| Moorkoth Kumaran | |
| Birth Date: | 23 May 1874 |
| Birth Place: | Telicherry, Malabar District, British India |
| Death Place: | Telicherry |
| Occupation: | Writer, social reformer, teacher |
| Yearsactive: | 1896–1940 |
Moorkoth Kumaran (1874–1941)[1] was a social reformer, a teacher and a writer in Malayalam.[2] He came from a Thiyya family of Telicherry. He was a disciple of Narayana Guru and wrote the first biography of Guru. He also published some of the earliest short stories and novels in Malayalam.
Moorkoth Kumaran was born on 23 May 1874 into the Moorkoth family of North Malabar. His father was Moorkoth Ramunni, and his mother was Parappurathu Kunchirutha. His mother died when he was aged six and his father when he was eight. Kumaran grew up under the care of his father's sister. Kumaran started his education by joining Basel Mission Parsi High School, Telicherry, in 1884 and passed FA degree from Telicherry Brennen College.[3] He joined Madras Christian College for a BA degree but could not complete the degree. He married his relative Yashoda and was sent by his father-in-law for training at Teachers' College, Saidapet. After completing his training, Kumaran became a teacher at St. Joseph's European Boy's High School in Calicut in 1897. He was the headmaster there from 1898 to 1900.[3] He then became a teacher at St. Joseph's Convent, and it was during this time that Indian women in Malabar started education in English schools. Grace Chandran, who was the first Indian woman in Malabar to pass Matriculation, was his student.[3] Kumaran worked as the senior Malayalam pandit at St. Aloysius College (1907–1912), headmaster at Nettur Basel Mission Middle School (1913–1924) and first assistant at Telicherry St Joseph's School (1924–1930) from where he retired in 1930.[3]
Kumaran was instrumental in spreading the ideas of Sri Narayana Guru in Malabar. It was Kumaran who initiated placing the statue of Guru at Jagannath Temple in Telicherry in 1927. It was the first statue of Narayana Guru in Kerala when he was alive.[4] [5] Kumaran was also instrumental in the efforts to admit the Pulayas and other lower castes into the Jagannath Temple. He was the second general secretary of SNDP Yogam.[6]
Kumaran was active in social and literary circles post-retirement. He wrote his last story titled "Aliyante Saree" in Brennen College magazine. He died on 25 June 1941.[3] Moorkoth Kunhappa, who was a bureaucrat and prominent journalist, Moorkoth Ramunni, who was a fighter pilot, and Moorkoth Sreenivasan, who was a teacher in Pondicherry, are his sons.[7]
Moorkoth Kumaran, Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar, Oduvil Kunhikrishna Menon, C. S. Gopala Panicker, Ambadi Narayana Poduval and Chenkulath Cheriya Kunhirama Menon (M. R. K. C.) are regarded as the pioneers of the short story in Malayalam literature.[8] In 1891, Kumaran wrote his first story Kalikala Vaibhavam when he was still a student. The story was returned by two editors until finally accepted by Kandathil Varghese Mappillai who published it in Malayala Manorama on 22 February 1896.[3] Then the next story called Anyatha Chinthitham Karyam Daivamanyathra Chinthayel was published in Bhashaposhini, also by Varghese Mappillai.[9] Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar's "Vasanavikriti" is recognised as the first short story in Malayalam, but Kumaran's "Kalikala Vaibhavam" is sometimes acknowledged as the first well-shaped short story in Malayalam.[10] The initial eleven years from 1891 saw eleven short stories published in Malayalam, authored by Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar, Moorkoth Kumaran, C. S. Gopala Panicker and Oduvil Kunhikrishna Menon. Among the eleven stories, four were by Kumaran. Writer Moorkoth Kunhappa has noted that Kumaran's short stories follow the principle of 'singleness of effect' which was lacking in most of the early short stories in Malayalam.
Kumaran was also one of the early novelists who wrote seven novels namely Lokapavadam, Kanakam Moolam, Jahaneera, Rajaputhra Viwaham, Ambu Nair, Vasumathi and Vellikkai. He also penned the prose collections Kakan, Gadyaprabandham, Gadyamanjari and Asan Vimarsanathinte Aadya Rasmikal. After writing Kakan (Crow), which was based on an article by ornithologist Douglas Dewar, Kumaran wrote extensively on science. He wrote articles on insects, flies, mosquitoes, beetles, ants, termites, cockroaches and wild lice. He also translated the book Wonders of Physical Science by Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe into Malayalam under the title Prakriti Shastrathile Albuthangal.
After Kumaran prepared the biography of Sri Narayana Guru in two volumes (1930), he also wrote an interpretation of Guru's Darsanamala. He wrote the story "Vasumathi" which depicts the culture and history of the Thiyya community in Malabar. Kumaran also wrote the biographies of O. Chandu Menon and Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar and has also written biographical essays on Kandathil Varghese Mappillai, Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran, A. R. Raja Raja Varma and Kumaran Asan.
Moorkoth Kumaran edited several literary journals in Malayalam.[11] He entered the newspaper industry as the editor of Kerala Sanchari. Kumaran Asan's Veena Poovu was first published in Mithavadi when Kumaran was the editor. Subsequently, Kumaran, edited Kerala Chintamani, Samudaya Deepika, Gajakesari, Satyavadi, Atmaposhini, Dharmam, Kathorakuthaaram and Deepika.[12] He wrote many articles in prominent newspapers of the time under the pen names of Gajakesari, Patanjali, Vajrasuchi and Pouran.
The following list includes most of the published works of Moorkoth Kumaran:[13] [14]
| Year | Title | Publisher | style=width:25em | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1903 | Lokapavadam | Calicut Malabar Spectator | ||
| 1905 | Kanakam Moolam | Calicut: Spectator Press | Detective fiction; New edition Calicut: PK Brothers, 1966 | |
| 1912 | Vasumathi | Telicherry Vidya Vilasam | ||
| 1916 | Ambu Nair | Cannanore Edward Press | ||
| 1967 | Ambu Nairum Lokapavadavum | Calicut: PK Brothers | Collection of two novels: Ambu Nair and Lokapavadam | |
| Rajaputhra Vivaham |
| Year | Title | Publisher | style=width:25em | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1929 | Ente Chila Anubhavangal | Calicut K. R. Brothers | Collection of 6 stories | |
| 1967 | Moorkothinte Cherukathakal | Quilon M. S. Book Depot | Collection of 15 stories | |
| 1987 | Moorkoth Kumarante Kathakal | Calicut: Mathrubhumi | Complete collection of short stories and the novels Lokapavadam, Kanakam Moolam and Ambu Nair; With a foreword by Sukumar Azhikode |
| Year | Title | Publisher | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1896 | "Kalikala Vaibhavam" | Malayala Manorama, 22 February 1896 | |
| 1896 | "Anyatha Chinthitham Karyam Daivamanyathra Chinthayel" | Bhashaposhini, 1072 Kanni-Thulam | |
| 1897 | "Ente Kozhikode Yathra" | Bhashaposhini, 1072 Mithunam | |
| 1897 | "Ente Theevandi Yathra" | Bhashaposhini, 1073 Chingam | |
| 1902 | "Kazmiyude Cheruppu" | Bhashaposhini, 1077 Mithunam | |
| 1905 | "Abharana Bhramam" | Rasikaranjini, 1080 Edavam | |
| 1905 | "Oru Maranapathram" | Rasikaranjini, 1081 Kanni | |
| 1909 | "Ennittum" | Vivekodayam, 1085 Chingam | |
| 1909 | "Orotta Nokku" | Vivekodayam, 1085 Vrishchikam | |
| 1910 | "Oru Cheriya Kutty" | Vivekodayam, 1085 Karkkidakam | |
| 1912 | "Rathi Bhai" | Bhashaposhini, 1087 Dhanu-Makaram | |
| 1912 | "Parukutty" | Vivekodayam, 1088 Thulam | |
| 1913 | "Avanum Bharyayum Athava Kalavum Samshayavum" | Mangalodayam, 1089 Dhanu | |
| 1914 | "Oru Theevandi Apakadam" | Mithavadi, 1089 Makaram | |
| 1914 | "Oru Vanakusumam" | Bhashaposhini, 1090 Chingam-Kanni | |
| 1915 | "Doctor Rakshapettathu" | Mithavadi, 1091 Chingam | |
| 1915 | "Kolayo Athmagathiyo?" | Samudaya Deepika, 1091 Vrishchikam | |
| 1916 | "Oru Kathinakkai" | Bhashaposhini, 1092 Chingam-Kanni | |
| 1917 | "Krishna Kumari" | Mithavadi, 1093 Chingam | |
| 1919 | "Oru Nariye Konna Vedi" | Bhashaposhini, 1094 Makaram | |
| 1929 | "Aviralayam" | Mathrubhumi, 1104 Medam | |
| 1929 | "Avalude Makal" | Deepam, 1105 Kanni | |
| 1929 | "Oru Purusha Samajam" | Deepam, 1105 Kanni | |
| 1929 | "Tharavattile Kutty" | Deepam, 1105 Thulam | |
| 1929 | "Ishtarach – Adiyaravu" | Deepam, 1105 Vrishchikam | |
| 1929 | "Oru Perumkallan" | Ente Chila Anubhavangal | |
| 1929 | "Daiva Siksha" | ||
| 1929 | "Swadeshikal" | ||
| 1929 | "Oru Madhyastha" | ||
| 1929 | "Vairamothiram" | ||
| 1929 | "Pisachu" | ||
| 1930 | "Jyeshtathi Ammayude Abharanangal" | Deepam, 1105 Makaram | |
| 1930 | "Palliyile Mani" | Deepam, 1105 Meenam | |
| 1930 | "Misravivaham" | Deepam, 1105 Medam | |
| 1930 | "Oru Bhakthan" | Deepam, 1106 Chingam | |
| 1930 | "Ithinenthu Hethu" | Deepam, 1106 Kanni | |
| 1930 | "Randum Sthreekal" | Deepam, 1106 Vrischikam | |
| 1931 | "Kuttappan" | Deepam, 1106 Makaram | |
| 1931 | "Vithachathalla Koythath" | Deepam, 1106 Medam | |
| 1931 | "Parishkaram Prapicha Pathni" | Deepam, 1106 Idavam | |
| 1935 | "Changathiyude Parinamam" | Mithavadi, 1935 special edition | |
| 1935 | "Kathinam" | Kairali, 1110 Medam | |
| 1936 | "Ammamante Makal" | Mathrubhumi, 1936 special edition | |
| 1939 | "Aliyante Saree" | Brennen College magazine | |
| 1987 | "Draivini" | Moorkoth Kumarante Kathakal | |
| "Ammayum Makanum" | Vidyalayam, Vol. 1 Issue 1 | ||
| "Marippoya Tholppetti" | Mangalodayam | ||
| "Thalayana Manthram" | Sanjayan, Vol. 11 Issue 3 | ||
| "Vakkeelinte Samarthyam" | Sanjayan |
| Year | Title | Publisher | style=width:25em | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1910 | Shakuntalam | Telicherry Victor Press | Based on Tales from Kalidasa | |
| 1916 | Sairandhri | Trivandrum V. V. | ||
| 1931 | Kunchan Kathakal | Trivandrum: V. V. | Collection of 4 stories | |
| 1932 | Bharatha Katha Samgraham | Trivandrum: V. V. |
| Year | Title | Publisher | style=width:35em | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1930 | Sri Narayana Guruswamikalude Jivacharithram | Telicherry M. G. & Sons | Biography of Sri Narayana Guru in two volumes | |
| 1932 | Rao Bahadur O. Chandu Menon | Trivandrum V. V. | Biography of O. Chandu Menon | |
| 1933 | Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar (Kesari) | Trivandrum: V. V. | Book on Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar | |
| 1966 | Asan Vimarsanathinte Aadya Rasmikal | Calicut PK Brothers | 16 essays on the poetry of Kumaran Asan, compiled by Komalezhath Madhavan | |
| 1967 | Gadyamanjari | Kottayam Vidyarthi Mithram | Compilation of essays: Kavitha, Bhavanasakthi, Kalidasante Upamakal, Bhashakavikal, Kunchanum Thullalum, Kerala Varma, Saraswathi Vijayam, Kavyopaharam, Sacharitra Sathakam, A. R. Raja Raja Varma | |
| 1967 | Gadyamanjari: Part 2 | Calicut: PK Brothers | Compilation of essays: Gadyavum Padyavum, Gadyaprabandham, Novel, Chandu Menonte Vachakareethi, Malayala Bhashaykk Anyabhashakal Kondundayittulla Prayojanangal; and reviews of Kundalatha, Indulekha and Sarada | |
| 1968 | Asan Vimarsanathinte Aadya Rasmikal (Part 2) | Kottayam: Vidyarthi Mithram | Essays on the poetry of Kumaran Asan, compiled by Komalezhath Madhavan; With a foreword by Sukumar Azhikode; Includes a study on Moorkoth Kumaran by Komalezhath Madhavan, and essays on Asan by K. Bhanumati Amma and Kunnath Janardhana Menon |
| Year | Title | Publisher | style=width:35em | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1920 | Jahaneera | Telicherry M. G. & Sons | Translated from English | |
| 1927 | Ashakula[15] | Calicut Mangalodayam Press | Translation of Isabella, or the Pot of Basil by John Keats; Republished by PK Brothers (Calicut, 1967) | |
| 1952 | Bhrahmavidya Prarambha Paatham | Alleppey Kerala Theosophical Federation | Translation of Catherine W. Christie's Theosophy for Beginners; Authors: Moorkoth Kumaran, Poomarathil Vasudevan and N. Kesava Panikkar; Moorkoth Kumaran's translation originally published in Sanatana Dharmam magazine (1913) | |
| 1971 | Vellikkai | Kottayam Vidyarthi Mithram | Translation of a work by Eliza Fanny Pollard Originally published in Deepam magazine (year unknown) |
| Year | Title | Publisher | style=width:25em | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1918 | Kaakan | Telicherry Vidya Vilasam | Based on an article by Douglas Dewar | |
| 1920 | Oru Maha Sathyam Adhava Kooniyude Kusruthi | Cannanore Caxton Press | Play based on a story from Ramayana | |
| 1923 | Yadavakrishnan | Telicherry: Vidya Vilasam | Non-fiction, on Lord Krishna | |
| 1924 | Oru Vaidyante Anubhavangal | Telicherry: Vidya Vilasam | ||
| 1934 | Samudayadeepam | Puthukkad Kerala Bhanu Book Depot | 1934 Speech at Thiyya Mahajana Sabha, Cochin | |
| 1941 | Ambalapattu | Telicherry: Moorkoth Sreenivasan (Vidya Vilasam) | Poetry | |
| 1962 | Ilanjipoomala | Telicherry: Moorkoth Sreenivasan | Collection of two poems: Ilanjipoomala, Oru Chitram | |
| 1966 | Koodalmanikyam: Charithranweshanam | Irinjalakuda St. George Press | History of Koodalmanikyam Temple | |
| 1971 | Chihnam | Kottayam Vidyarthi Mithram | Language and Grammar | |
| 1985 | Ammamaarodu | Telicherry: Vijaya Vilasam | Speech |