2017 Montana's at-large congressional district special election explained

Election Name:	2017 United States House of Representatives election in Montana
Country:	Montana
Type:	by-election
Ongoing:	no
Previous Election:	2016 United States House of Representatives election in Montana
Previous Year:	2016
Election Date:	May 25, 2017
Next Election:	2018 United States House of Representatives election in Montana
Next Year:	2018
Seats For Election:	Montana's at-large congressional district
Image1:	File:Greg Gianforte (cropped).jpg
Nominee1:	Greg Gianforte
Party1:	Republican Party (United States)
Popular Vote1:	190,520
Percentage1:	49.9%
Nominee2:	Rob Quist
Party2:	Democratic Party (United States)
Popular Vote2:	169,214
Percentage2:	44.4%
Image3:	File:3x4.svg
Nominee3:	Mark Wicks
Party3:	Libertarian Party (United States)
Popular Vote3:	21,682
Percentage3:	5.7%
Map Size:	300px
U.S. Representative
Before Election:	Ryan Zinke
Before Party:	Republican Party (United States)
After Election:	Greg Gianforte
After Party:	Republican Party (United States)

In Montana, an at-large congressional district special election was held on May 25, 2017, to determine the member of the United States House of Representatives for Montana's at-large congressional district. The election was necessitated by incumbent Republican Representative Ryan Zinke's appointment as United States Secretary of the Interior. Zinke resigned on March 1, 2017, upon his confirmation.^[1]

Montana's state law required the Governor of Montana to call for a special election to be held no less than 85 and no more than 100 days after the vacancy.^[2] Governor Steve Bullock declared a special election to take place on May 25, the earliest possible day he was legally allowed to choose.^[1]

The Democratic, Republican, Libertarian, and Green Parties held nominating conventions to decide their nominee.^[3] The day before the election, Gianforte assaulted a reporter and was charged with misdemeanor assault.^{[4] [5]} At around 10:30pm MST, the election was called for Gianforte after 77% of the votes were counted.^{[6] [7]}

Republican Party

The Republican Party nominated a candidate at a convention on March 6.^[8]

Nominated

• Greg Gianforte, founder of RightNow Technologies and nominee for governor in 2016^{[9] [10]}

Eliminated at convention

• Edward Buttrey, state senator^[11]
• Carl Glimm, state representative^[12]
• Ken Miller, former state senator, former chair of the Montana Republican Party and candidate for governor in 2012^[13]
• Samuel Redfern,^[14] nonprofit executive^[15]
• Dean Rehbein, contractor^[16]
• Ed Walker, former state senator^[17]

Withdrawn

• Eugene Graf, businessman^{[16] [18]}
• Drew Turiano, real estate agent and perennial candidate^{[19] [20]}

Declined

• Gary Carlson, publisher of The White Hat Express^[21]
• Russell Fagg, Yellowstone County District Judge^[22]
• Matthew Rosendale, state auditor and candidate for this seat in 2014^{[18] [23]}
• Scott Sales, president of the State Senate^[24]
• Richard B. Spencer, president of the National Policy Institute^[25]
• Daniel Zolnikov, state representative^{[26] [27]}

Results

Republican Convention
Candidate	First ballot	Pct.
	150.5	61%
	94.5	39%

Democratic Party

The Democratic Party selected a nominee at a convention on March 5.^[28]

The Bozeman Daily Chronicle from February 4 to 8 conducted a straw poll of Democratic delegates.^[29] Of 89 delegates that responded, Rob Quist was selected by 37, Amanda Curtis by 30, Kelly McCarthy by 13, 9 were undecided, and zero delegates selected John Meyer or other.^[29]

Nominated

• Rob Quist, musician, former spokesman and advocate for the Montana Food Bank, and former member of the Montana Arts Council^[30]

Eliminated at convention

• Amanda Curtis, state representative and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2014^[31]
• Kelly McCarthy, state representative^[30]
• John Meyer, attorney and executive director of the Cottonwood Environmental Law Center^[32]
• Lee "Link" Neimark, ski instructor and small business owner^[33]
• Gary Stein, teacher and candidate for the state house in 2008^[34]
• Thomas Weida, retired businessman^[35]
• Dan West, former aide to Senators Max Baucus and Mark Udall and former appointee to NASA^[36]

Declined

• Zeno Baucus, Assistant U.S. Attorney and son of former U.S. Senator Max Baucus^[37]
• Larry Jent, former state senator
• Denise Juneau, former superintendent of public instruction and candidate for this seat in 2016^[38]
• Casey Schreiner, state representative^[39]

Results

Democratic Convention
Candidate	First ballot	Pct.	Second ballot	Pct.	Third ballot	Pct.	Fourth ballot	Pct.
	57	36%	62	39%	72	45%	90	57%
	39	25%	48	30%	57	36%	69	43%
	38	24%	42	26%	31	19%
	17	11%	8	5%
	7	4%

Libertarian Party

The Libertarian Party Convention on March 11, 2017, was held at Eagle's Lodge in Helena, Montana.

The following county affiliate parties were represented at the convention:

• Gallatin County
• Flathead County
• Park County
• Missoula County
• Ravalli County
• Lake County
• Yellowstone County
• Broadwater County
• Lewis and Clark County
• Hill County

Officers of the Montana Libertarian Party and delegates from the assembled counties had voting rights.

Nominated

• Mark Wicks, author, rancher and fruit salesman^{[40] [41]}

Eliminated at convention

• Joe Paschal, rancher and businessman^[42]
• Chris Colvin, retired masonry contractor and writer^{[42] [43]}
• Evan Gardner, small business owner^[42]
• Dan Nelson, IT administrator^[42]
• Rufus Peace, accounting analyst^{[42] [43]}
• Nathan McKenty^[42]
• James White, Uber driver^{[42] [43]}

Withdrawn

• Rick Breckenridge, land surveyor

Results

Libertarian Convention
Candidate	First ballot	Pct.	Second ballot	Pct.	Third ballot	Pct.
Mark Wicks	3	19%	5	29%	9	56%
Joe Paschal	5	31%	6	35%	7	44%
Evan Gardner	3	19%	3	18%	Eliminated
Rufus Peace	3	19%	3	18%	Eliminated
Dan Nelson	1	6%	Eliminated
Chris Colvin	0	0%	Eliminated
Nathan McKenty	0	0%	Eliminated
James White	0	0%	Eliminated
None of the Above	1	6%	Eliminated

Green Party

The Green Party Convention on March 4, 2017, was held at the University of Montana's Payne Family Native American Center.

Breck, along with two independent candidates, won a lawsuit in U.S. District Court against the Montana Secretary of State, ruling Montana's ballot access laws to be unconstitutional in the case of special elections. The District Court Judge ruled to change the original requirement to submit 14,268 ballot petition signatures, reducing that requirement to 400 signatures. The US Court decision failed to provide further remedy and Breck's name was not placed on the ballot despite injunctive appeals to the Ninth Circuit Court and U.S. Supreme Court. Breck subsequently endorsed Independent write-in candidate Doug Campbell who was a co-plaintiff in the suit.^{[44] [45] [46]}

Nominated

• Thomas Breck^[47]

General election

Campaign

During his 2017 Congressional special election campaign, Gianforte relaxed his past pledges to refuse all PAC money, and began to turn away only corporate PAC funding. His campaign began accepting contributions from political party and leadership PACs.^[48]

The night before the election, Gianforte physically assaulted Ben Jacobs, a reporter from The Guardian, in front of multiple witnesses, knocking him down, punching him, and breaking his glasses.^[49] Gianforte was subsequently charged with misdemeanor assault.^{[50] [51]} The editorial boards of the Billings Gazette, the Independent Record, and the Missoulian rescinded their endorsements of Gianforte.^[52]

The Gianforte campaign released a statement following the incident alleging the incident was caused by, "this aggressive behavior from a liberal journalist", a claim contradictory to the eyewitness account of the Fox News team present in the room at the time. Alicia Acuna, one of two Fox news reporters present, and the only eyewitnesses to the incident, stated that Jacobs had walked into the room, put a voice recorder up to Gianforte's face and began asking questions. She stated that Jacobs, however, showed no sign of physical aggression and did not physically engage Gianforte before being attacked by the Republican candidate.^{[53] [54]}

On June 12, following the election, Gianforte was sentenced to community service and fined $385 after admitting the charge.^[55]

Predictions

Source	Ranking	As of
align=left	The Cook Political Report^[56]		May 12, 2017
align=left	Inside Elections^[57]		May 25, 2017

Polling

Poll source	Date(s) administered	class=small	Sample size	Margin of error	Greg Gianforte (R)	Rob Quist (D)	Mark Wicks (L)	Thomas Breck (G)	Undecided
Change Research	May 20–23, 2017	1,888	± 2.0%	align=center	49%	44%	7%	–	–
Gravis Marketing	May 22, 2017	818	± 3.4%	align=center	49%	35%	8%	–	9%
Gravis Marketing	May 2–4, 2017	462	± 4.6%	align=center	45%	37%	5%	3%	10%
Gravis Marketing	April 27, 2017	836	± 3.4%	align=center	52%	39%	6%	–	2%
Garin-Hart-Yang (D)	April 25–27, 2017	601	± 4.0%	align=center	49%	43%	–	–	8%
Emerson College	April 20–21, 2017	648	± 3.8%	align=center	52%	37%	5%	–	7%
Gravis Marketing	April 6, 2017	1,222	± 2.9%	align=center	50%	38%	3%	2%	7% Results County results^[58] Greg Gianforte Republican Rob Quist Democratic Mark Wicks Libertarian Margin Total align=center County Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes Turnout Beaverhead 2,239 62.28% 1,144 31.82% 212 5.90% 1,095 30.46% 3,621 53.92% Big Horn 1,193 43.70% 1,394 51.06% 143 5.24% 201 7.36% 2,743 34.30% Blaine 821 41.82% 974 49.62% 168 8.56% 153 7.79% 1,969 49.56% Broadwater 1,481 65.39% 638 28.17% 146 6.45% 843 37.22% 2,282 53.52% Carbon 2,572 53.25% 1,975 40.89% 283 5.86% 597 12.36% 4,845 63.79% Carter 441 84.32% 59 11.28% 23 4.40% 382 73.04% 532 54.68% Cascade 13,427 49.80% 11,546 42.83% 1,987 7.37% 1,881 6.98% 27,143 50.19% Chouteau 1,234 57.85% 717 33.61% 182 8.53% 517 24.24% 2,149 61.29% Custer 2,206 60.99% 1,175 32.49% 236 6.52% 1,031 28.50% 3,629 50.55% Daniels 495 72.79% 151 22.21% 34 5.00% 344 50.59% 680 55.69% Dawson 2,019 66.74% 827 27.34% 179 5.92% 1,192 39.40% 3,035 51.26% Deer Lodge 955 28.99% 2,063 62.63% 276 8.38% 1,108 33.64% 3,313 60.64% Fallon 702 81.25% 136 15.74% 26 3.01% 566 65.51% 868 43.95% Fergus 3,005 66.22% 1,196 26.36% 337 7.43% 1,809 39.86% 4,557 58.74% Flathead 20,302 57.38% 13,630 38.52% 1,450 4.10% 6,672 18.86% 35,462 51.85% Gallatin 17,074 40.88% 22,902 54.84% 1,787 4.28% 5,828 13.95% 41,909 54.69% Garfield 487 90.19% 29 5.37% 24 4.44% 458 84.81% 540 58.76% Glacier 929 30.20% 1,972 64.11% 175 5.69% 1,043 33.91% 3,085 39.15% Golden Valley 282 71.03% 88 22.17% 27 6.80% 194 48.87% 397 65.30% Granite 838 60.07% 470 33.69% 87 6.24% 368 26.38% 1,399 59.58% Hill 2,061 43.62% 2,091 44.25% 573 12.13% 30 0.63% 4,782 50.25% Jefferson 2,997 56.71% 1,996 37.77% 292 5.53% 1,001 18.94% 5,322 62.49% Judith Basin 636 65.43% 255 26.23% 81 8.33% 381 39.20% 975 67.66% Lake 5,193 51.37% 4,469 44.21% 447 4.42% 724 7.16% 10,133 53.10% Lewis and Clark 11,880 42.75% 14,487 52.13% 1,423 5.12% 2,607 9.38% 27,957 60.96% Liberty 489 58.49% 208 24.88% 139 16.63% 281 33.61% 842 71.17% Lincoln 4,471 65.41% 2,104 30.78% 260 3.80% 2,367 34.63% 6,855 50.03% Madison 2,247 60.53% 1,235 33.27% 230 6.20% 1,012 27.26% 3,741 59.60% McCone 632 76.70% 155 18.81% 37 4.49% 477 57.89% 830 67.04% Meagher 516 66.58% 196 25.29% 63 8.13% 320 41.29% 780 59.68% Mineral 911 58.85% 538 34.75% 99 6.40% 373 24.10% 1,548 49.41% Missoula 15,137 32.10% 30,054 63.73% 1,968 4.17% 14,917 31.63% 47,356 56.14% Musselshell 1,307 73.72% 324 18.27% 142 8.01% 983 55.44% 1,779 58.58% Park 3,329 45.12% 3,678 49.85% 371 5.03% 349 4.73% 7,401 57.81% Petroleum 203 79.61% 38 14.90% 14 5.49% 165 64.71% 256 60.24% Phillips 1,374 75.70% 304 16.75% 137 7.55% 1,070 58.95% 1,824 66.45% Pondera 1,267 58.28% 733 33.72% 174 8.00% 534 24.56% 2,182 61.99% Powder River 570 77.87% 121 16.53% 41 5.60% 449 61.34% 732 56.92% Powell 1,344 63.34% 622 29.31% 156 7.35% 722 34.02% 2,138 60.24% Prairie 405 74.18% 104 19.05% 37 6.78% 301 55.13% 546 62.69% Ravalli 10,480 59.76% 6,224 35.49% 833 4.75% 4,256 24.27% 17,660 57.95% Richland 1,958 73.78% 601 22.65% 95 3.58% 1,357 51.13% 2,662 37.02% Roosevelt 916 44.02% 1,030 49.50% 135 6.49% 114 5.48% 2,087 35.46% Rosebud 1,400 57.64% 888 36.56% 141 5.80% 512 21.08% 2,435 48.40% Sanders 2,903 63.79% 1,353 29.73% 295 6.48% 1,550 34.06% 4,572 54.38% Sheridan 691 54.45% 483 38.06% 95 7.49% 208 16.39% 1,276 52.45% Silver Bow 3,635 29.33% 7,872 63.52% 886 7.15% 4,237 34.19% 12,490 56.61% Stillwater 2,429 67.45% 914 25.38% 258 7.16% 1,515 42.07% 3,617 58.92% Sweet Grass 1,076 69.29% 403 25.95% 74 4.76% 673 43.34% 1,553 58.74% Teton 1,536 58.47% 887 33.76% 204 7.77% 649 24.70% 2,646 65.19% Toole 989 61.89% 443 27.72% 166 10.39% 546 34.17% 1,613 60.50% Treasure 213 64.35% 79 23.87% 39 11.78% 134 40.48% 332 59.18% Valley 1,904 62.78% 859 28.32% 270 8.90% 1,045 34.45% 3,035 67.79% Wheatland 466 62.63% 198 26.61% 80 10.75% 268 36.02% 745 55.89% Wibaux 273 78.90% 62 17.92% 11 3.18% 211 60.98% 348 46.96% Yellowstone 29,980 55.79% 20,120 37.44% 3,634 6.76% 9,860 18.35% 54,066 55.70% Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic Park (Largest city: Livingston) Lewis and Clark (largest city: Helena) Hill (largest city: Havre) See also List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives United States House of Representatives election in Montana, 2016 External links Official campaign websites Greg Gianforte (R) for Congress Rob Quist (D) for Congress Mark Wicks (L) for Congress

Notes and References

1. News: Zinke confirmed as Interior secretary; Montana prepares for special election. Lutey. Tom. Billings Gazette. March 1, 2017. March 1, 2017.
2. Web site: Dale Matheson. Montana Legislative Services. 13-25-203. Vacancy in office of United States senator or representative.. December 21, 2016. October 14, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151014004142/http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/13/25/13-25-203.htm. dead.
3. News: Mike Dennison . MTN News . December 19, 2016 . GOP state Senators Buttrey and Sales in the race for Zinke seat . . December 21, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161222085415/http://www.kpax.com/story/34088260/state-sen-buttrey-of-great-falls-will-vie-for-zinke-seat . December 22, 2016 . dead .
4. CNN, Jethro Mullen, May 25, 2017, An egregious assault': Twitter erupts over GOP candidate's alleged attack on reporter", Retrieved May 25, 2017.
5. News: GOP Candidate Charged With Misdemeanor Assault of Reporter. May 25, 2017. . Associated Press. Bobby Caina Calvan. May 25, 2017.
6. News: Election Results: Gianforte Wins U.S. House Seat in Montana – Election Results 2017 . . 2016-11-08 . 2017-05-26.
7. Web site: Q2 News - Greg Gianforte wins the Montana U.S. House... . Facebook . 2017-05-26.
8. Web site: Greg Gianforte wins Republican nomination for Montana's U.S. House election. March 6, 2017 .
9. News: Gianforte officially enters the race to succeed Zinke. KTVH. Mike Dennison. January 25, 2017. January 26, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170202034853/http://www.ktvh.com/2017/01/gianforte-officially-enters-the-race-to-succeed-zinke. February 2, 2017. dead.
10. News: Gianforte wins Republican nomination for Montana's US House election . Associated Press . . March 3, 2017 . March 3, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170307061624/http://www.nbcmontana.com/news/montana/gianforte-wins-republican-nomination-for-montanas-us-house-election/379897527 . March 7, 2017 . dead .
11. News: Troy Carter . December 18, 2016 . Ed Buttrey becomes first candidate to announce for replacing Zinke . . December 21, 2016 . May 4, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170504070805/http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/news/politics/ed-buttrey-becomes-first-candidate-to-announce-for-replacing-zinke/article_1b37cd40-565e-58fc-b340-1f553c7aff4e.html . dead .
12. News: Glimm enters race to succeed Zinke in U.S. House. KRTV. Ambarian. Jonathon. January 25, 2017. January 26, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170202183950/http://www.krtv.com/story/34346246/glimm-enters-race-to-succeed-zinke-in-us-house. February 2, 2017. dead.
13. News: Former GOP chair and state senator Ken Miller seeks nomination to replace Zinke. Bozeman Daily Chronicle. Carter. Troy. January 16, 2017. January 17, 2017.
14. News: David Erickson . January 6, 2014 . Samuel Redfern: Looking out for veterans, victims of war . . March 14, 2017.
15. News: Redfern announces candidacy for Republican nominee to special election. NBC Montana. March 2, 2017. March 5, 2017.
16. News: Meet The Candidates Vying To Replace Ryan Zinke In Congress. Montana Public Radio. March 2, 2017. March 5, 2017.
17. News: Former Yellowstone County lawmaker enters special Congressional race. Billings Gazette. Hudson. Matt. February 27, 2017. March 1, 2017.
18. News: Political newcomer joins growing field of Republicans hoping to replace Zinke in Congress. Bozeman Daily Chronicle. Carter. Troy. December 20, 2016. March 1, 2017.
19. News: Mike Dennison . MTN News . January 23, 2017 . Zinke confirmation not yet scheduled; Turiano enters race to succeed him . . January 24, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170125234118/http://www.kpax.com/story/34326703/zinke-confirmation-not-yet-scheduled-turiano-enters-race-to-succeed-him . January 25, 2017 . dead .
20. News: The Latest: GOP field for Montana US House race narrows to 6. Bozeman Daily Chronicle. Associated Press. March 2, 2017. March 5, 2017. March 2, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170302232022/http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/ap_news/the-latest-gop-field-for-montana-us-house-race-narrows/article_a69bcca2-94d3-5498-b1c0-5d8e4987bbea.html. dead.
21. News: Lutey . Tom . December 19, 2016 . Republicans line up to run for Zinke's open seat, Democrats not so much . The Billings Gazette.
22. News: Lutey. Tom. District Judge Fagg won't seek U.S. House seat. Billings Gazette. January 10, 2017.
23. News: Gianforte, Curtis front runners for Zinke seat, expert says. Great Falls Tribune. Drake. Phil. February 5, 2017. March 1, 2017.
24. News: Sales decides against run for Congress. Great Falls Tribune. February 21, 2017 . March 1, 2017.
25. News: Dana Liebelson . White Nationalist Who Yelled 'Hail Trump!' Thinking About Congressional Run . The Huffington Post . December 16, 2016.
26. Web site: Libertarian-leaning Montana State Rep. Daniel Zolnikov is Thinking About Montana's One Federal House Seat. Reason. Doherty. Brian. December 28, 2016. December 29, 2016.
27. . DanielZolnikov . 825067910464954370 . January 27, 2017 . FYI #mtnews, I sent a letter to Republican state central committee members last week informing them I'm not running . March 1, 2017.
28. Web site: Montana Democrats Announce Special Nominating Convention March 5 . . March 1, 2017 . March 1, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170302193614/http://www.montanademocrats.org/news/montana-democrats-announce-special-nominating-convention-march-5 . March 2, 2017 . dead .
29. News: Troy Carter . Poll: Insiders show stronger support for Dems with name recognition . . February 12, 2017 . March 1, 2017 . February 26, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170226014315/http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/news/politics/poll-insiders-show-stronger-support-for-dems-with-name-recognition/article_6ae95d36-81e8-53ef-b520-530d59ceb41d.html . dead .
30. News: Bobby Caina Calvan . Associated Press . Rob Quist wins Democratic nomination for congressional seat . March 5, 2017 . Great Falls Tribune.
31. News: Democrat Amanda Curtis interested in U.S. House; Fagg, Graf join Republican list. January 4, 2017. January 7, 2017. . Tom. Lutey.
32. News: Enviro attorney in Bozeman becomes 5th to seek Dem's nomination for U.S. House. January 6, 2017. January 24, 2017. Bozeman Daily Chronicle. Troy. Carter. January 8, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170108104021/http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/news/politics/enviro-attorney-in-bozeman-becomes-th-to-seek-dem-s/article_e473c183-2cea-56b8-bc57-8502e57e9613.html. dead.
33. News: A Sixth Democrat Enters The Race For Zinke's House Seat . February 7, 2017 . February 7, 2017 . Montana Public Radio . Nicky . Ouellet.
34. News: Sentinel teacher to seek Democratic nomination for U.S. House. Missoulian. Briggeman. Kim. February 13, 2017. March 1, 2017.
35. News: Helena Democrat Weida to join race for Zinke's seat. Independent Record. Loranger. Erin. February 23, 2017. March 1, 2017.
36. Web site: Dan West: Democratic Candidate for Congress. February 6, 2017. February 7, 2017. Intelligent Discontent. Nathan. Kosted.
37. News: Mike Dennison . MTN News . January 13, 2017 . Baucus' son considering U.S. House race, while musician Quist is all in . . January 15, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170114183357/http://www.kpax.com/story/34254167/baucus-son-considering-us-house-race-while-musician-quist-is-all-in . January 14, 2017 . dead .
38. News: Robinson . Joshua . January 23, 2017 . Juneau: I will not to pursue MT Congress seat . . January 24, 2017 . February 2, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170202091104/http://www.kulr8.com/story/34326780/juneau-not-to-pursue-mt-congress-seat . dead .
39. News: Whitney . Eric . Curtis In, Juneau, Schreiner Out Of Race For Zinke's Seat . Montana Public Radio.
40. News: January 4, 2017. Libertarian Mark Wicks says he'll run for House to replace Zinke. Carter. Troy. Bozeman Daily Chronicle. February 7, 2017.
41. News: Libertarians Pick Inverness Rancher for Congressional Race. March 11, 2017. Calvan. Bobby Caina. U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. March 11, 2017.
42. News: Montana Libertarians select Wicks as nominee for U.S. House seat. Jonathon Ambarian. MTN News. KTVQ. March 12, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170312180226/http://www.ktvq.com/story/34732485/montana-libertarians-select-wicks-as-nominee-for-us-house-seat. March 12, 2017. dead.
43. News: January 27, 2017. Montana Libertarian Party to convene ahead of special election. Carter. Troy. . February 7, 2017.
44. News: Sec. of State: no change to candidate names on special election ballot. Wadley. Will. April 10, 2017. KECI. May 25, 2017. en-US.
45. Web site: Court Order . May 25, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170410144604/http://static.lakana.com/bmg-kecitv-media-us-east-1/document_dev/2017/04/09/Order%20re%20Injunction%20Motion_6418836_ver1.0.pdf . April 10, 2017 . dead .
46. News: Montana Green Party Candidate Endorses Independent Write-in Candidate Doug Campbell in Special Election Race. April 25, 2017. Thomas Breck for Congress. May 25, 2017. en-US. August 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180812112148/http://thomasbreckforcongress.us/index.php/2017/04/25/montana-green-party-candidate-endorses-independent-write-in-candidate-doug-campbell-in-special-election-race/. dead.
47. News: March 4, 2017. Montana Green Party holds first statewide convention in 10 years. Bubnash. Kasey. Missoulian. April 7, 2017.
48. News: Montana's Greg Gianforte Ditches 'No PAC' Pledge for 2018. Roll Call Newspaper. Pathe. Simone. Feb 7, 2018. Feb 7, 2018. January 24, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200124105507/http://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/montanas-greg-gianforte-ditches-no-pac-pledge-2018. dead.
49. News: Republican candidate 'body-slams' Guardian reporter in Montana . Wong . Julia Carrie . Julia Carrie Wong . May 24, 2017 . . May 25, 2017 . Levin . Sam . en-GB . 0261-3077.
50. News: Julia Carrie. Wong. Levin. Sam. Republican candidate charged with assault after 'body-slamming' Guardian reporter. The Guardian. May 25, 2017.
51. News: Gianforte cited for misdemeanor assault. KRTV Great Falls. KRTV. May 25, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170525054128/http://www.krtv.com/story/35512890/gianforte-cited-for-misdemeanor-assault. May 25, 2017. dead.
52. News: Grunwald . Michael . Three Montana newspapers rescind Gianforte endorsements after alleged body-slamming incident . Politico . May 25, 2017.
53. Web site: McBride . Jessica . READ: Greg Gianforte Statement on 'Body Slam' Claim . Heavy.com . 2017-05-05 . 2017-05-26.
54. Web site: Greg Gianforte: Fox News team witnesses GOP House candidate 'body slam' reporter . Fox News . 2017-05-24 . 2017-09-27.
55. News: Greg Gianforte sentenced to community service for assaulting Guardian reporter. Wong. Julia Carrie. June 12, 2017. The Guardian. June 12, 2017. Levin. Sam. en-GB.
56. News: House Specials Update: MT-AL Moves to Lean Republican . Dave Wasserman . May 12, 2017 . January 2, 2022 .
57. Web site: Key Counties to Watch in Montana's Special Congressional Election. The Rothenberg Political Report. May 25, 2017. January 4, 2022.
58. https://sosmt.gov/Portals/142/Elections/archives/2010s/2017/2017-Special-Official-Statewide-Canvass.pdf?dt=1523477333219 Statewide Special Election Canvass