Moraxella atlantae explained

Moraxella atlantae is a Gram-negative, oxidase-positive and catalase-positive, rod-shaped, nonmotile bacterium in the genus Moraxella. First described in 1976 it was recognized as a rare opportunistic pathogen in humans starting in 1991.

Taxonomy and microbiological characteristics

Moraxella atlantae was first described as a new species in 1976 based on biochemical and microbiological growth characteristics:[1] It resembled Moraxella phenylpyruvica, but differed in "simultaneous lack of urease and phenylalanine and tryptophan deaminase activities, inability to grow on solid medium at 4 to 10°C, relative salt sensitivity, and different behaviour on bile-containing media." In difference it also contains n-octadecanol and mannose.It is a non-fermenter and has been difficult to identify by biochemical phenotypic characteristics, like API.It was previously known as CDC group M-3. In 2008, the Judicial Commission of the International Committee for Systematics of Prokaryotes ruled that a subgenus name of Moraxella atlantae (subgen. Moraxella Lwoff 1939)) should have been included on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names,[2] but in 2014 this was rescinded.[3]

Infections in humans

M. atlantae was first recognized as a rare opportunistic pathogen in humans in 1991, when it was isolated from the blood culture of a person with SLE. [4] In a case report from 2002 it was isolated from aerobic blood cultures from a female cancer patient, and could not be identified based on phenotypic characteristics and Analytical profile index, but only after 16S rRNA gene amplification.[5] [6] It was then identified in 2016[7] and in 2017 in one patient each with pneumonia and bacteremia.[8]

In 2017, it was described as causing keratitis in one case.[9] A 2018 case report from Spain described it in the native aortic valve of a butcher with infective endocarditis without apparent risk factors.[10]

Frequency of isolation

As of 2002, the University of Göteborg had collected only 12 M. atlantae strains, 10 of which had been isolated since 1981, of which most were from blood (10), and only one from pleural fluid, and one from a dog bite wound each.[5]

Treatment of infections

M. atlantae can usually be treated by common antibiotics.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Bøvre, K., et al. "Moraxella atlantae sp. nov. and its distinction from Moraxella phenylpyrouvica." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 26.4 (1976): 511-521.
  2. Judicial Commission of the International Committee for Systematics of Prokaryotes . 2008-07-01 . The subgenus names Moraxella subgen. Moraxella and Moraxella subgen. Branhamella and the species names included within these taxa should have been included on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names and a ruling on the proposal to make changes to Rule 34a. Opinion 83 . International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . en . 58 . 7 . 1766–1767 . 10.1099/ijs.0.2008/005272-0 . 18599732 . 1466-5026. free .
  3. Tindall . B. J. . October 2014 . The subgenus names Moraxella and Branhamella (in the genus Moraxella) are not in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria and are therefore not validly published: Supplementary information to Opinion 83. Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes . International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 64 . Pt 10 . 3595–3596 . 10.1099/ijs.0.069245-0 . 1466-5034 . 25288666.
  4. Buchman . A. L. . Pickett . M. J. . Moraxella atlantae bacteraemia in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus . The Journal of Infection . 23 . 2 . 197–199 . 1991 . 175312 . 10.1016/0163-4453(91)92335-3.
  5. De Baere . T. . Muylaert . A. . Everaert . E. . Wauters . G. . Claeys . G. . Verschraegen . G. . Vaneechoutte . M. . 10.1128/JCM.40.7.2693-2695.2002 . Bacteremia Due to Moraxella atlantae in a Cancer Patient . Journal of Clinical Microbiology . 40 . 7 . 2693–2695 . 2002 . 12089312. 120583 .
  6. https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8KPB3 uniProt
  7. Yin . Xiuyun . Liang . Yuying . Zeng . Lijun . Chen . Shuiping . 2016 . Bacteremia and Bone Marrow Infection Caused by Moraxella Atlantae in an Elderly Patient with Pneumonia . Clinical Laboratory . en . 62 . 12/2016 . 2419–2422 . 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2016.160527 . 28164552 . 1433-6510.
  8. García-Fernández-Bravo . Irene . Ordieres-Ortega . Lucía . Braojos-Sánchez . Francisco . Demelo-Rodríguez . Pablo . April 2017 . Sepsis respiratoria por Moraxella atlantae: utilidad de la espectrometría de masas en la identificación de especies poco frecuentes . Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica . es . 35 . 4 . 265–266 . 10.1016/j.eimc.2016.03.005. 27172857 .
  9. Barash . Alexander . Chou . Timothy Y. . September 2017 . Moraxella atlantae keratitis presenting with an infectious ring ulcer . American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports . en . 7 . 62–65 . 10.1016/j.ajoc.2017.06.003 . 5722144 . 29260080.
  10. Carbonell-Muñoz . C. . Zhilina . S. . Barbosa-Ventura . A. . Hernández-Egido . S. . García-García . I. . Chamorro-Fernández . A. J. . Marcos-Martín . M. . December 2018 . [Isolation of Moraxella atlantae on the valve of a patient with native infective endocarditis] . Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia: Publicacion Oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia . 31 . 6 . 550–551 . 1988-9518 . 6254474 . 30378394.

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