Mizo grammar is the grammar of the Mizo language, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by about a million people in Mizoram, Manipur, Tripura, Burma and Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. It is a highly inflected language, with fairly complex noun phrase structure and word modifications. Nouns and pronouns are declined, and phrasal nouns also undergo an analogous declension.
Mizo declarative word order is Object-subject-verb, as in:
There is no grammatical gender in Mizo language, although some animals, birds etc. have names which contain one of the suffixes -nu, which means female, or -pa which means male. Examples include chingpirinu (a type of big owl), kawrnu (a type of cicada), thangfènpa (a nocturnal bird).[1]
Mizo is an agglutinative language in which it is rare to find morphologically simple, non-derived nouns. However, common everyday objects and domestic animals tend to fall in this category, that is, the category of morphologically simple, non-derived nouns. For example,
The most common form of noun is that of derived, morphologically complex, poly-syllabic nouns. Most abstract nouns belong to this category, and so do wild animals and other less common objects. Examples include
Nouns are pluralised by the addition of one of the suffixes -te, -ho, -teho and -hote. However, a non-pluralised noun can have the sense of a pluralised noun, and common nouns are usually not pluralised, as in:
Here sava is not pluralised to savate or savaho; rather, sava functions as a plural.
Nouns are declined into cases as follows (here we show the tones in accordance with the usage in Mizo Wiktionary, which is an extension of the common usage in Mizo newspapers such as Vanglaini and monthlies such as Lengzem chanchinbu):[2]
| Nominative | Genitive | Accusative | Ergative | Instrumental | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lushai: nụlá the/a girl | Lushai: nụla the/a girl's | Lushai: nụlá the/a girl | Lushai: nụláịn (by) the/a girl | Lushai: nụláin using/with a girl | |
| Lushai: tǔi water | Lushai: tǔi | Lushai: tǔi | Lushai: tuiịn | Lushai: tuiin | |
| Lushai: Thangạ (a proper noun) | Lushai: Thanga | Lushai: Thangạ | Lushai: Thangȧ'n | Lushai: Thangạ-in/Thangạ hmangin |
Verbs and adjectives are nominalised by suffixing -na, and adjectives can also be nominalised by suffixing -zia. For example:
| Verb | Adjective | Nominalisation by -na | Nominalisation by -zia |
|---|---|---|---|
| kal | kạlna | ||
| süal | sùalna | ||
| süal | sùalzìa | ||
| vùa | vûakna | ||
When -na is suffixed to an intransitive verb, then the resulting noun means a place etc. through which the action can take place. For example, kal means to go, kalna means where something/someone goes or can go, way, path. For example:
| A kalna kan hre lo | → | We do not know where he went/where he has gone. |
| Hei chu a kalna dik a ni lo tawp mai! | → | This is definitely not the right way. |
When -zia is suffixed to an adjective, the resulting noun means the condition of having the quality described by the adjective. For example, süal means evil, sùalzìa means sinfulness, evilness.
The suffix -tu in Mizo ṭawng is equivalent to the suffix -er or -or in English, as in:
All Mizo pronouns occur in two forms, namely in free form and clitic form and are declined into cases.
| nominative | genitive | accusative | ergative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| clitic forms | Lushai: ka|label=none|translation=I | Lushai: label=none|translation=my, mine|ka | Lushai: mi, min|label=none|translation=me | Lushai: label=none|translation=by me|keima'n |
| Lushai: label=none|translation=we|kan | Lushai: label=none|translation=our, ours|kan | Lushai: label=none|translation=us|min | Lushai: label=none|translation=by us|keimahnin | |
| Lushai: label=none|translation=you (singular)|i | Lushai: label=none|translation=your, yours|i | Lushai: label=none|translation=you|che | Lushai: label=none|translation=by you|nangma'n | |
| Lushai: label=none|translation=you (plural)|in | Lushai: label=none|translation=your, yours|in | Lushai: label=none|translation=you|che u | Lushai: label=none|translation=by you|nangmahnin | |
| Lushai: label=none|translation=he, she, it|a | Lushai: label=none|translation=his, hers, its|a | Lushai: label=none|translation=him, her, it|amah | Lushai: label=none|translation=by him, by her, by it|ama'n | |
| Lushai: label=none|translation=they|an | Lushai: label=none|translation=their, theirs|an | Lushai: label=none|translation=them|anmahni | Lushai: label=none|translation=by them|anmahni'n | |
| free forms | Lushai: kei|label=none|translation=I | Lushai: label=none|translation=my, mine|keima | Lushai: keimah|label=none|translation=me | Lushai: label=none|translation=by me|keima'n |
| Lushai: label=none|translation=we|keimah | Lushai: label=none|translation=our, ours|keima | Lushai: label=none|translation=us|keimah, keimah min | Lushai: label=none|translation=by us|keima'n | |
| Lushai: label=none|translation=you (singular)|keini | Lushai: label=none|translation=your, yours|keini | Lushai: label=none|translation=you|keini min | Lushai: label=none|translation=by you|keini'n | |
| Lushai: label=none|translation=you (plural)|keimahni | Lushai: label=none|translation=your, yours|keimahni | Lushai: label=none|translation=you|keimahni min | Lushai: label=none|translation=by you|keimahni'n | |
| Lushai: label=none|translation=he, she, it|anni | Lushai: label=none|translation=his, hers, its|anni | Lushai: label=none|translation=him, her, it|anni | Lushai: label=none|translation=by him, by her, by it|anni'n | |
| Lushai: label=none|translation=they|anmahni | Lushai: label=none|translation=their, theirs|anmahni | Lushai: label=none|translation=them|anmahni | Lushai: label=none|translation=by them|anmahni'n |
The free form is mostly used for emphasis, and has to be used in conjunction with either the clitic form or an appropriate pronominal particle, as shown in the following examples:
The clitic form is also used as a genitive form of the pronoun.
Mizo adjectives (Mizo: hrilhfiahna), when used attributively, follow the nouns they describe, as follows:
When used predicatively, Mizo adjectives are syntactically verbs, being usually preceded by the subject pronoun clitics, as in:
In these two sentences, a is the subject pronoun clitic, and the adjectives fel and ṭha function as verbs (syntactically).
When adjectives follow each other, the preferred order is the following:
as in
Puan sen (color) mawi (quality) hlai (size) bial (shape) deuh.
The most common quantifiers in Mizo ṭawng are zawng zawng (all/each and every), ṭhenkhat (some [of a whole]), väi (all/every), zà (all/every). Some examples are given below:
Verbs (Mizo: thiltih) and verb phrases occur last in a sentence. Since adjectives can function as verbs, it is common in sentences to have no true verb, as in:
A fel vek mai ang
A dik vêl vek!In these two sentences, the adjectives fel and dik function syntactically as verbs, and there are no other verbs in either of them.
Mizo verbs are not conjugated by changing the desinence. The tense is clarified by the aspect and the addition of conjugating particles, such as
etc.
Adverbs usually follow the verbs or adjectives they describe.
Others: