Modulibacteria Explained
Modulibacteria(Moduliflexota) is a bacterial phylum formerly known as KS3B3 or GN06. It is a candidate phylum, meaning there are no cultured representatives of this group. Members of the Modulibacteria phylum are known to cause fatal filament overgrowth (bulking) in high-rate industrial anaerobic wastewater treatment bioreactors.[1] [2]
The Modulibacteria phylum was first proposed in 2006 by two independent research groups based on analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences. One group recovered Modulibacteria sequences from the a hypersaline microbial mat from Guerrero Negro (Baja California Sur, Mexico) and used the provisional name GN06 for the novel phylum,[3] while the other recovered sequences from sulfur-rich black mud marine sediments (CA, USA) and used the provisional name KSB3.[4]
The first genomic insights into the phylum were achieved in 2015, at which time the name "Modulibacteria" was proposed. Two genomes were recovered from methanogenic sludge samples of a full-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating a high-strength organic wastewater discharged from a food-processing factory.
Through a combination of genome-based metabolic reconstruction and microscopic observation, it was determined that the two studied Modulibacteria species (Moduliflexus flocculans and Vecturithrix granuli) produce filamentous structures and are Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic fermenters capable of non-flagellar based gliding motility. Both have an unusually large number of sensory and response regulator genes compared to other bacteria.
Members of the Modulibacteria phylum have been detected in a variety of environments in addition to bioreactors and hypersaline mats, such as wetland sediments (FJ516883.1), the dolphin mouth,[5] [6] and a tubeworm from a coldseep (FM165273).
Taxonomy
The following taxonomy was proposed by Sekiguchi et al. 2015[7] [8] and phylogeny by GTDB 08-RS214[9] [10] [11]
- Class "Moduliflexia" Sekiguchi et al. 2015 ["Vecturitrichia" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small>]
- Order "Moduliflexales" Sekiguchi et al. 2015 ["Vecturatrichales" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small>]
- Family "Moduliflexaceae" Sekiguchi et al. 2015 ["Vecturatrichaceae" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small>]
- Genus "Candidatus Moduliflexus" Sekiguchi et al. 2015[12]
- Species "Ca. M. flocculans" Sekiguchi et al. 2015
- Genus "Candidatus Vecturithrix" Sekiguchi et al. 2015[13]
- Species "Ca. V. granuli" Sekiguchi et al. 2015
See also
Notes and References
- Yamada. Takeshi. Yamauchi. Toshihiro. Shiraishi. Koji. Hugenholtz. Philip. Ohashi. Akiyoshi. Harada. Hideki. Kamagata. Yoichi. Nakamura. Kazunori. Sekiguchi. Yuji. 2007-05-31. Characterization of filamentous bacteria, belonging to candidate phylum KSB3, that are associated with bulking in methanogenic granular sludges. The ISME Journal. 1. 3. 246–255. 10.1038/ismej.2007.28. 18043635. 5077407. 1751-7362. free.
- Yamada. Takeshi. Kikuchi. Kae. Yamauchi. Toshihiro. Shiraishi. Koji. Ito. Tsukasa. Okabe. Satoshi. Hiraishi. Akira. Ohashi. Akiyoshi. Harada. Hideki. Kamagata. Yoichi. Nakamura. Kazunori. 2011-01-21. Ecophysiology of Uncultured Filamentous Anaerobes Belonging to the Phylum KSB3 That Cause Bulking in Methanogenic Granular Sludge. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77. 6. 2081–2087. 10.1128/aem.02475-10. 21257808. 3067334. 2011ApEnM..77.2081Y. 0099-2240.
- Ley. Ruth E.. Harris. J. Kirk. Wilcox. Joshua. Spear. John R.. Miller. Scott R.. Bebout. Brad M.. Maresca. Julia A.. Bryant. Donald A.. Sogin. Mitchell L.. Pace. Norman R.. 2006-05-01. Unexpected Diversity and Complexity of the Guerrero Negro Hypersaline Microbial Mat. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. en. 72. 5. 3685–3695. 10.1128/AEM.72.5.3685-3695.2006. 0099-2240. 16672518. 1472358. 2006ApEnM..72.3685L.
- Tanner. Michael. 2006. Complex Microbial Communities Inhabiting Sulfide-rich Black Mud from Marine Coastal Environments. Biotechnology et Alia. 8. 1–16.
- Bik. Elisabeth M.. Costello. Elizabeth K.. Switzer. Alexandra D.. Callahan. Benjamin J.. Holmes. Susan P.. Wells. Randall S.. Carlin. Kevin P.. Jensen. Eric D.. Venn-Watson. Stephanie. Relman. David A.. 2016-02-03. Marine mammals harbor unique microbiotas shaped by and yet distinct from the sea. Nature Communications. en. 7. 1. 10516. 10.1038/ncomms10516. 26839246. 4742810. 2016NatCo...710516B. 2041-1723.
- Dudek. Natasha K.. Sun. Christine L.. Burstein. David. Kantor. Rose S.. Aliaga Goltsman. Daniela S.. Bik. Elisabeth M.. Thomas. Brian C.. Banfield. Jillian F.. Relman. David A.. 2017-12-18. Novel Microbial Diversity and Functional Potential in the Marine Mammal Oral Microbiome. Current Biology. 27. 24. 3752–3762.e6. 10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.040. 1879-0445. 29153320. free.
- Sekiguchi. Yuji. Ohashi. Akiko. Parks. Donovan H.. Yamauchi. Toshihiro. Tyson. Gene W.. Hugenholtz. Philip. 2015-01-27. First genomic insights into members of a candidate bacterial phylum responsible for wastewater bulking. PeerJ. 3. e740. 10.7717/peerj.740. 2167-8359. 4312070. 25650158 . free .
- Web site: Euzéby JP . "Modulibacteria" . List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). 2016-03-20.
- Web site: GTDB release 08-RS214 . Genome Taxonomy Database. 10 May 2023.
- Web site: bac120_r214.sp_label . Genome Taxonomy Database. 10 May 2023.
- Web site: Taxon History . Genome Taxonomy Database. 10 May 2023.
- Web site: Sayers. Moduliflexus. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database . 2016-03-20 .
- Web site: Sayers. Vecturithrix . National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database . 2016-03-20 .