| Moroccan mafia | |
| Founded: | Late 1980s |
| Founders: | --> |
| Territory: | Morocco, Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, France, United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, Germany, United Arab Emirates, Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Panama, Suriname, Israel, Romania, Ireland |
| Ethnicity: | Moroccan |
| Membership: | At least 20 known clans and families. |
| Activities: | Drug trafficking, money laundering, tax evasion, extortion, racketeering, political corruption, murder, contract killing, terrorism, kidnapping, torture, arms trafficking, property crime, robbery, motor vehicle theft, arson |
| Allies: | Irish mob 'Ndrangheta Camorra Serbian mafia Clan del Golfo Sinaloa cartel[1] Oficina de Envigado Israeli mafia Galician clans Penose Albanian mafia[2] |
| Rivals: | Occasional violent feuds between various Moroccan mafia clans. |
The Moroccan mafia is a term that describes various criminal organisations that are primarily made up of people of Moroccan descent. These organisations are specialized in trafficking large quantities of cocaine and synthetic drugs through Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands and Belgium, from where it is distributed to the rest of the European continent,[3] [4] thus being one of the most dominant participants in the European drug trade.[5] [6]
In broader terms of Moroccan organized crime, this also includes northern Moroccan hash kingpins[7] [8] and southern Moroccan traffickers who play a key-role in the African drug trade, as well as in human trafficking, arms trafficking and the trafficking of contraband such as cigarettes and alcohol, although they are seen as a separate entity from the Mocro Maffia who are mostly active in the northern part of Morocco and Europe.[9] [10] [11] [12]
Moroccan criminal networks in Europe have mainly been active since the 1990s, and consist mostly of Belgian and Dutch citizens with a Moroccan immigrant background. These criminal networks have privileged relationships with Colombian and Mexican cartels,[13] and they often import drugs into Europe through the harbours of Antwerp, Rotterdam and Algeciras.[3] [14]
The Moroccan mafia does not, however, include Moroccan Jewish crime families such as the Abergil Organization[15] as well as the Abutbul[16] and Domrani clans,[17] who are rather considered to be a part of the Israeli mafia. That said, Moroccan-Israeli mafia clans are known for having collaborated closely together with the Mocro Maffia in the Netherlands and Belgium, especially in the worldwide distribution of synthetic drugs such as MDMA.[18] This is mostly due to the fact that the Netherlands is the largest producer of MDMA and amphetamines in the world.[19]
The Moroccan mafia started to gain a lot of attention in Dutch and Belgian media outlets when a large shipment of cocaine was stolen by the Turtle clan in the Port of Antwerp, in 2012.[20] This eventually led to a gang war amongst multiple criminal organisations which the Dutch and Belgian media outlets described as the infamous Mocro-War.[21]
From this point on, many people from Dutch- and Belgian-Moroccan descent were killed in various shootouts across Belgium,[22] the Netherlands,[23] Spain,[24] [25] Morocco[26] and Suriname.[27] Later on, Ridouan Taghi became known as the most prominent figure within the Moroccan mafia, who had a large share in the European cocaine trade,[5] and he was also responsible for a lot of gangland killings across Europe.[28] He is currently jailed in a maximum security prison in the Netherlands awaiting his trial.[29] His right-hand man Saïd Razzouki is currently jailed in Bogotá, Colombia, awaiting his extradition to the Netherlands.[30]
In Antwerp, the term Borgerokko-Maffia[31] is often used due to the large impact of the illegal economy in the district of Borgerhout. The trade of this illegal economy has its origins in the Moroccan street gangs of Antwerp and Amsterdam,[32] which is described in the 2014 published book Borgerokko Maffia by Raf Sauviller,[33] and also in the book Mocro Maffia by author and criminologist Martijn Schrijver.[34]
The Moroccan mafia has appeared in most of the large Belgian and Dutch cities including Antwerp, Brussels, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht and Almere. In the mid-2010s, criminal organisations were also established in southern Spain (mainly around the Costa del Sol region), but also in the rest of Europe,[35] South America[36] and more recently in the United Arab Emirates.[37] According to the Dutch investigator Pieter Tops, the Moroccan mafia gains a revenue of around 20 billion euros a year in the Netherlands alone.[38]
In September 2019, the Dutch politician Geert Wilders was trying to convince the Dutch government to launch an attack on drug traffickers. He also pleaded for a black list of the most dangerous criminal organisations that were operating on Dutch soil.[39] This statement came right after the beheading of Nabil Amzieb,[40] the attacks on the headquarters of Dutch news outlets De Telegraaf[41] and Panorama,[42] and the murders on journalist Martin Kok[43] and lawyer Derk Wiersum,[44] on which the latter was considered to be an attack on the Dutch legal system and the Dutch state.[45]
On 6 July 2021, the Netherlands once again was shocked to its core when the most prominent Dutch crime journalist Peter R. de Vries was shot with 5 bullets, right after he left the studio of RTL Boulevard in Amsterdam, where he had appeared as a guest on the show.[46] De Vries died more than a week later on 15 July 2021, as a result of the shooting.[47] The Dutch police arrested three suspects on the evening of the shooting, one of whom was released the next day as he was no longer a suspect.[48] It is still unclear who gave the order of the shooting, but according to the Dutch authorities all tracks lead to the organisation of Taghi.[49] de Vries acted as a close confidant to Nabil B., a crown witness in the Marengo trial against the organisation of Taghi, whose brother, alongside his lawyer Derk Wiersum were assassinated on the orders of Taghi's organisation.[50]
See also: Moroccan diaspora, Moroccans in the Netherlands and Moroccans in Belgium.
Moroccans (mainly from the Rif region) have migrated in large waves to the Benelux, who were invited to these countries as guest workers.[55] [56] This dense and rather late emigration in the 1960s and 1970s eventually never stopped, and many of the invited guest workers decided to build a new life in the Benelux instead. Most of these Moroccan immigrants came from the Rif region, which is one of the poorest regions in all of Morocco.[57] [58] The Rif region was, and still is a very rural and little urbanised area, which had very few schools for an excessive time, whether in Arabic or French.[59] This Mediterranean peasant and mountain society is quite comparable to other Mediterranean regions like Corsica, Sicily, Sardinia, Calabria and the Aurès. It is characterised by very strong community relationships,[60] a spirit of silence (omertà) and self-governance. This mountainous region has always stayed somewhat uncontrollable.[61] After decolonization, more than tens of thousands of Riffians have lost their jobs in the vineyards and farms of Morocco and Algeria. Afterward, this process continued, as if from the 1970s and onwards, many of these migrated Riffians have lost their jobs in the European mines and steel industry as well. Since then this workforce has converted on a massive scale into different ways of commerce and businesses, both legal and illegal, with the illegal side, in particular, being the smuggling of cannabis.[62] The earned money was reinvested in cafes, small businesses and real estate in Morocco.[63] The ones who gained some wealth, reinvested into the economy around the Costa del Sol region in southern Spain.[64] The Riffian diaspora has thus spread its economic system throughout Europe. During the 1960s, Belgium and the Netherlands, unlike other countries in Western Europe, had no North African colonial past, welcomed massive Moroccan immigration from northern Morocco to work in the mines, iron and steel industry in Wallonia. Afterward, this process continued in Flanders and the Netherlands, in the midst of an economic boom.[55] The drug trade eventually followed these communities in exile, from Morocco to the Netherlands, through Spain, France, and Belgium.
During the 1980s, De Pijp and Bos en Lommer districts located in Amsterdam, housed the most Moroccan immigrants. During this period, many Dutch-Moroccans saw this as an opportunity to export hashish from the Ketama mountains in Morocco to the Netherlands, often aboard their old vehicles such as Mercedes S-Class cars. It was around this time in the mid-1980s that the modern mafia structures started to evolve, before intensifying over time.[65] These trafficking businesses eventually represented a 10 to 12 billion-dollar revenue in 40 years. The traffickers were used to crossing borders, carrying weapons, and they were known in Morocco to be very violent. The Moroccan state has abandoned and neglected the Rif region for many years by refusing to invest in the infrastructure, which has prompted most Moroccans from cities like Al Hoceïma and Nador to devote themselves entirely to the production of Hashish.[61] In the 1980s, cocaine gained a lot of popularity. These were also the years when Dutch Penose crime syndicates were inspiring the Moroccan community to enter the hard drug business, which would make them eventually more money than hashish.
During the 1990s, many drug kingpins in South America preferred to operate their smuggling businesses through West-African countries like Ghana and Senegal, due to the absence of customs controls in the most important ports of these countries.[66] Over time, South American cartels have created trafficking routes through North Africa for export to Europe.[67] Morocco has an important strategic geographical placement and also a large diaspora in the most important countries of Europe, which is what eventually has set them apart from other countries on the African continent. While in Morocco the Rif mountains and port cities like Tangier or Tétouan were often counted on for the production and trafficking of drugs,[68] in Europe, Antwerp became the European trafficking hub[69] alongside Spain.[70] With Antwerp and its Port, the whole of Belgium also became a geographic hub for drug export.[71] Importation of goods and drug trafficking became inseparable over time, and these activities compensated for the layoffs that affected miners, steelworkers and textile workers on a massive scale. In this context, the old manners, habits, and the traditional codes of conduct, honor, justice, and distrust in authority were transplanted in the districts of Brussels, Amsterdam and Antwerp, where these communities were able to grow significantly, notably with the establishment of a friendly relationship with the Dutch Penose, at that time amongst some of the largest criminal organizations in Europe. Whether justified or not, the Belgian and Dutch authorities characterized these communities by their "social isolation" and by a "more aggressively tribal culture" which distinguished them from other immigrant communities.
During the 1990s, the crime rates would increase in certain districts of Amsterdam. As a result of this, a large number of native Dutch people decided to leave these neighborhoods to live somewhere else in the suburbs or the countryside, where it was usually a lot more calmer and serene. In 1995, a petition was set up in certain neighborhoods to accommodate Moroccan immigrants outside of the city without success. Certain places like the Diamantbuurt in the district of De Pijp very rapidly gained a negative reputation due to the increase of criminality.[65]
Northern Morocco has been the most neglected area in all of Morocco for an excessive time, which resulted in extreme marginalisation and poverty.[72] Its traditional clan society has a culture of patronage and armed self-defence, combined with a sense of honour and heightened pride.[60] As a result of this, individuals suspected of criminal activity could integrate very easily into the socio-economical aspect of this society. The functioning structures of the Moroccan mafia is through a family or clan.[73] The clan structures are organised around members of the same family, or individuals from a common region. This also applies to individuals who were born on European soil. The drug trade in the mountainous jbala area is in the hands of a few Moroccan families who operate like Corsican, Calabrian or Sicilian Mafia organisations. They avoid public appearance and they live by a code of zwijgplicht. In other words, the omertà, or a code of honour and silence. These families live extremely reticent and communicate in a Berber language that Western Police forces do not master. Each organisation has a mega-structured hierarchy, including a right-hand man, warrant officers, logisticians, informants, lookouts, hitmen, corrupted police officers and lawyers.[74]
Around 80% of all the hashish that is consumed in Europe originates in the mountainous Jbala region of northern Morocco.[75] This rebellious region is considered to be a lawless area that is very difficult to access and deemed to be dangerous. For centuries, this area was a cultivating hub for hashish, which later on became the largest exporter of cannabis in the world. A strong taboo evolves around the topic of cannabis culture in Morocco, due to the fear of being killed by Moroccan families who practice the omertà to avoid being sentenced by the Moroccan state. This criminal society is accustomed to money laundering, weapon trafficking and finding hideouts from Gibraltar to Amsterdam, through major metropolitan areas like Paris and Brussels. Later on, it also became clear that this was a contributing factor in nesting terrorist cells. Police forces in Europe, and more particularly that of Molenbeek-Saint-Jean were aware of this but did not act on it to buy social peace with immigrant youths.[76]
Criminal networks often launder their money in Morocco,[77] southern Spain or Dubai.[78] This illegal money often circulates through the Hawala system, a parallel banking system of Arab origin that is often used by organised crime syndicates. Interpol also mentioned that the Moroccan mafia has a major involvement in the synthetic drug market, particularly in the manufacturing of these drugs, as well as playing an important role in the trafficking of cannabis (hashish) from the Jbala region in Morocco.[79] In Wouter Laumans's book on the Moroccan mafia, he cites that 80% of northern Morocco is built with illegal money that mostly originates from money laundering.[80]
See also: Pretty Good Privacy. Communication between networks of the Moroccan mafia was mostly exercised by the use of Blackberry smartphone messaging equipped with PGP technology. On 19 April 2016, the Canadian authorities intervened a hosting company with the aim of decrypting the Dutch telecommunication servers of Ennetcom.[81] The servers contained millions of messages that were sent through Ennetcom. The cybercrime investigators of the Netherlands Forensic Institute finally managed to decrypt the messages in Canada. When the messages were deciphered, the investigators found out that the messages were all written in Tarifit, a language that was unknown to them. The names of the criminals were also replaced by nicknames. Between 2016 and 2018, the Dutch police forces investigated the nicknames to identify commanders as well as contract killers. Following the dismantling of the Ennetcom network, several criminal organizations have converted to the use of other encrypted communication services.[82] [83] [84]
Some criminals, including Saïd Razzouki, have been avoiding to communicate through electronic devices. Because of this, Razzouki could operate unknowingly for over 8 years before being arrested in Medellín by the DEA and FBI.[85] [86] Commanders or crime bosses are rarely found in Europe. They often stay hidden under the radar in places like Morocco, Latin-America, Arab states of the Persian Gulf and Thailand.
See also: Sky Global and EncroChat. EncroChat was a Europe-based communications network and service provider used primarily by organized crime members to plan criminal activities.[87] [83] Police infiltrated the network between March and June 2020 during a Europe-wide investigation. Other than major criminal activities such as large scale drug trafficking, the investigation exposed what would be a torture chamber alongside self made prisons, which were all built in shipping containers. It also exposed an excessive number of Dutch police uniforms owned by a criminal organisation.[83] All of these were owned by a known rival of Ridouan Taghi, who allegedly used the torture chamber on members of Ridouan Taghi's organisation.[88] [89] [90]
Sky Global was also a communications network and service provider based in Vancouver, Canada. Its most notable products were the secure messaging application Sky ECC and crypto-phones. A significant number of users were part of international crime organisations involved in drug trafficking,[91] and the company management was also suspected of collusion.[92] In a series of raids against criminal organisations in several countries in early 2021, a part of Sky's infrastructure in western Europe was dismantled, and the US Department of Justice issued an arrest warrant against the company's CEO Jean-François Eap.[93]
The decryption of Sky ECC exposed in particular the inner workings of the Turtle clan[94] and the El Ballouti clan.[95] [96] [94] 27 tonnes of cocaine were also intercepted which were believed to be largely trafficked by these organisations, as well as corrupted police officers and lawyers who were involved.[97]
See also: Port of Antwerp.
| 2009 | 3.6 tonnes | |
| 2010 | 5.5 tonnes | |
| 2011 | 6.5 tonnes | |
| 2012 | 17.5 tonnes | |
| 2013 | 16 tonnes | |
| 2014 | 19 tonnes[98] | |
| 2015 | 15.7 tonnes[99] | |
| 2016 | 31 tonnes[100] | |
| 2017 | 46 tonnes[101] | |
| 2018 | 50.1 tonnes[102] | |
| 2019 | 62 tonnes[103] | |
| 2020 | 65.5 tonnes[104] | |
| 2021 | 89.5 tonnes[105] | |
| 2022 | 110 tonnes [106] | |
| 2023 | 121 tonnes [107] |
Cocaine is delivered daily in containers to the Port of Antwerp, before it is distributed throughout Europe by Dutch and Belgian-Moroccan drug traffickers. The Port of Antwerp, which is considered to be the largest port for cocaine import in Europe,[110] is dominated and controlled by 5 Moroccan drug clans who export these large quantities of cocaine to the European mainland.[111] With an area of 12,068 hectares (or 24,000 football fields),[112] gangs preferred to use this port as a trafficking destination for drugs due to the lawlessness within the port. What also attracted the gangs, is the fact that the Port of Antwerp is considered to be an "open port". This is not the case for the Port of Rotterdam, which is closed off daily and under high surveillance.[113] Within a single cargo ship, it is possible to place up to 15,000 containers. Customs officers are provided with scanners that are only able to scan a single container in 5 minutes, which makes full control over the entire cargo pretty much impossible.[114] This makes drug trafficking easier for gangs operating in the port. There are also cases of corruption amongst customs officers who work for criminal gangs. The amount of corruption amongst customs officers has more than doubled between 2015 and 2017.[74] In October 2017, Tim Deelen, who worked as a customs officer at the Port of Antwerp, was arrested by the Belgian police. He worked for a criminal organisation based in Antwerp.[115] In September 2017, the federal police in Antwerp was sounding the alarm on the increase of cocaine trafficking in the port city, generating a parallel economy and a level of corruption that was never seen before.[116] [117] Customs officers and police officers very often received a large sum of money (up to 100,000 euros "to relocate containers to avoid police and customs control")[118] by criminal organisations in Antwerp and the Netherlands, to send drugs through the customs controls without being intercepted.[119] [120]
The Dutch Ministry of Justice denied that 95% of all the cocaine that arrived at the Port of Antwerp was transported to the Netherlands, and they also denied the relationship of these drugs to the Dutch networks of the Moroccan mafia. However, writer and criminologist Teun Voeten published a book in 2020 called Drugs, where contradictory claims were made in anonymous interviews by Belgian inmates, and by people from certain neighborhoods in Antwerp. These claims stated that the number of drugs destined for the Netherlands was around 90%.[111] It also stated that criminal organizations based in the Netherlands functioned as distributors for these drugs. Many Moroccan traffickers have anonymously stated that the trafficking operations at the Port of Antwerp would be impressively easy to execute for young people from neighborhoods in Antwerp and Amsterdam. The traffickers often make corrupt deals with police officers to keep the trafficking of drugs run smoothly in exchange for large sums of money.[121]
Bart De Wever, mayor of Antwerp, declared that dozens of surveillance cameras are destroyed daily by young people between the age of 13 and 15 from neighborhoods in Antwerp. They receive in exchange a sum of up to 5,000 euros from traffickers to prevent the police from investigating the drug trade that takes place in these neighborhoods.[122]
The Moroccan mafia in the Netherlands and Belgium dominate the European market for cocaine, cannabis and synthetic drugs, alongside the Italian ’Ndrangheta & Camorra, Irish Mob, Serbian mafia and the Albanian mafia.[123] Moroccan gangs in Amsterdam, Utrecht and Rotterdam have a firm foothold in importing cocaine from South America, particularly from Peru and Colombia, where Colombian cartels trust Dutch and Belgian-Moroccan drug traffickers in Antwerp to receive and distribute these drugs.[124] [125]
Dutch investigator Pieter Tops made an astonishing discovery in September 2018: trafficking networks in the Netherlands easily collect up to 20 billion euros through the trade of synthetic drugs such as XTC or amphetamines. About a 1000 kilos of cocaine in South America that has a value of under a million euros, can easily bring up to 180 million euros when it arrives on the European mainland.[126]
Pieter Tops has warned the Belgian authorities that the traffickers have so much money re-invested in legal businesses, which seriously affects the communities and neighborhoods from where these traffickers originate.[127] The mayor of Antwerp, Bart De Wever, has also asked for reinforcements to investigate the drug trade and the Moroccan mafia in Antwerp, to intercept a maximum number of people who are involved in these drug trafficking businesses.[128]
Ridouan Taghi is a former Dutch-Moroccan drug trafficker and crime boss. He was specialised in forming criminal groups and coalitions that operated as international cocaine cartels. He is suspected of being behind the orchestration of several assassinations, attacks and kidnappings in connection to the Mocro-War. The DEA estimated that around a third of all cocaine trafficking in Europe was done through his organisation, with a virtually monopoly on Peruvian cocaine.[129] [130]
Documents produced by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) of the United States, and sent to the Dutch police, exposed what appeared to be a super drug cartel headed by Ridouan Taghi, alongside Raffaele Imperiale (Camorra's drugs and arms dealer), Daniel Kinahan (Irish reputed gang boss) and Edin Gačanin (Bosnian drug trafficker).[129]
After the decryption of the telecommunication servers of Ennetcom by the Dutch and Canadian authorities, it also exposed a very close and personal friendship between Ridouan Taghi, and Chilean cartel boss Rico "El Rico" Eduardo Riquelme Vega, who was arrested in Santiago, Chile in 2017.[131] [132]
Following the arrest of Benaouf A. in 2013,[133] and the assassinations of two rival drug lords, Gwenette Martha[134] and Samir Bouyakhrichan in 2014,[135] Taghi was able to establish himself as one of the most powerful drug traffickers in Europe.[129] The Dutch government also considered him to be "one of the most dangerous drug traffickers in Europe".[136]
Ridouan Taghi was able to keep a very low profile and run his operation unknowingly for many years. The first time his name was mentioned in a police report was in 2015, but by this time he already had left the Netherlands to live somewhere abroad.[137] The Dutch authorities were only able to paint a clear picture of Taghi after Nabil B., a former member of Taghi's organisation, decided to turn state's evidence.[138] Nabil B. was involved as a driver in a contract killing attempt, but the killers accidentally killed Hakim Changachi instead of the intended target. Changachi was part of a local crime family that allied themselves with Taghi. Because of the accidental killing, the relationship between Taghi and the Changachi family turned sour. Taghi allegedly wanted to kill Nabil B. as a punishment for being involved in killing the wrong person, which eventually led to Nabil B. collaborating with the Dutch authorities instead.[139] As a result of this, Taghi ordered to kill the innocent brother of Nabil B. who was a respected business owner.[140] Also his lawyer Derk Wiersum was assassinated on the orders of Taghi, which eventually shocked the Netherlands. The Dutch parliament considered this as an attack on the Dutch legal system and the Dutch state, and a manhunt on Taghi by the Dutch authorities was eventually launched.[141]
Following the attack on the Dutch news outlet De Telegraaf and the murders of journalist Martin Kok and lawyer Derk Wiersum, Ridouan Taghi became the most wanted man in the Netherlands for several years, with multiple international arrest warrants in his name.[136] He was also ranked as one of the main fugitives on the Interpol list. To anyone who was able to give information that could have led to his arrest, a reward of 100.000 euros was promised by the Dutch authorities, which was the highest reward for a fugitive in Dutch history.[142] Taghi's right-hand man Saïd Razzouki took refuge in Medellín, Colombia under the protection of the Oficina de Envigado and the Clan del Golfo cartel, but was later on arrested by the Colombian authorities, the FBI and the DEA.[143]
The Iranian government allegedly protected Taghi as he worked together with the Iranian secret service, to assassinate enemies of the Iranian state who were hiding out on European soil.[144] [145] [146]
On 16 December 2019, Taghi was arrested in his mansion in Dubai after a manhunt by the Moroccan and European authorities, and three days later he was deported to the Netherlands.[147] He is currently incarcerated in the maximum security prison of Vught, and he is the main suspect in the current marengo trial,[148] which is considered to be the largest criminal trial in Dutch history.[149] He is facing life of imprisonment without the possibility of parole. The former president of Suriname, Desi Bouterse, is faced with corruption charges after cooperating with Taghi and his left hand man Mao R.[150] [151]
In August 2020, six prominent lawyers in the Netherlands were accused of having delivered information to Ridouan Taghi's organisation in exchange for high sums of money. Their names were also added to the Marengo trials.[152]
In July 2021, the most prominent Dutch crime journalist Peter R. de Vries was assassinated after he left the studio of RTL Boulevard in Amsterdam, right after he appeared on a popular TV show.[153] This assassination deeply shocked the Netherlands, with many politicians and celebrities sharing their condolences and speaking out on the increase of violence in the Netherlands.[154] According to the Dutch authorities, all tracks lead to the already imprisoned Taghi.[155] De Vries acted as a close confidant to Nabil B.,[156] the crown witness in the Marengo trial whose own brother, alongside his lawyer, were assassinated by Taghi's organisation for exposing their inner workings.[157] The person who is suspected of killing De Vries, is a relative of the person who is in charge of Taghi's hit squad, which gives the Dutch authorities more reason to believe that Taghi's organization is responsible for the killing.[158] However, it is still unclear who gave the order of the shooting, since Taghi himself was already in a high-security prison at the time of the shooting. T. Youssef one of Taghi's lawyers and being a cousin of Taghi has been arrested on 8 October 2021 after being suspected of planning a jailbreak and smuggling messages out of prison to Taghi's organisation.[159]
The Bouyakhrichan organisation was a criminal organisation led by Samir Bouyakhrichan (also known as Scarface), who was a billionaire entrepreneur and drug lord.[160] [161] [162] Samir was specialised in large scale drug trafficking which he gained through collaborations with Colombian cartels.[163] His organisation also operated in Spain, where it controlled parts of the Costa del Sol region.[164]
Bouyakhrichan was known for using his fortune to organize extravagant private parties by renting luxurious rooms in places like Dubai and Amsterdam, which included champagne, cocaine, and a lot of women and escorts. The guests were mostly Moroccan and British. One of these private parties was that of 30 June 2012, at the Apollo Hotel in Amsterdam. During this evening, many major drug lords were present, alongside the famous Dutch singer Gordon.[135]
Samir Bouyakhrichan was a known rival of the Taghi organisation, and he was also considered to be a rival of Naoufal Fassih. On 29 August 2014, at the age of 34, Samir was assassinated in southern Spain by 2 contract killers.[165] The assassination was allegedly orchestrated by the organisation of Naoufal Fassih.[166] [167]
After his death, his organisation was taken over by his brother Karim Bouyakhrichan (also known as Taxi).[168] According to the Dutch authorities, Taghi and his associate Rico "El Rico" Eduardo Riquelme Vega were "hunting" for Karim to dismantle the Bouyakhrichan organisation.[169] [170]
Another notable member within the Bouyakhrichan organization was Naima Jillal, who earned herself the reputation of the biggest female drug trafficker within the Mocro maffia. Nicknamed "Auntie" or "the Godmother of Cocaine", she became a key player within the international cocaine trade and acted as a broker between Latin-American cartels and European criminal organisations.[171]
On 20 October 2019, Naima went missing, allegedly because multiple crime groups were keeping an eye on her after she tipped off drug shipments of rival organizations to the authorities. After her disappearance, there were allegedly images circulating on the internet of her body being chopped up into pieces.[172] [173] Authorities believe she is buried under a concrete floor in a warehouse in the port of Antwerp, but up until now no human remains were found. However, forensic researchers did find pieces of clothing and a handbag under the concrete floor, which were believed to be owned by Naima Jillal.[174]
In 2017, two masked hitmen fired shots at the Café La Crème in Marrakech, Morocco, killing Hamza Chaib, a 26-year-old medical student, and injuring two others.[175] [176] A Glock 19 and a motorcycle used by the hitmen to flee were found charred nearby.[177] [178]
The hitmen were identified by the Marrakech Prefecture Judicial Police as Shardyone Ulises Girigorio Semerel, a 29-year-old Dutch-Surinamese national and Edwin Gabriel Robles Martínez, a 24-year-old Dutch-Dominican national.[179] [180] Six other suspects were detained. They were known to Moroccan authorities for their involvement in cases of international drug trafficking, kidnapping, armed robbery, and attempted homicide.[181]
Their initial target was the owner of the lounge, Mustapha "Mous" El Fechtali, a member of the Bouyakhrichan clan involved in international money laundering.[182]
Moroccan authorities are known to use torture on suspects to gain information, leading to the hitmen quickly pointing out Taghi as their ringleader.[183] The shooting led to a closer collaboration between the Dutch and Moroccan authorities to combat organized crime, especially towards Taghi's organisation.[184]
The hitmen were sentenced to death by the Marrakech Court of Appeal in 2019. Mustapha El Fechtali was sentenced to 15 years in jail for drug trafficking.[185] An alleged coordinator, 33-year-old Seddik Rais, was freed after his extradition from the Canary Islands.[185]
The Ait Soussan organisation is a criminal organisation led by Houssine Ait Soussan. He is a major drug trafficker who also used to own the Dutch soccer-club ZVV 't Knooppunt.[186] Houssine Ait Soussan is notably a prominent figure within the Moroccan mafia in the Netherlands and Belgium, and he was also allied with the Bouyakhrichan organisation. The Ait Soussan organization is responsible for distributing tons of cocaine across all of Western Europe. Houssine Ait Soussan is also considered to be one of the original participating figures within the Mocro-War, which was sparked after a missing shipment of cocaine in the port of Antwerp.[187]
As a result of this, Houssine Ait Soussan is believed to be behind the kidnapping of Abdelkader "the Jew" Bouker, a major Belgian-Moroccan drug trafficker who worked closely together with the Israeli mafia, and went missing in 2016.[188] [189]
He was also believed to be behind the kidnapping of Younes El Ballouti, the younger brother of Othman El Ballouti, who is considered to be one of the biggest drug lords in Belgium.[188] [190] [189] Houssine Ait Soussan allegedly kidnapped him as revenge, because Colombian cartels preferred to work with the El Ballouti clan instead of his organization.[188]
Houssine Ait Soussan was for many years wanted by the Dutch and Belgian authorities for his involvement in numerous of assassinations and kidnappings, which mostly took place in Antwerp and Brussels.[191] [192] He orchestrated his kidnappings and assassinations from Central America, to stay off the radar from the European police.[193] He was also believed to take refuge in Morocco and Dubai.
On 26 July 2015, Houssine Ait Soussan was arrested by the Moroccan police in the port of Tangier with false documents. A few days after his arrest, two searches took place in the apartments where he stayed at in Marrakech. At least 10 false Dutch, French and Moroccan identity documents were found, alongside 34 luxury watches, 10 phones, two tablets, 178,570 dirhams and 700 euros.[193] Houssine Ait Soussan was eventually released after 3 months by the Moroccan authorities. The Dutch and Belgian authorities believe that Houssine Ait Soussan is currently running his operations while hiding out in Morocco.[194]
The Turtle clan (also known as The Turtles or the El Yousfi crime family) is a Moroccan criminal organisation based in Antwerp (Belgium), who is believed to be active since 2010.[195] The organisation is based around the El Yousfi family, who are originally from Nador, Morocco and based in Borgherhout, Antwerp. They are considered to be one of the 5 Moroccan drug clans who control the cocaine trade in the port of Antwerp.[196] Several members of the clan were behind the theft of 200 kilos of cocaine at the Port of Antwerp in 2012, which were intended for Benaouf A., the right-hand man of Houssine Ait Soussan. This theft eventually sparked the infamous Mocro-War across Belgium and the Netherlands, which resulted in countless kidnappings and assassinations.[197]
In 2017, 21 shootings took place in Antwerp which were connected to the Turtle clan.[198] [199] The organisation, which is allied with the Mixers clan, is also at the origin of the illegal economy that dominates over the legal economy in the district of Borgerhout, Antwerp.[200] The Turtle clan dominates the Belgian cocaine trade for over decade. The Flemish federal government often adopts the nickname "Borgerokko" or "the capital of coke" for the city of Antwerp and its districts.[201] [202] [203]
The two main commanders of the organization, Nacerdine Turtle and Nordine El H. are currently running their organization from Dubai. Nordine El H. was arrested in Dubai on 18 June 2020, due to an international arrest warrant that was sent out by the Belgian courts for his involvement in large scale drug trafficking, but he was eventually released on bail.[204] The majority of the Turtle clan members are currently suspected of hiding out in Dubai and Nador, Morocco.
In 2016, a member of the family celebrated his wedding in the Borgerhout district of Antwerp, causing controversy throughout the country as well as on social media. The controversy revolved particularly around the procession that included dozens of luxury cars, which paraded through the lower class district of Borgerhout. According to the Belgian press, the price of these cars was estimated at 7 million euros.[205] [206] [207]
In February 2018, the comedy-crime movie Patser was released in Dutch and Belgian cinemas. The story of the movie is loosely based on the Turtle clan.[208]
Since 2018, many Grenade attacks have occurred in the streets of Antwerp. They are particularly linked to the organisation of the Turtles.[209] [210]
The Noffel clan was a criminal organization that was founded by Naoufal Fassih. Naoufal moved to his cousin Abdelhadi Yaqout in Spain, at that time already one of the richest personalities in Marbella. Naoufal allied himself with the Taghi organization, the Irish Mob and some members of the Martha organization, to assassinate the billionaire drug lord Samir Bouyakhrichan in 2014.[211] Naoufal was eventually spending more time in Ireland than in Spain. His relationship with Ireland's Kinahan clan was so strong that they even shared the same hideouts. It was also in an apartment of the Irish Kinahan clan where Naoufal was eventually arrested by the special forces of Dublin.[212] He was sentenced by the Dutch court to life of imprisonment.[213] [214]
Naoufal's cousin, Abdelhadi Yaqout, was a multi millionaire businessman. He originated from Khouribga, in the south of Casablanca (Morocco), where he had spent a part of his childhood. After he emigrated to Spain, he became a very successful entrepreneur in Marbella. He was the owner of several clubs and bars in Puerto Banus, including the Rotana Shisha Lounge, the Portside bar and the Tibu nightclub, which were frequently visited by Arab princes, Russian businessmen and celebrities. Yaqout was also a friend of the Anglo-Egyptian billionaire Mohamed Al Fayed.[215]
Yaqout laundered money for the Kinahan clan, and he was a partner of Daniel Kinahan. According to the Spanish authorities, they had very close relations. Yaqout had also been linked to the timeshare vacation apartment scam of British gangster John "Goldfinger" Palmer (who was murdered in 2015). This scam cheated 20,000 customers out of their money which reached a figure of up to 400 million euros.[216] It was reported that Yaqout was involved in cocaine trafficking alongside prominent figures of the Moroccan mafia, such as his cousin Naoufal Fassih and Ridouan Taghi.[217]
Yaqout was assassinated in his car in the neighborhood of Las Petunias in San Pedro de Alcántara on 22 January 2019. At least one hitman was involved, riddling the drivers' side of Yaqout's Bentley with more than 20 bullets while he was waiting for an electric gate to open. He allegedly tried to escape the assassination by crawling onto the passenger side but was found dead halfway between the seats. He is buried in his hometown in Khouribga, Morocco. The Bouyakhrichan organization are the main suspects of this assassination.[218]
Naoufal Fassih was alongside Taghi allegedly allied with the Iranian secret service and ordered to carry out gangland-style killings on enemies of the Iranian government who were hiding out on European soil.[219] [220]
Mimoun "Rocky" Kaabouni, who was nicknamed "The Moroccan Escobar", was born in Ben Taïeb, a village in the province of Nador. He grew up in Hoensbroek, in the Netherlands, where he and his brother owned a coffeeshop named Happy Days. While often visiting Amsterdam, he eventually started meeting big names within the Moroccan mafia with whom he maintained regular contact.[221] Mimoun left the Netherlands for southern Spain and Romania, where he founded his own criminal organisation made up of Lithuanians and Colombians. Mimoun, who was already bringing in tons of cocaine through the ports of Antwerp, Rotterdam, Amsterdam and Algeciras, wanted to create a new route in Romania through the port of Constanța. He is currently serving a 19-year prison sentence in Romania for a record seizure of 2.5 tons of cocaine (the biggest seizure of cocaine in the country's history). Mimoun was arrested in 2016 when he tried to leave Spain through the Málaga Airport after the seizure in Romania, which was worth 600 million euros. It was one of the largest drug seizures in Eastern-European history.
The Mixers (also known as the Sebabti crime family), is a Moroccan crime family made up of five brothers who were born in Borgerhout, Antwerp, and originate from Berkane in north-eastern Morocco.[222] The Mixers are suspected of having collaborated with Colombian cartels, where they had the role of smuggling drugs through the Port of Antwerp, and supplying criminal organizations all over Europe.[223] The organisation became active in the early 2000s, and they are considered to be the oldest drug trafficking network which is still active in Antwerp. They are also considered to be one of the 5 Moroccan drug clans who control the cocaine trade in the port of Antwerp.[196]
The Mixers are seen by Belgian politicians as one of the most dangerous Belgian drug networks in the country, due to their excessive criminal staff and large numbers of people who are hired in exchange for large sums of money.[224] In the summer of 2018, one of the Mixers was spotted in Tangier driving an exclusive Bentley Continental GT.[225]
In 2017, the Port of Antwerp once again broke an intercepted drug record. The Mixers were among the main suspects.[226] [227] [228] The Belgian special services have joined forces with the Moroccan authorities to investigate this family in Morocco. The Moroccan police intercepted 10.2 million euros in cash in a 400,000 euro apartment in Tangier, alongside a villa in Berkane, as well as several luxury boats on the Saïdia coast.[223]
In 2019, a significant number of bombs and grenades were thrown in several neighbourhoods of Antwerp which were aimed at rival gangs. According to the mayor of Antwerp, Bart De Wever, the perpetrators would have been hired men working for the Mixers clan.[229] [230]
The El Ballouti clan is based in Antwerp, Belgium and led by drug lord Othman El Ballouti. Originally from Al Hoceïma, Othman grew up in the district of Borgerhout, and from a very early age he regularly visited the Port of Antwerp. With the goal of never getting caught by the police, he trafficked thousands of euros in narcotics every day. The newspaper De Volkskrant describes: "Othman climbed the containers and knew how to calculate very well. He quickly stopped climbing the containers by establishing his own gang who did the climbing instead."[231] [232]
Othman later on emigrated to Dubai, where he acquired 4 Villas. He also owns an apartment in the famous Address Residence Sky View which is worth 1.5 million euros, alongside six other luxury homes with a total value of around 8.5 million euros. This information was published by the OCCRP (Organised Crime and Corruption Reporting Project) after he escaped during an arrest at the Zaventem airport in Brussels, in 2016. The Belgian authorities discovered that Othman El Ballouti has a net worth of at least 100 million euros, a number that ranks him amongst the richest Belgians in the country.[233]
The El Ballouti clan is now considered as one of the largest drug trafficking networks in Belgium, and they are also considered to be one of the 5 Moroccan drug clans who control the cocaine trade in the port of Antwerp.[234]
Alongside the Mixers clan and Turtle clan, the El Ballouti clan is held responsible for a significant number of bombs and grenades that were thrown in several neighbourhoods of Antwerp, which were aimed at rival gangs.[235] [236]
Othman El Ballouti is currently hiding out in Dubai, from where he is running his drug operation in Europe.[237]
The Fish Farmers clan (Dutch: De Visboeren) are led by the owners of the well-known fishmonger De Antwerpse Visser in the districts of Borgerhout and Kiel in Antwerp. The organization is led by the brothers Mohamed A., Rachid A. and Hassan A., who quickly established themselves as main contributors within the international cocaine trade. They established the organization in the early 2010s and took control over the cocaine trade throughout Flanders. Dozens of containers from Colombian cartels were trafficked through the organization of the Fish Farmers clan. They very quickly competed against other organizations within the Moroccan mafia.[238] [239]
In 2018, the Kali-team (an anti-Moroccan mafia police unit from Antwerp) discovered that the Fish Farmers were amongst the main owners of a luxury suite in the Hilton hotel near the Tangier-Ville railway station in Morocco.[240] In March 2020, the three brothers and their father Mohamed (73) were sentenced up to eight years in prison.[241]
In 2015, the Belgian authorities dismantled the Belgian-Moroccan Banana gang (Dutch: De Bananenbende), which was led by Karim A., Nabil A. and Khalid O.H., after a seizure that contained 3.4 tonnes of cocaine in Antwerp. The drugs were hidden in two containers of bananas from Colombia that had passed through Ecuador. The drugs were estimated of being worth near 100 million euros. The investigators admitted that the clan had been importing shipments of this type for many years and that they had important links with several Moroccan clans in the Netherlands. Fourteen people were arrested, including the manager of a hookah bar in Antwerp, and the owner of a car dealership. The Belgian intelligence services estimated that this clan generated around 300 million euros a year, with importing no more than 10 tonnes of cocaine from South America.[242] [243] [244]
The Dutch government and its intelligence service AIVD claim to have "strong evidence" that Iran used Dutch-Moroccan gangsters to eliminate at least two of its "enemies of the state" on foreign soil, but also that it was actively protecting crime bosses by providing them with a safe haven.[220] The Dutch Ministry of Justice suspects that Ridouan Taghi was protected by Iran's secret service. According to the Dutch authorities he was believed to take frequent trips to Iran on fast private yachts while he was hiding out in Dubai.[249] After making a 150+ kilometer trip, Taghi allegedly had several safe houses at his disposal.[250]
The Dutch authorities claim that he received this level of protection from the Iranian government because he was instrumental in helping Iran eliminate one or more of its most wanted "enemies of the state".[251]
These allegations came after the gangland-style assassination of Ali Motamed, a 56-year-old electrician who had settled in a rowhouse after coming to the Netherlands as a refugee. He was killed on 15 December 2015, by two hitmen.[252]
For a while, investigators couldn't find a clue for a motive behind the killing. Then it became known that Motamed was really Mohammad Reza Kolahi Samadi, a member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran, who, according to Iranian authorities, was the mastermind behind the 1981 bombing of the headquarters of the Islamic Republican Party, killing over 70 officials.[252]
Dutch investigators were baffled when it became clear that the killers were working on the orders of the Dutch-Moroccan crime boss Naoufal Fassih, a close associate of Ridouan Taghi. The Dutch government see him as the link between Taghi and the Iranian secret service.[253]
However, the execution of Mohammad Reza Kolahi was not the only murder in which the Dutch government accuses Iran of being involved in. In 2017, an assassin shot several bullets into Ahmad Mola Nissi, the leader of the Iranian separatist group Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz. Nissi died in front of his house in The Hague. He had been living in the Netherlands for over a decade. Dutch investigators believe a criminal organisation from the port city of Rotterdam was involved in this hit.[254] [255]
A break in the murder case of Mohammad Reza Kolahi occurred when prosecutors got their hands-on text messages after they were able to unlock a decrypted cell phone from one of the participants in the plot. The two hitmen were discovered to have extensive criminal records and longstanding ties to organized crime.
The text messages showed they were monitoring Samadi and had no clue why he was targeted, only that they were assigned with the task and were eager to get the job done. In April 2019, they were sentenced to 25 and 20 years of imprisonment for their roles in the murder. The messages also implicated Fassih, who was found guilty for ordering the murder and sentenced to life in prison for his involvement in this hit. However, all three suspects remain silent about any of their involvement in this case[256]
In June 2018, the Dutch government evicted two diplomats from the Iranian embassy and deported them from the country. The two men were members of Iran's intelligence agencies. This case eventually created more tension between the 2 countries.[257]
During the 2010s, the Moroccan mafia was widely talked about in Dutch and Belgian politics. After the assassination of Derk Wiersum,[258] a lawyer with information about Ridouan Taghi, Geert Wilders expressed his discontent in the Dutch parliament. Journalist and crime reporter John van den Heuvel was targeted by the Moroccan mafia after he made numerous statements about the workings of their criminal activities.[259] In June 2018, the headquarter of the Dutch newspaper Panorama was attacked by a rocket launcher after they published articles on the Moroccan mafia.[260] Shortly afterwards, the headquarter of another Dutch news-outlet De Telegraaf was attacked by a car, which was rammed into the office and set on fire afterwards.[261] John van den Heuvel, who worked for De Telegraaf in the past, delivered his personal opinion on Dutch television by evoking the name of the criminal who was allegedly responsible:
Following this statement, John van den Heuvel was targeted by criminals who planned attacks against him. During a police investigation, a rocket launcher was found in the home of Yassine A., which he had prepared to use on the residence of John van den Heuvel.[262] [263] As a result of this, John van den Heuvel cancelled his television program on RTL Boulevard where he was to participate as the host of a show.[264] A year later he also received death threats from Ridouan Taghi, who was on the run. He warned John van den Heuvel that his name was on Taghi's blacklist. Taghi also placed a bounty on John van den Heuvel for a large sum of money.[265] In December 2019, Ridouan Taghi was eventually arrested in Dubai. Following this event, John van den Heuvel had delivered another statement[266]
In 2017, writer Raf Sauviller published his book Borgerokko Maffia, which was distributed to many libraries across Flanders (Belgium) and the Netherlands.[267] In his book, he discusses the corruption that takes place in the Port of Antwerp amongst police officers and Customs controls. According to research which was carried out in 2018, the municipality of Borgerhout, Antwerp, had an illegal economy which was larger than the regular economy due to the influx of funds by the Moroccan mafia.[200] During an interview by the newspaper De Morgen on the context of this book, the mayor of Antwerp, Bart De Wever, admitted that there were many difficulties on intercepting the main commanders of the Moroccan mafia in Antwerp.[268] He also stated:
The many murders which were carried out by the Moroccan mafia were a turning point in criminal journalism across Belgium and the Netherlands.[269] Although the Moroccan mafia is not the first criminal phenomenon in these countries, it is the first to receive both international and intensive media coverage. The Dutch virtual tax reforms of the 2010s encouraged the emergence of inexpensive print media, which could therefore be widely distributed and relayed. These broadcasts were the precursors of a trend that gained momentum after the assassination of journalist Martin Kok in 2016.[270] The Dutch newspaper De Telegraaf benefited greatly from the public enthusiasm for the criminal war that was taking place in its cities, which received unprecedented media coverage.
After the attacks on De Telegraaf and Panorama in 2017, lawyer Christien Wildeman stated:[271] While some Dutch media outlets decided to censor the first and last names of the editors who published articles, other news outlets like De Telegraaf did not give into the panic, and refused to practice censorship.
Over the years, foreign media outlets also reported on the Moroccan mafia, particularly in Germany, Spain, Italy, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Morocco and the United Kingdom. The BBC media estimated that the Netherlands is in the process of becoming a narco-state.[272]