Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr explained

Honorific-Prefix:Grand Ayatollah
Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr
Religion:Islam
Sect:Usuli Twelver Shia Islam
Location:Najaf, Iraq
Grand Ayatollah
Post:Grand Ayatollah
Birth Date:1 March 1935
Birth Place:al-Kazimiya, Kingdom of Iraq
Death Place:Baghdad, Ba'athist Iraq
Resting Place:Wadi-us-Salaam, Najaf
Nationality:Iraqi
Citizenship:Iraq

Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr (Arabic: محمد باقر الصدر|translit=Muḥammad Bāqir al-Ṣadr; 1 March 1935 – 9 April 1980), also known as al-Shahid al-Khamis (Arabic: الشهيد الخامس|translit=al-Shahīd al-Khāmis|lit=the fifth martyr), was an Iraqi Islamic scholar, philosopher, and the ideological founder of the Islamic Dawa Party, born in al-Kadhimiya, Iraq. He was father-in-law to Muqtada al-Sadr, a cousin of Muhammad Sadeq al-Sadr and Imam Musa as-Sadr. His father Haydar al-Sadr was a well-respected high-ranking Shi'a cleric. His lineage can be traced back to Muhammad through the seventh Shia Imam Musa al-Kazim. Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr was executed in 1980 by the regime of Saddam Hussein along with his sister, Amina Sadr bint al-Huda.

Biography

Early life and education

Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr was born in al-Kazimiya, Iraq to the prominent Sadr family, which originated from Jabal Amel in Lebanon. His father died in 1937, leaving the family destitute. In 1945, the family moved to the holy city of Najaf, where al-Sadr would spend the rest of his life. He was a child prodigy who, at 10, was delivering lectures on Islamic history. At eleven, he was a student of logic. He wrote a book criticizing materialist philosophy when he was 24.[1] Al-Sadr completed his religious studies at religious seminaries under al-Khoei and Muhsin al-Hakim, and began teaching at the age of 25.

Struggle against Saddam Hussein

Al-Sadr's works attracted the ire of the Baath Party, leading to repeated imprisonment where he was often tortured. Despite this, he continued his work after being released.[2] When the Ba'athists arrested Al-Sadr in 1977, his sister Amina Sadr bint al-Huda made a speech in the Imam Ali mosque in Najaf inviting the people to demonstrate. Many demonstrations were held, forcing the Ba'athists to release Al-Sadr who was placed under house arrest.

In 1979–1980, anti-Ba'ath riots arose in Iraq's Shia areas by groups who were working toward an Islamic revolution in their country.[3] Hussein and his deputies believed that the riots had been inspired by the Iranian Revolution and instigated by Iran's government.[4] In the aftermath of Iran's revolution, Iraq's Shia community called on Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr to be their "Iraqi Ayatollah Khomeini", leading a revolt against the Ba'ath regime.[5] [6] Community leaders, tribal heads, and hundreds of ordinary members of the public paid their allegiance to al-Sadr.[5] Protests then erupted in Baghdad and the predominantly Shia provinces of the south in May 1979.[5] For nine days, protests against the regime unfolded, but were suppressed by the regime.[5] The cleric's imprisonment led to another wave of protests in June after a seminal, powerful appeal from al-Sadr's sister, Bint al-Huda. Further clashes unfolded between the security forces and protestors. Najaf was put under siege and thousands were tortured and executed.[5] Al-Sadr issued a fatwa prohibiting membership in the ruling Ba'ath party. Called upon by the government to retract it he refused.[7]

Execution

Baqir al-Sadr was arrested on April 5, 1980, with his sister, Sayyidah bint al-Huda.[8] They had formed a powerful militant movement in opposition to Saddam Hussein's regime.

On April 9, 1980, Al-Sadr and his sister were killed after being severely tortured by their captors.[2] Signs of torture could be seen on the bodies.[9] [10] [11]

An iron nail was hammered into Al-Sadr's head and he was then set on fire in Najaf.[2] [8] It has been reported that Saddam Hussein himself killed them.[9] The Baathists delivered the bodies of Baqir al-Sadr and Bint al-Huda to their cousin Sayyid Mohammad al-Sadr.[9]

They were buried in the Wadi-us-Salaam graveyard in the holy city of Najaf the same night.[8] His execution raised no criticism from Western countries because Al-Sadr had openly supported Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran.[10]

Scholarship and ideas

The works by Baqir al-Sadr contains traditional Shia thoughts, while they also suggest ways Shia could "accommodate modernity".

The two major works by him are Iqtisaduna on Islamic economics, and Falsafatuna (Our Philosophy).[12] They were detailed critiques of Marxism that presented his early ideas on an alternative Islamic form of government. They were critiques of both socialism and capitalism. He was subsequently commissioned by the government of Kuwait to assess how that country's oil wealth could be managed in keeping with Islamic principles. This led to a major work on Islamic banking, which still forms the basis for modern Islamic banks.[13]

Using his knowledge of the Quran and a subject-based approach to Quranic exegesis, Al-Sadr extracted two concepts from the Holy text in relation to governance:

Al-Sadr explained that throughout history there have been "...two lines. Man's line and the Prophet's line. The line of Man is the khalifa (trustee) who inherits the earth from God; the line of the Prophet is the shahid (witness)".[14]

Al-Sadr demonstrated that khilafa (governance) is "a right given to the whole of humanity" and defined it as an obligation given from God to the human race to "tend the globe and administer human affairs". This was a major advancement of Islamic political theory.[15]

While Al-Sadr identified khilafa as the obligation and right of the people, he used a broad-based explanation of Quranic verse 5:44[16] to identify who held the responsibility of shahada in an Islamic state. First were the Prophets (anbiya'). Second were the Imams who are considered a divine (rabbani) continuation of the Prophets in this line. The last were the marja'iyya (see Marja).[17]

While the two functions of khilafa and shahada (supervision and witness) were united during the times of the Prophets, they diverged during the occultation so that khilafa returned to the people (umma) and shahada to the scholars.[18]

Al-Sadr 's practical application of how khilafa, would be returned to the [Muslim] people in the absence of the twelfth Imam was with the establishment of a democratic system, whereby the people regularly elect their representatives in government:

Islamic theory rejects monarchy as well as the various forms of dictatorial government; it also rejects the aristocratic regimes and proposes a form of government, which contains all the positive aspects of the democratic system.[19]
He continued to champion this point until his final days:

Lastly, I demand, in the name of all of you and in the name of the values you uphold, to allow the people the opportunity truly to exercise their right in running the affairs of the country by holding elections in which a council representing the ummah (people) could truly emerge.' [20]

Al-Sadr was executed by Saddam Hussein in 1980 before he was able to provide any details of the mechanism for the practical application of the shahada concept in an Islamic state. A few elaborations of shahada can be found in Al-Sadr's works. In his text Role of the Shiah Imams in the Reconstruction of Islamic Society, Al-Sadr illustrates the scope and limitations of shahada by using the example of the third Shi'i Imam, Hussein ibn Ali (the grandson of Muhammad), who defied Yazid, the ruler at the time. Al-Sadr explained that Yazid was not simply acting counter to Islamic teachings, as many rulers before and after him had done, but he was distorting the teachings and traditions of Islam and presenting his deviant ideas as representative of Islam itself. This, therefore, is what led Imam Hussein to intervene challenging Yazid in order to restore the true teachings of Islam, and consequently laying down his own life. In Al-Sadr's own words, the shahid's (witness – person performing shahada or supervision) duties are "to protect the correct doctrines and to see that deviations do not grow to the extent of threatening the ideology itself".[21]

The Logical Foundations of Induction

See main article: The Logical Foundations of Induction.

One notable book that is considered by scholars to be a great achievement of al-Sadr is his book entitled The Logical Foundations of Induction.[22] [23] [24] This book represents the core of al-Sadr's attempt to give a rational logical foundation for growing knowledge by inductive means, and ultimately establish a new inductive logic termed by al-Sadr as the "Subjectivist Logic", that sets the logical rules for this type of knowledge growth.[25]

List of works

Al-Sadr engaged Western philosophical ideas, challenging them as necessary and incorporating them where appropriate, with the ultimate goal of demonstrating that religious knowledge was not antithetical to scientific knowledge.[26] The following is a list of his work:[27]

Jurisprudence

Fundamentals of the law

Philosophy

Logic

Theology

Economics

Qur'anic commentaries

History

Islamic culture

Articles

Notable colleagues and students

See also

Sources

Notes and References

  1. Baqir Al-Sadr, Our Philosophy, Taylor and Francis, 1987, p. xiii
  2. News: Al Asaad . Sondoss . 38 Years After Saddam's Heinous Execution of the Phenomenal Philosopher Ayatollah Al-Sadr and his Sister . March 9, 2019 . Modern Diplomacy . moderndiplomacy.eu . April 9, 2018.
  3. Book: The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988. 1–8, 12–16, 19–82. Karsh, Efraim . Osprey Publishing . April 25, 2002 . 978-1841763712.
  4. Book: Farrokh, Kaveh. Iran at War: 1500–1988. December 20, 2011. Osprey Publishing. Oxford. 978-1-78096-221-4.
  5. Web site: Iraq's failed uprising after the 1979 Iranian revolution. March 11, 2019.
  6. Book: Cockburn . Patrick . Muqtada Al-Sadr and the Battle for the Future of Iraq . 2008 . Simon and Schuster . 978-1-4391-4119-9 . March 24, 2020 . en.
  7. [#JPFAiI2011|Filiu, ''Apocalypse in Islam'', 2011]
  8. News: Al Asaad . Sondoss . The ninth of April, the martyrdom of the Sadrs . March 9, 2019 . Tehran Times. tehrantimes.com . April 10, 2018.
  9. News: Ramadani . Sami . There's more to Sadr than meets the eye . March 9, 2019 . . theguardian.com . August 24, 2004.
  10. Aziz . T.M . The Role of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr in Shii Political Activism in Iraq from 1958 to 1980 . International Journal of Middle East Studies. May 1, 1993 . 25 . 2 . 207–222 . 164663 . 10.1017/S0020743800058499. 162623601 .
  11. News: Marlowe . Lara . Sectarianism laid bare . March 9, 2019 . The Irish Times. January 6, 2007.
  12. Book: Nasr . Seyyed Husain . Expectation of the Millennium: Shi'ism in History . 1989 . SUNY Press . 978-0-88706-843-0 . March 22, 2020 . en.
  13. Book: Behdad . Sohrab . Nomani . Farhad . Islam and the Everyday World: Public Policy Dilemmas . 2006 . Routledge . 978-1-134-20675-9 . March 22, 2020 . en.
  14. Muhammed Baqir Al-Sadr, Al-Islam yaqud al-hayat, Qum, 1979, p.132
  15. Book: Walberg . Eric . From Postmodernism to Postsecularism: Re-emerging Islamic Civilization . 2013 . SCB Distributors . 978-0-9860362-4-8 . March 22, 2020 . en.
  16. [Quran 5:44]
  17. Baqir Al-Sadr, Al-Islam yaqud al-hayat, Qum, 1979, p.24
  18. Faleh A Jabar, The Shi'ite Movement in Iraq, London: Saqi Books, 2003, p.286
  19. Muhammed Baqir Al-Sadr, Lamha fiqhiya, p.20
  20. Muhammed Baqir Al-Sadr, Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, London: ICAS, 2003, p.15
  21. Hadad . Sama . The Development of Shi'ite Islamic Political Theory . Dissent and Reform in the Arab World . 2008 . 32–40 . March 22, 2020 . American Enterprise Institute.
  22. Web site: مؤذني . أميد . 2021-04-09 . الشهيد محمد باقر الصدر، شخصية شاملة أذهلت المفكرين من مختلف أنحاء العالم . 2023-11-04 . arabic.khamenei.ir . ar . كذلك يمتلك الشهيد الصّدر مدرسة في الفلسفة، وقد نوقس فكره في المجال الفلسفي في مباحثه الأصوليّة إضافة إلى كتاب فلسفتنا، وبشكل خاصّ الإبداع المُذهل في الساحة المعرفية، أعني كتاب "الأسس المنطقية للاستقراء"، الكتاب الذي أذهل وأثار دهشة الكثيرين من المفكرين من بينهم زكي نجيب محمود الذي يُعدّ أحد أشهر أساتذة الفلسفة في العالم العربي ومن شخصيّات الأزهر الشريف، حيث كان يدعو بعض تلامذته إلى الشهيد الصدر ما دام حيّاً ليواصلوا العمل على أبحاث الدكتوراه الخاصّة بهم تحت إشرافه ويجعلوا الموضوع "الأسس المنطقية للاستقراء" الذي كان حدثاً جديداً للغاية تمكّن من فتح مجال جديد في مجال الفلسفة على المستوى العالمي. هذا الكتاب شديد التعقيد وفيه الكثير من الأفكار الإبداعيّة الحديثة التي تعالج مشكلات بقيت لقرون في دائرة الفلسفة، وقد فتح أبواباً جديدة في الفكر الفلسفي وفي معرض الردّ على الأسئلة الجذريّة..
  23. Web site: الحيدري . كمال . 2021-12-01 . تأملات في كتاب "الأسس المنطقية للإستقراء" . 2023-11-17 . مركز الأبحاث والدراسات التخصصية للشهيد الصدر . ar . هذه بعض التأملات والاثارات التي أشير اليها فيما يرتبط بكتاب (الأسس المنطقية للإستقراء) لاستاذنا الشهيد الصدر (والذي لعلّه يعد أضخم مجهود فكري على مستوى نظرية المعرفة في التأريخ الاسلامي)..
  24. Web site: الرفاعي . عبد الجبار . مدخل منهجي لأطروحة الأسس المنطقية للاستقراء . 2023-11-17 . مركز الأبحاث والدراسات التخصصية للشهيد الصدر . ar . تمركز المشروع الفكري الأساسي في أعمال الشهيد الصدر! على إعادة تشكيل النظام المعرفي الذي تستند إليه مجموعة الرؤى والأفكار، حيث تمثّل هذا المشروع في كتاب «الأسس المنطقيّة للاستقراء»، الذي خصّص الإمام الصدر! سنواتٍ عديدةً من عمره الشريف للتفكير في بنائه النظريّ[6]، وإشادة أركانه، وإكمال صياغته، بعد أن درّسه للنابهين من تلامذته، ووجّههم نحو الدور الكبير الذي ينبغي أن يناط بالمذهب المعرفيّ الذي بشّر به هذا الكتاب[7]، حيث يشتمل هذا الكتاب «على أبدع أفكار وابتكارات الشهيد الإمام محمد باقر الصدر! وهو من أحلى ثمار ذهن الشهيد الصدر!، الذهن الوقّاد الباحث والمبدع، ويمكن القول بجرأة إنّ هذا الكتاب أوّل كتاب في تاريخ الثقافة الإسلامية حرّره فقيهٌ مسلمٌ متناولاً فيه إحدى أهمّ مشكلات «فلسفة العلم والمنهج العلميّ» المصيريّة، مع وضوح وبصيرة وشمول في عرض ونقد نظريّات حكماء الغرب والشرق..»[8]، مضافاً إلى أنّه «كتابٌ تحقيقيٌّ علميٌّ لفقيه فيلسوف، أثبت عمق بصيرته ودقّة فكره، في ميدان قضايا الفلسفة الحديثة، ويشتمل الكتاب على ابتكارات وإبداعات تليق لطرحها على مستوى النوادي العلميّة العالميّة. إنّ هجمات الشهيد الصدر! الجريئة والمدروسة على أغوال نظير «لاپلاس» و«كينـز» و«رسل»، وفي قضيّة في غاية التعقيد والدقّة، أثبتت شجاعته الفكريّة، واقتداره العلمي..»[9]..
  25. Book: فرج . مرتضى . الاعتقاد العقلاني والاحتمال . 2022 . دار روافد . 9786144805657 . 1st.
  26. Book: Walbridge, Linda S.. 2001. The Most Learned of the Shi'a: The Institution of the Marja Taqlid. 10. USA. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-513799-6.
  27. Web site: The Super Genius Personality of Islam . August 22, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161005151043/http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=7241 . October 5, 2016 . dead .
  28. This has been translated into English twice: by Roy Mottahedeh as Lessons in Islamic Jurisprudence (2005) (Part 1 only) and anonymously as The Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence according to Shi'i Law (2003) .

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