The Monetary Policy Committee (Portuguese: Comitê de Política Monetária - Copom) is a department established by the Central Bank of Brazil on June 20, 1996, through Circular No. 2698 (revoked as of January 2, 1998 by Circular No. 2780 of November 12, 1997) in order to define monetary policy guidelines and set the basic interest rate. It regulates the liquidity of the economy through monetary policy instruments.[1] [2]
Copom was created on June 20, 1996, to establish monetary policy guidelines and set the economy's basic interest rate.[3] The creation of the committee aimed to provide greater transparency and an appropriate protocol for the decision-making process, similar to the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) of the Federal Reserve System (The Fed) in the United States, and the Zentralbankrat, the board of the Deutsche Bundesbank, the German central bank. In June 1998, the Bank of England also set up its Monetary Policy Committee (MPC), as has the European Central Bank since the creation of the single currency in January 1999. Currently, several monetary authorities worldwide adopt a similar practice.[4]
Since 1996, Copom's regulations changed regarding the objective, the frequency of meetings, the composition and the duties and powers of its members. These amendments aimed to improve the decision-making process within the committee and to reflect the changes in the monetary regime.[5] [6] [7]
After the introduction of the "inflation targeting" system as a monetary policy guideline by Decree No. 3,088 on June 21, 1999, the Copom's decisions became aimed at fulfilling the inflation targets set by the National Monetary Council (Conselho Monetário Nacional - CMN). According to the decree, if the targets are not achieved, the president of the Central Bank must disclose, in an Open Letter to the Minister of Finance, the reasons for non-compliance, as well as the measures to be adopted and the deadline for returning the inflation rate to the established limits.[8] [9]
Formally, Copom's objectives are to "implement monetary policy, set the Selic rate target and analyze the Inflation Report." The interest rate set at the Copom meeting is the target for the Selic rate (the average interest rate for daily financing backed by sovereign bond and calculated by the Special System for Settlement and Custody - Selic), which is valid for the entire period between ordinary meetings of the committee. Copom can also determine the trend (up or down) of the interest rate. The president of the Central Bank can change the target for the Selic rate by the trend at any time.[10] [11]
Copom is composed of the presidents and directors of the Central Bank of Brazil. Other agents from departments directly or indirectly linked to the economy are also part of the committee. The members associated with the Central Bank of Brazil are:[12] [13]
The heads of the Central Bank's departments also attend the meetings:[14]
Consultants, the executive secretary of the board of directors, the coordinator of the institutional communication group and the press officer of the presidency of the Central Bank also join in the discussions.
| Name | Position at the Central Bank | President of the Republic who appointed | Start of term | End of term | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Roberto Campos Neto | President | Jair Bolsonaro | February 28, 2019 | In office | |
| 2 | Gabriel Muricca Galípolo | Monetary Policy Director | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | July 12, 2023 | In office | |
| 3 | Rodrigo Alves Teixeira[15] | Administration Director | Jair Bolsonaro | April 20, 2021 | In office | |
| 4 | Diogo Abry Guillen | Economic Policy Director | Jair Bolsonaro | April 25, 2022 | In office | |
| 5 | Paulo Picchetti | International Affairs and Corporate Risk Management Director | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | January 2, 2024 | In office | |
| 6 | Carolina Barros | Relations, Citizenship and Conduct Supervision Director | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | January 2, 2024 | In office | |
| 7 | Otávio Ribeiro Damaso | Regulation Director | Jair Bolsonaro | April 20, 2021 | In office | |
| 8 | Ailton de Aquino Santos | Supervisory Director | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | July 12, 2023 | In office | |
| 9 | Renato Dias de Brito Gomes | Financial System Organization and Resolution Director | Jair Bolsonaro | April 26, 2022 | In office | |
Copom's regular meetings are divided into two sessions: the first is reserved for technical presentations on the economic situation and the second is dedicated to deciding on the Selic rate target. Besides the president and directors, the heads of the Central Bank departments participate in the first session of the meeting, which can also be attended by other Central Bank employees when authorized by the president.[16]
On the first day of the meetings, the department leaders present a technical analysis of the situation covering inflation, the level of activity, the evolution of monetary aggregates, public finances, the balance of payments, the international economy, the foreign exchange market, international reserves, the money market, open market operations and general expectations for macroeconomic variables.
On the second day of the meeting, besides the Copom members, the head of Depep participates with no voting rights and gives a technical presentation containing a prospective assessment of inflation. Afterwards, the Copom members, based on an assessment of the macroeconomic scenario and the main associated risks, decide on the Selic rate target by a simple majority vote.
Copom decision announcements are released after the end of the second session of the regular meeting. The reports in Portuguese are published on the Tuesday of the week following each meeting, within the regulatory period of six working days. The technical presentations on the economic situation relating to the first and second day of the meeting are made available after 4 and 8 years respectively. At the end of each quarter (March, June, September and December), Copom publishes the Inflation Report in Portuguese and English, which analyzes Brazil's economic and financial situation in detail and presents its projections for the inflation rate.