ pronounced as /['tʃoʔo]/ | pronounced as /[ko]/ | ||
| 3SG | pronounced as /[i'a:]/ | pronounced as /[o]/~pronounced as /[?o]/~pronounced as /[ho]/ | ||
| 1PL (Inclusive) | pronounced as /[i'tʃita]/ pronounced as /['tʃita]/ | pronounced as /['kita]/ | ||
| 1PL (Exclusive) | pronounced as /[i'tʃami]/ pronounced as /['tʃami]/ | pronounced as /['kami]/ | ||
| 2PL | pronounced as /[itʃo'miu]/ pronounced as /[tʃo'miu]/ | pronounced as /[ko'miu]/ | ||
| 3PL | pronounced as /[i'ʔiɾa]/ pronounced as /['ʔiɾa]/ | pronounced as /['ʔiɾa]/~pronounced as /['hiɾa]/ |
There are two classes of genitive pronouns in Moronene which must be learned by speakers, which is unique among Bungku–Tolaki languages.[3] There are singular and plural forms; there are no dual, trial or paucal forms. There is an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person plural forms. Example (1) demonstrates the class 1 first person genitive pronoun in use with the noun 'hair'.
| 1SG | -ngku | -ku | |
| 2SG | -u, | -'u | |
| 3SG | -no | -no | |
| 1PL (EX.) | -mami | -mami | |
| 1PL (IN) | -nto, | -to | |
| 2PL | -miu | -miu | |
| 3PL | -ndo, | -do |
Moronene has a decimal numeral system.[4]