Mixtecan languages explained

Mixtecan
Region:Oaxaca, Puebla, Guerrero
Familycolor:American
Fam1:Oto-Manguean
Fam2:Eastern
Fam3:Amuzgo–Mixtecan?
Child1:Mixtec
Child2:Trique
Child3:Cuicatec
Glotto:mixt1422
Glottorefname:Mixtecan
Map:Mixtecan_map.svg
Mapcaption:Extent of the Mixtecan languages: prior to contact (olive green) and current (red)

The Mixtecan languages constitute a branch of the Oto-Manguean language family of Mexico. They include the Trique (or Triqui) languages, spoken by about 24,500 people; Cuicatec, spoken by about 15,000 people; and the large expanse of Mixtec languages, spoken by about 511,000 people.[1] The relationship between Trique, Cuicatec, and Mixtec, is an open question. Unpublished research by Terrence Kaufman in the 1980s supported grouping Cuicatec and Mixtec together.[2]

Proto-Mixtecan

Proto-Mixtecan
Familycolor:American
Target:Mixtecan languages

The urheimat of the Oto-Manguean family may be the valley of Tehuacán in Puebla state.[3] This site was one of the places of the domestication of maize. The thousand-year presence of Oto-Manguean-speaking groups in this region makes it probable that they were active in this domestication process, which favored the inhabitants of the Altiplano's transition to a sedentary lifestyle and thus influenced the development of Mesoamerican civilization.[4] Campbell and Kaufman have proposed that the Oto-Manguean languages began to diverge about 1500 BCE. The difficulty of establishing more general relationships between the eight subgroups of the family presents a difficulty for making more detailed inferences on the historical development of the languages.

Proto-Oto-Manguean has been reconstructed by Robert E. Longacre and Calvin Rensch. The phonological system of the proto-language has nine consonants, four vowels, and four tones.[5] The groups of consonants and the diphthongs formed from this limited repertory would have been the origin of the phonemes in the daughter proto-languages of the various subgroups of Proto-Oto-Manguean. Some of the most significant changes in the diversification of Proto-Oto-Manguean phonemes into Proto-Mixtecan phonemes are the following:

width=30%Proto-Oto-Manguean align=center width=30pxpronounced as /
  • t
/ 		align=center width=30pxpronounced as /
  • k
/		align=center width=30pxpronounced as /
  • kʷ
/ 		align=center width=30pxpronounced as /
  • s
/ 		align=center width=30pxpronounced as /
  • n
/ 		align=center width=30pxpronounced as /
  • y
/ 		align=center width=30pxpronounced as /
  • w
/		align=center width=30pxpronounced as /
  • nt
/ 		align=center width=30pxpronounced as /
  • nk
/		align=center width=30pxpronounced as /
  • nkʷ
/ 		align=center width=30pxpronounced as /
  • ns
/ 		align=center width=30pxpronounced as /
  • nn
/ 		align=center width=30pxpronounced as /
  • ny
/ 		align=center width=30pxpronounced as /
  • nw
/
Proto-Mixtecanpronounced as /
  • t
/		pronounced as /
  • k
/		pronounced as /
  • θ
/		pronounced as /
  • y
/		pronounced as /
  • w
/		pronounced as /
  • ⁿd
/		pronounced as /
  • ⁿɡ
/		pronounced as /
  • ⁿɡʷ
/		pronounced as /
  • ⁿɡʷ
/		pronounced as /
  • l
/		pronounced as /
  • m
/

Rensch revised the reconstruction work of Longacre. He revised the probable phonological inventory and described some of his proposals, based on comparisons of the cognates in the Mixtecan languages. After this work, he proposed a reconstruction of the phonological system of Proto-Mixtecan.[6] This proposal contains sixteen consonants, four vowels, and four tones.

Reconstruction of the Proto-Mixtecan consonant system
  Glottal
Nasal consonantpronounced as /
  • m
/		pronounced as /
  • n
/ 		   
Occlusivespronounced as /
  • t
    *ⁿd
/		 pronounced as /
  • k
    *ⁿɡ
/		pronounced as /
  • kʷ
    *ⁿɡʷ
/		pronounced as /
  • ʔ
/
Fricatives pronounced as /
  • θ
/		pronounced as /
  • x
/		pronounced as /
  • xʷ
/		pronounced as /
  • h
/
Approximantspronounced as /
  • l
/		pronounced as /
  • j
/ 		pronounced as /
  • w
/ 		 
Source: Rensch (1977): 59.

Longacre (1957) had reconstructed the following consonant inventory for Proto-Mixtecan:[7]

BilabialDentalPalatalVelarLabiovelarGlottal
Nasalpronounced as /
  • m
/		pronounced as /
  • n
/		pronounced as /
  • ñ
/
Occlusivepronounced as /
  • t
/		pronounced as /
  • d
/		pronounced as /
  • k
/		pronounced as /
  • ɡ
/		pronounced as /
  • kʷ
/		pronounced as /
  • ɡʷ
/		pronounced as /
  • ʔ
/
Fricativepronounced as /
  • θ
/		pronounced as /
  • x
/		pronounced as /
  • xʷ
/
Approximantpronounced as /
  • l
/		pronounced as /
  • j
/		pronounced as /
  • w
/

References

Further reading

See also

Notes and References

  1. 2000 census; the numbers are based on the number of total population for each group and the percentages of speakers given on the website of the Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=660, accessed 28 July 2008).
  2. Macaulay, Monica. 1996. A grammar of Chalcatongo Mixtec. University of California Publications in Linguistics, pp 4–6.
  3. Suárez, 1983: 153.
  4. Bellwood: 2005, 239.
  5. Rensch, 1966.
  6. Rensch, 1977: 59.
  7. Silverman, 1993, p. 109

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