Darod Explained

Darod
دارود
Type:Somali clan
Ethnicity:Somali
Location:Somalia
Ethiopia
Kenya
Yemen
Oman
Descended:Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti
Language:Somali
Arabic
Religion:Sunni Islam
Branches:
  • Muhammad (Kablalah)
  • Yousuf (Awrtable)
  • Hussein (Tanade)
  • Ahmad (Sade)
  • Eissa (Cisse)
Parent Tribe:Banū Hāshim
Nisba:al-Jabarti

The Darod (Somali: Daarood, Arabic: دارود) is a Somali clan. The forefather of this clan is Sheikh Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti, more commonly known as Darod.[1] [2] The clan primarily settles the apex of the Horn of Africa and its peripheries, the Somali hinterlands adjacent to Oromia (Ogaden), and both sides of the Kenya–Somalia border.[3] The Darod clan is the largest Somali clan family in the Horn of Africa.[4] [5]

Origins

See main article: Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti.

According to early Islamic books and Somali tradition, Aqeel Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib Al-Qurashi descendant Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti (Darod), a son of the Sufi Sheikh Isma'il al-Jabarti of the Qadiriyyah order, fled his homeland in the Arabian Peninsula after an argument with his uncle.[6] During the 10th or 11th century CE,[7] Abdirahman is believed to have then settled in modern-day Sanaag just across the Red Sea and married Dobira, the daughter of the Dir clan chief. This union is said to have given rise to the Darod clan family.[8] Thus, it established matrilateral ties with the Samaale main stem.[9]

According to the British anthropologist and Somali Studies veteran Ioan Lewis, the traditions of descent from noble Arab families related to the Prophet are most probably figurative expressions of the importance of Islam in Somali society.[10] [11] However, "there is a strong historically valid component in these legends which, in the case of the Darod, is confirmed in the current practice of a Dir representative officiating at the ceremony of installation of the chief of the Darod family."

There are also numerous existing hagiologies in Arabic which describe Sheikh Darod's travels, works and overall life in northern Somalia, as well as his movements in Arabia before his arrival.[12] Besides historical sources such as Al-Masudi's Aqeeliyoon,[13] a modern manaaqib (a collection of glorious deeds) printed in Cairo in 1945 by Sheikh Ahmad bin Hussen bin Mahammad titled Manaaqib as-Sheikh Ismaa'iil bin Ibraahiim al-Jabarti also discusses Sheikh Darod and his proposed father Isma'il al-Jabarti, the latter of whom is reportedly buried in Bab Siham in the Zabid District of western Yemen.[14]

Sheikh Darod's own tomb is in Haylaan, situated in the Sanaag region of Somaliland, and is the scene of frequent pilgrimages.[15] Sheikh Isaaq is buried nearby in Maydh,[16] as is Sheikh Harti, a descendant of Sheikh Darod and the progenitor of the Harti Darod sub-clan, whose tomb lies in the ancient town of Qa’ableh.

Sheikh Darod's mawlid (birthday) is also celebrated every Friday with a public reading of his manaaqib.[14]

The Darod were supporters of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi during his 16th century conquest of Abyssinia; especially the Geri Koombe who were in-laws with Imam Ahmed. Garad Matan married Imam Ahmed's sister who her name was Fardawsa.[17] Garad Matan being the chieftain of Geri Koombe fully supported the Jihad and served as an Adalite general, second in command to Imam Ahmed.

He also sent a messenger to the tribe of Girri which was the tribe whose leader and chieftain was Mattan bin 'Utman bin Kaled, the Somali, his brother-in-law who was one of the heroic and gracious knights who died as a martyr in the battle for the Amba as will be recalled at some length later on.[18] The storyteller, may God have mercy upon him, says: On the left was the Somali tribe of Harti, from the people of Mait; a people not given to yielding. There were three-hundred of them, famous among the infantry as stolid swordsmen. In the same way there was the tribe of Yibberi, around four-hundred infantrymen, archers. So the imam attached them to the five-hundred who held the centre, saying to them, 'Hold your positions; don't budge, anyone of you.' The tribe of Girri were all horsemen, renowned as riders.[19]
The Geri Koombe tribe played a pivotal role in leadership, Garad Matan ibn Uthman Al Somali was described by chronicler Shihāb al-Dīn as one of the most bravest and courageous military commanders in the Adal Sultanate. The Imam had gathered all the Somali tribes and entrusted them to his brother in law Garad Matan ibn Uthman Al Somali.[18]
After that the Muslims stood their ground. The tribe of the Somali said it was the tribe of Harla that gave us away while the tribe of Harla said it was the Somali tribe that gave us away The imam split his forces into three divisions: all the Somalis were in one division whose command he entrusted to Mattan.

Shihāb al-Dīn notes that Harti soldiers took part in the Adal Sultanate army. Hamza al Jufi was an infantry leader during the Battle of Shimbra Kure. The writer Arab Faqih attributes him with bravery and courage. Hamza al Jufi was described as eager and could not contain himself until the Adalites had to hold him back, telling him to "be patient". Arab Faqih goes on to describe the Harti just like Hamza al Jufi, recognising the bravery of the Somalis. He describes them as “famous among the infantry as solid swordsmen, and a people not given to yielding.”[20] The Marehan clan are recorded as having played the biggest role in Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi's campaigns against the Ethiopian Empire during the 16th century. Imam Ahmad himself, alongside his successor Emir Nur ibn Al-Mujahid, aswell as Garad Hirabu Goita Tedros all hailed from the Marehan clan. Along with the Habr Maqdi of the Jidwaaq;[21] [22] [23] they helped push westward the enemies into the plains of Shewa and farther, helping destabilize the highland Christian empire. Evident in these battles were the Somali archers, namely the Marehan.[24]

Lineage

Darod is the son of the famous Arabian Sheikh, Ismail bin Ibrahim Al-Jabarti, who is buried in the Zabid District of Yemen. He is believed to have been a descendant of Aqeel ibn Abi Talib who in turn hailed from the Quraysh, a historically significant Arab tribe that the final prophet of Islam Muhammed was from.[25] In 2009, former President of Somalia, Abdullahi Yusuf visited the grave of Ismail bin Ibrahim Al-Jabarti in Yemen.[26]

According to many medieval and modern Islamic historians, Darod is descended from Aqeel ibn Abi Talib, the cousin of Muhammad and brother of Ali ibn Abi Talib. An ancient Islamic history book, called Aqeeliyoon by Al-Masudi, talks in detail about the descendants of Aqeel ibn Abi Talib, wherein Darod is also mentioned.[13] The book gives Sheikh Darod's lineage as Abdirahmaan Bin Ismaa'iil Bin Ibraahim Bin Abdirahmaan Bin Muhammed Bin Abdi Samad Bin Hanbal Bin Mahdi Bin Ahmed Bin Abdalle Bin Muhammed Bin Aqail Bin Abu-Talib Bin Abdul-Mutalib Bin Hashim Bin Qusaya.

According to Allaa'i Alsuniyah Fi Al-Aqab Al-Aqeeliyah (2006) by Ahmed bin Ali Al-Rajihi Al-Aqeeli, the lineage of Sheikh Darod/Da'ud is: "Da'ud ibn Ismail ibn Ibrahim ibn Abdulsamad ibn Ahmed ibn Abdallah ibn Ahmed Ibn Ismail ibn Ibrahim ibn Abdallah ibn Isma'il ibn Ali ibn Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Hamid ibn Abdallah ibn Ibrahim ibn Ali ibn Ahmed ibn Abdallah ibn Muslim ibn Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Aqeel ibn Abi-Talib Al-Hashimi Al-Qurashi". Al-Aqeeli adds that Sheikh Isma'il's sons include Abi-Bakar, Da'ud, Ahmad and Abdulsamad, whose other offspring inhabit the Hadhramaut and Mahra regions in Southern Arabia.[27]

Distribution

The Darod are believed to be a large Somali clan both in terms of population size and land inhabitation. The Darod constitute a big presence in the Somali Region of Ethiopia[28] and are also one of the largest Somali clan in North Eastern Province of Kenya.[29] Within Somalia, the Darod are also one of the largest clans, with traditional strongholds in the north, modern day Puntland state which is dominated by the Harti subclan of Darod. In addition, the Marehan, Ogaden, Jidwaaq, and Harti Darod members are also settled further down south in the Gedo region as well as the Middle Jubba and Lower Jubba regions of Somalia. The Darod in Somalia, roughly corresponds to the Darod's settled within the Jubbaland and Puntland states. In Somaliland the Darod settle the eastern Sool, Sanaag regions and the Buhoodle district of Togdheer

Major Darod Settlements within Somalia include Galkacyo, Kismaayo, Bosaso, and Garowe.

Darod are also the largest clan in Jigjiga in Ethiopia, and Garissa in Northern Kenya.

Nobility

See main article: Somali aristocratic and court titles, Majeerteen Sultanate and Sultanate of Hobyo. The Darod clan has produced numerous noble Somali men and women over the centuries, including many Sultans. Traditionally, the Darod population was mostly concentrated in the northern and northeastern cities on the Gulf of Aden and upper Indian Ocean coast in the Horn of Africa. Darod noble men ruled these settlement pockets until the European colonial powers changed the political dynamics of Somalia during the late 19th century. Before many Darods began pushing southward in the mid-1850s, the Majeerteen Sultanate and Sultanate of Hobyo held steadfast in solidly established posts from Alula to Hobyo.

Clan tree

There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is based upon the World Bank's Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom's Home Office publication, Somalia Assessment 2001.[30] [31]

In the south central part of Somalia the World Bank shows the following clan tree:[37]

One tradition maintains that Darod had one daughter.[38]

Darod's tomb

Darod is buried in an old town called Haylaan near Badhan in the north-eastern Sanaag region of Somalia. His wife Dobira is buried just outside the town. The surrounding buildings and the mosque near the tomb was built by the former president of Somalia Abdullahi Yusuf.

Darod is believed to be the son of the famous Arabian Sheikh, Ismail bin Ibrahim Al-Jabarti, who is buried in the Zabid District of Yemen. Tradition holds that he is descended from the Banu Hashim.

In 2009, former President of Somalia, Abdullahi Yusuf visited the grave of Ismail bin Ibrahim Al-Jabarti in Yemen[26]

Sheikh Darod's mawlid (birthday) is celebrated every Friday with a public reading of his manaqib and passages in the Quran.

Sons of Sheikh Darod Ismail

Notable Darod people

Royalty

Rulers

Inventors and founders

Lawyers and legislators

Writers and musicians

Military leaders and personnel

Politicians

Engineers

Athletes

Other

References

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Lewis . Ioan M . A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa . 1999 . James Currey Publishers . 12 . 9780852552803 . 18 September 2019.
  2. Lewis . Ioan M . Clanship and Contract in Northern Somaliland . Africa: Journal of the International African Institute . July 1959 . 29 . 3 . 274–293 . 10.2307/1157617 . 1157617 . 143243256 . 18 September 2019 . 20 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210120102426/https://www.scribd.com/document/127191815/Clanship-and-Contract-in-Northern-Somaliland-by-I-M-lewis . live .
  3. Central Intelligence Agency. Ethnic Groups. 2002. Somalia Summary Map. 2012-07-30. 2023-03-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20230327193237/https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg. live. Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection – N.B. Various authorities indicate that the Darod is one of the largest Somali clans https://books.google.com/books?id=2Nu918tYMB8C&pg=PA8, whereas others suggest that the Hawiye is the largest Somali clan within Somalia, nevertheless, there is an available census that was conducted along the lines of clan affiliates http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg .
  4. Book: Grant . Peter . Somalia . 2018 . Darood is the largest clan among all Somalis across borders. . 2019-09-18 . 2020-03-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200322143119/https://minorityrights.org/country/somalia/ . live .
  5. Book: Lewis . IM . A Modern History Of Somalia . 2019 . the Dulbahante and Warsangeli divisions of the Darod who, with a strength of perhaps one and a half million, are the largest and most widely distributed of all the Somali clan-families..
  6. Rima Berns McGown, Muslims in the diaspora, (University of Toronto Press: 1999), pp.27–28
  7. I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 22
  8. Book: Somaliland Society. The Somaliland Journal, Volume 1, Issues 1–3. 1954. The Society. 85. 2016-09-27. 2024-05-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20240522134938/https://books.google.com/books?id=8hsOAQAAMAAJ. live.
  9. Lewis, A pastoral democracy, pp. 11–13.
  10. I.M. Lewis, A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), pp.128–129
  11. Book: Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society. Lewis. Ioan. M.. The Red Sea Press Inc.. 1994. 9780932415936. Larwenceville, NJ. 104–105. 23 September 2015. 22 May 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240522135909/https://books.google.com/books?id=9fAjtruUXjEC&pg=PA104#v=onepage&q&f=false. live.
  12. Roland Anthony Oliver, J. D. Fage, Journal of African history, Volume 3, (Cambridge University Press.: 1962), p.45
  13. Web site: Islam in Somali History Fact and Fiction revisited, the Arab Factor. maanhadal.com. 6 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20110919030624/http://maanhadal.com/articles/Islam_in_Somali_History.html. 19 September 2011. dead.
  14. Lewis, A pastoral democracy, p.131.
  15. Lewis, Peoples of the Horn of Africa, p.18-19
  16. I.M. Lewis, "The Somali Conquest of the Horn of Africa", Journal of African History, 1 (1960), p. 219
  17. Book: Pankhurst . Richard . Conquest Of Abyssinia . July 2003 . 9780972317252 . 44 . Tsehai Publishers & Distributors . English.
  18. Book: Richard . Pankhurst . The Conquest of Abyssinia: 16th Century. . ʻArabfaqīh . Shihāb . 1974 . 9780972317252 . 261 . Lightning Source Incorporated . Richard Pankhurst (historian) . Shihāb ʻArabfaqīh . 2023-07-17 . 2023-06-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230627013909/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCHWAOyWmWcC . live .
  19. Book: Al-Din, Sihab . Conquest of Abyssinia . July 2003 . 9780972317252 . 76 . Tsehai Publishers & Distributors . english.
  20. Book: Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir ʻArabfaqīh. Translated by Paul Stenhouse, Richard Pankhurst. The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century. 2003. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. 77. 9780972317269. 2016-09-27. 2024-05-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20240522134259/https://books.google.com/books?id=YgIwAQAAIAAJ. live.
  21. Cahiers d'études africaines . Cahiers d'études africaines . 1961 . 2 . 30 . Google books . 2023-07-17 . 2023-07-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230717014206/https://books.google.com/books?id=AJhWAAAAYAAJ&q=Yiberri%20somali . live .
  22. Book: Shihāb al-Dīn, ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir ʻArabfaqīh . The Conquest of Abyssinia 16th Century . 2003 . 9780972317252 . 141. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors .
  23. Book: al-Dīn, Shihāb . The Conquest of Abyssinia . 2003 . 0972317260 . 125. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors .
  24. Richard Pankhurst, An Introduction to the Economic History of Ethiopia, from Early Times to 1800
  25. Book: The Early Islamic Conquests. 9781400847877. Donner. Fred M.. 2014-07-14. Princeton University Press. 2020-05-24. 2023-03-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164823/https://books.google.com/books?id=l5__AwAAQBAJ. live.
  26. Web site: Yemen: C/laahi Yuusuf oo Booqday Qabrigii Ismaaciil Jabarti.... somalitalk.com. 6 April 2018. 3 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201203052021/http://somalitalk.com/2009/feb/28feb909.html. live.
  27. Book: Al-Rajihi. A. Allaa'i alsuniyah fi al-aqab al-Aqiliyah. 2006. Dar Al Manar. 113–116. 3rd.
  28. Web site: UNPO: Ogaden. unpo.org. 6 April 2018. 8 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180408181139/http://unpo.org/members/10714. live.
  29. Web site: Somalia-Ethiopia, Kenya Conflict. John. Pike. www.globalsecurity.org. 6 April 2018. 26 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171226182309/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/somalia1.htm. live.
  30. Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics , January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.55
  31. http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ind01b_somalia_ca.pdf Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure
  32. Web site: Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography. Royal Geographical Society (Great. Britain). 6 April 1884. Edward Stanford. 6 April 2018. Google Books. 22 May 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240522135907/https://books.google.com/books?id=3i4RAQAAIAAJ&dq=geri+kombe&pg=PA261#v=onepage&q=geri%20kombe&f=false. live.
  33. Hussein . Jeylan . Sociocognitive Processes in the Construction of Identity and Conflict between the Jarso and Girhi in Eastern Ethiopia . African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review . 2015 . 5 . 2 . Indiana University Press . 94 . 10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.5.2.89 . 10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.5.2.89 . 154694376 .
  34. Book: Ambroso . Guido . CLANSHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA . Roma Tre University . 11 . 2020-05-11 . 2020-06-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200618031848/https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/bitstream/2307/4150/1/Clanship,%20conflict%20and%20refugees_An%20introduction%20to%20Somalis%20in%20the%20Horn%20of%20Africa.pdf . dead .
  35. Book: Ralph E. Drake-Brockman . British Somaliland . 1912 . London . 273.
  36. News: Shirkii dib u heshiisiinta Beelaha Cali Saleebaan iyo Ugaar Saleebaan oo furmay . 22 July 2018 . 26 July 2018 . 26 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234122/https://www.idilnews.com/2018/07/22/shirkii-dib-u-heshiisiinta-beelaha-cali-saleebaan-iyo-ugaar-saleebaan-oo-furmay/ . live .
  37. Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics , January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.56 Figure A-2
  38. Book: Laurence. Margaret. Margaret Laurence. A Tree for Poverty: Somali Poetry and Prose. 145. 978-1-55022-177-0. McMaster University. Hamilton. 1970. Then Magado, the wife of Ishaak, bore him twin sons, and their names were Ahmed, nick-named Arap, and Ismail, nick-named Gerhajis..
  39. Web site: Ahmed Biif Speaks Out On Quiting Music & New Career As Islamic Preacher . Dalsan . January 29, 2023 . January 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230127135529/https://www.radiodalsan.com/en/58640/2018/11/ahmed-biif-speaks-out-on-quiting-music-new-career-as-islamic-preacher/ . dead .
  40. Web site: Somalia sacks police boss amid Al-Shabaab raids in Mogadishu . 2023-03-05 . Garowe Online . 30 June 2020 . en . 2023-03-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230306000102/https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-sacks-police-boss-amid-al-shabaab-raids-in-mogadishu . live .
  41. Web site: AMISOM to help Somali Police Force establish communication offices in federal states. 2018-05-13. 2018-07-27. 2018-05-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20180513172811/http://amisom-au.org/2018/05/amisom-to-help-somali-police-force-establish-communication-offices-in-federal-states/. live.
  42. News: Somalia appoints new police, intelligence chiefs. 2018-07-27. 2018-07-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20180727054642/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/somalia-appoints-new-police-intelligence-chiefs/1067694. live.
  43. Web site: Generals of the 1st Kacaan. 2021-07-14. Somaliwave. en-US. 2021-07-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20210714065111/https://www.somaliwave.com/index.php?threads/generals-of-the-1st-kacaan.15478/. live.
  44. Web site: Statement of British Somali Elders Endorsing Dr Aweys Omar Mohamoud's Presidential Bid for 2021. 2021-07-14. www.aweysomarmohamoud4president.com. 2021-07-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20210714065111/https://www.aweysomarmohamoud4president.com/blog/ideas/statement-of-british-somali-elders-endorsing-dr-aweys-omar-mohamouds-presidential-bid-for-2021/. dead.
  45. Web site: Tacsi: Siyaasi Dr Cabdicasiis Nuur Xirsi oo ku geeriyooday magaalada Boston (Illaahay Janatul fardawso haka waraabsho Puntland Observer. 2021-07-14. en-US. 2021-07-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20210714065111/http://www.puntlandobserver.com/tacsi-siyaasi-dr-cabdicasiis-nuur-xirsi-oo-ku-geeriyooday-magaalada-boston-illaahay-janatul-fardawso-haka-waraabsho/. live.
  46. Web site: 2016-11-13. Sacdiya,Burhan iyo Jaabir oo loodoortay Xildh. Beesha Yusuf Darood. 2021-07-14. meeraysane.com. English. 2021-07-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20210714065105/https://meeraysane.com/articles/3985/Sacdiya-Burhan-iyo-Jaabir-oo-loodoortay-Xildh-besha-Yusuf. live.
  47. Web site: 2015-02-05. Golaha wasiirada ee Soomaaliya oo mar kale lagu dhawaaqay. 2021-07-14. BBC News Somali. so. 2023-04-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20230412104805/https://www.bbc.com/somali/war/2015/02/150205_somali_cabinet. live.

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