Mir-9/mir-79 microRNA precursor family explained

mir-9
Width:220px
Symbol:mir-9
Rfam:RF00237
Mirbase Family:MIPF0000014
Rna Type:microRNA
Tax Domain:Eukaryota
Hgncid:31641
Omim:611186

The miR-9 microRNA (homologous to miR-79), is a short non-coding RNA gene involved in gene regulation. The mature ~21nt miRNAs are processed from hairpin precursor sequences by the Dicer enzyme. The dominant mature miRNA sequence is processed from the 5' arm of the mir-9 precursor, and from the 3' arm of the mir-79 precursor. The mature products are thought to have regulatory roles through complementarity to mRNA.[1] In vertebrates, miR-9 is highly expressed in the brain, and is suggested to regulate neuronal differentiation.[2] A number of specific targets of miR-9 have been proposed, including the transcription factor REST and its partner CoREST.[3]

Species distribution

miR-9 has been identified in Drosophila (MI0000129),[4] mouse (MI0000720) and human (MI0000466),[5] and the related miR-79 in C. elegans (MI0000050) [6] and Drosophila melanogaster (MI0000374).[7]

Role in disease

microRNAs have been implicated in human cancer in a number of studies. It has been shown that human miR-9 expression levels are reduced in many breast cancer samples due to hypermethylation an epigenetic modification.[8] Hildebrandt et al. show that two genes encoding for has-miR-9 are significantly hypermethylated in clear cell renal carcinoma tumours.[9]

Further reading

[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35]

Notes and References

  1. Ambros V . microRNAs: tiny regulators with great potential . Cell . 107 . 7 . 823–6 . 2001 . 11779458 . 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00616-X. free .
  2. Delaloy C, Liu L, Lee JA, Su H, Shen F, Yang GY, Young WL, Ivey KN, Gao FB . MicroRNA-9 coordinates proliferation and migration of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitors. . Cell Stem Cell . 6 . 4 . 323–35 . 2010 . 20362537 . 2851637 . 10.1016/j.stem.2010.02.015.
  3. Packer AN, Xing Y, Harper SQ, Jones L, Davidson BL . The bifunctional microRNA miR-9/miR-9* regulates REST and CoREST and is downregulated in Huntington's disease . J Neurosci . 28. 53. 14341–6. 2008. 19118166. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2390-08.2008. 3124002.
  4. Lagos-Quintana M, Rauhut R, Lendeckel W, Tuschl T . Identification of novel genes coding for small expressed RNAs . Science . 294 . 5543 . 853–8 . 2001 . 11679670 . 10.1126/science.1064921. 11858/00-001M-0000-0012-F65F-2 . 18101169 . free .
  5. Lagos-Quintana M, Rauhut R, Yalcin A, Meyer J, Lendeckel W, Tuschl T . Identification of tissue-specific microRNAs from mouse . Curr. Biol. . 12 . 9 . 735–9 . 2002 . 12007417 . 10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00809-6. 11858/00-001M-0000-0010-94EF-7 . 7901788 . free .
  6. Lau NC, Lim LP, Weinstein EG, Bartel DP . An abundant class of tiny RNAs with probable regulatory roles in Caenorhabditis elegans . Science . 294 . 5543 . 858–62 . 2001 . 11679671 . 10.1126/science.1065062. 43262684 .
  7. Sempere LF, Sokol NS, Dubrovsky EB, Berger EM, Ambros V . Temporal regulation of microRNA expression in Drosophila melanogaster mediated by hormonal signals and broad-Complex gene activity . Dev. Biol. . 259 . 1 . 9–18 . 2003 . 12812784 . 10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00208-2. free .
  8. Lehmann U, Hasemeier B, Christgen M, etal . Epigenetic inactivation of microRNA gene hsa-mir-9-1 in human breast cancer . The Journal of Pathology. 214. 1. 17–24. 2007 . 17948228 . 10.1002/path.2251 . 22024957 .
  9. Hildebrandt MA, Gu J, Lin J, Ye Y, Tan W, Tamboli P, Wood CG, Wu X . Hsa-miR-9 methylation status is associated with cancer development and metastatic recurrence in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. . Oncogene . 29 . 42 . 5724–8 . 2010 . 20676129 . 10.1038/onc.2010.305. free .
  10. Kutty RK, Samuel W, Jaworski C, Duncan T, Nagineni CN, Raghavachari N, Wiggert B, Redmond TM . MicroRNA expression in human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells: increased expression of microRNA-9 by N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide. . Mol Vis . 16 . 1475–86 . 2010 . 20806079 . 2925906.
  11. 10.4161/cc.9.15.12699 . Delaloy C, Gao FB . A new role for microRNA-9 in human neural progenitor cells. . Cell Cycle . 9 . 15 . 2913–4 . 2010 . 20676037. 5764704 .
  12. Laneve P, Gioia U, Andriotto A, Moretti F, Bozzoni I, Caffarelli E . A minicircuitry involving REST and CREB controls miR-9-2 expression during human neuronal differentiation. . Nucleic Acids Res . 38. 20. 6895–905. 2010 . 20624818 . 2978373 . 10.1093/nar/gkq604.
  13. Almeida MI, Reis RM, Calin GA . MYC-microRNA-9-metastasis connection in breast cancer. . Cell Res . 20 . 6 . 603–4 . 2010 . 20502442 . 10.1038/cr.2010.70. free . 1822/67519 . free .
  14. Uchida N . MicroRNA-9 controls a migratory mechanism in human neural progenitor cells. . Cell Stem Cell . 6 . 4 . 294–6 . 2010 . 20362531 . 10.1016/j.stem.2010.03.010. free .
  15. Wang K, Long B, Zhou J, Li PF . miR-9 and NFATc3 regulate myocardin in cardiac hypertrophy. . J Biol Chem . 285 . 16 . 11903–12 . 2010 . 20177053 . 2852927 . 10.1074/jbc.M109.098004. free .
  16. Khew-Goodall Y, Goodall GJ . Myc-modulated miR-9 makes more metastases. . Nat Cell Biol . 12 . 3 . 209–11 . 2010 . 20173743 . 10.1038/ncb0310-209. free .
  17. Ma L, Young J, Prabhala H, Pan E, Mestdagh P, Muth D, Teruya-Feldstein J, Reinhardt F, Onder TT, Valastyan S, Westermann F, Speleman F, Vandesompele J, Weinberg RA . miR-9, a MYC/MYCN-activated microRNA, regulates E-cadherin and cancer metastasis. . Nat Cell Biol . 12 . 3 . 247–56 . 2010 . 20173740 . 2845545 . 10.1038/ncb2024.
  18. Wan HY, Guo LM, Liu T, Liu M, Li X, Tang H . Regulation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB1 by microRNA-9 in human gastric adenocarcinoma. . Mol Cancer . 9 . 1. 16 . 2010 . 20102618 . 2835654 . 10.1186/1476-4598-9-16 . free .
  19. Guo LM, Pu Y, Han Z, Liu T, Li YX, Liu M, Li X, Tang H . MicroRNA-9 inhibits ovarian cancer cell growth through regulation of NF-kappaB1. . FEBS J . 276 . 19 . 5537–46 . 2009 . 19702828 . 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07237.x. 19354709 .
  20. Tan HX, Wang Q, Chen LZ, Huang XH, Chen JS, Fu XH, Cao LQ, Chen XL, Li W, Zhang LJ . MicroRNA-9 reduces cell invasion and E-cadherin secretion in SK-Hep-1 cell. . Med Oncol . 27 . 3 . 654–60 . 2010 . 19572217 . 10.1007/s12032-009-9264-2. 195246235 .
  21. Hsu PY, Deatherage DE, Rodriguez BA, Liyanarachchi S, Weng YI, Zuo T, Liu J, Cheng AS, Huang TH . Xenoestrogen-induced epigenetic repression of microRNA-9-3 in breast epithelial cells. . Cancer Res . 69 . 14 . 5936–45 . 2009 . 19549897 . 2855843 . 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4914.
  22. Luo H, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Ning B, Guo J, Nie N, Liu B, Wu X . Down-regulated miR-9 and miR-433 in human gastric carcinoma. . J Exp Clin Cancer Res . 28 . 1. 82 . 2009 . 19531230 . 2739520 . 10.1186/1756-9966-28-82 . free .
  23. Denli AM, Cao X, Gage FH . miR-9 and TLX: chasing tails in neural stem cells. . Nat Struct Mol Biol . 16 . 4 . 346–7 . 2009 . 19343066 . 10.1038/nsmb0409-346. 9788995 .
  24. Zhao C, Sun G, Li S, Shi Y . A feedback regulatory loop involving microRNA-9 and nuclear receptor TLX in neural stem cell fate determination. . Nat Struct Mol Biol . 16 . 4 . 365–71 . 2009 . 19330006 . 2667220 . 10.1038/nsmb.1576.
  25. Bazzoni F, Rossato M, Fabbri M, Gaudiosi D, Mirolo M, Mori L, Tamassia N, Mantovani A, Cassatella MA, Locati M . Induction and regulatory function of miR-9 in human monocytes and neutrophils exposed to proinflammatory signals. . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 106 . 13 . 5282–7 . 2009 . 19289835 . 2664036 . 10.1073/pnas.0810909106. free .
  26. Packer AN, Xing Y, Harper SQ, Jones L, Davidson BL . The bifunctional microRNA miR-9/miR-9* regulates REST and CoREST and is downregulated in Huntington's disease. . J Neurosci . 28 . 53 . 14341–6 . 2008 . 19118166 . 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2390-08.2008. 3124002 .
  27. Shibata M, Kurokawa D, Nakao H, Ohmura T, Aizawa S . MicroRNA-9 modulates Cajal-Retzius cell differentiation by suppressing Foxg1 expression in mouse medial pallium. . J Neurosci . 28 . 41 . 10415–21 . 2008 . 18842901 . 6671033 . 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3219-08.2008.
  28. Chao TF, Zhang Y, Yan XQ, Yin B, Gong YH, Yuan JG, Qiang BQ, Peng XZ . [MiR-9 regulates the expression of CBX7 in human glioma] . Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao . 30 . 3 . 268–74 . 2008 . 18686603.
  29. Pietrzykowski AZ, Friesen RM, Martin GE, Puig SI, Nowak CL, Wynne PM, Siegelmann HT, Treistman SN . Posttranscriptional regulation of BK channel splice variant stability by miR-9 underlies neuroadaptation to alcohol. . Neuron . 59 . 2 . 274–87 . 2008 . 18667155 . 2714263 . 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.05.032.
  30. Nass D, Rosenwald S, Meiri E, Gilad S, Tabibian-Keissar H, Schlosberg A, Kuker H, Sion-Vardy N, Tobar A, Kharenko O, Sitbon E, Lithwick Yanai G, Elyakim E, Cholakh H, Gibori H, Spector Y, Bentwich Z, Barshack I, Rosenfeld N . MiR-92b and miR-9/9* are specifically expressed in brain primary tumors and can be used to differentiate primary from metastatic brain tumors. . Brain Pathol . 19 . 3 . 375–83 . 2009 . 18624795 . 2728890 . 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2008.00184.x.
  31. Delaloy C, Gao FB . microRNA-9 multitasking near organizing centers. . Nat Neurosci . 11 . 6 . 625–6 . 2008 . 18506136 . 10.1038/nn0608-625. 4446695 .
  32. Leucht C, Stigloher C, Wizenmann A, Klafke R, Folchert A, Bally-Cuif L . MicroRNA-9 directs late organizer activity of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. . Nat Neurosci . 11 . 6 . 641–8 . 2008 . 18454145 . 10.1038/nn.2115. 7031726 .
  33. Laios A, O'Toole S, Flavin R, Martin C, Kelly L, Ring M, Finn SP, Barrett C, Loda M, Gleeson N, D'Arcy T, McGuinness E, Sheils O, Sheppard B, O' Leary J . Potential role of miR-9 and miR-223 in recurrent ovarian cancer. . Mol Cancer . 7 . 1. 35 . 2008 . 18442408 . 2383925 . 10.1186/1476-4598-7-35 . free .
  34. Lehmann U, Hasemeier B, Christgen M, Müller M, Römermann D, Länger F, Kreipe H . Epigenetic inactivation of microRNA gene hsa-mir-9-1 in human breast cancer. . J Pathol . 214 . 1 . 17–24 . 2008 . 17948228 . 10.1002/path.2251. 22024957 .
  35. Plaisance V, Abderrahmani A, Perret-Menoud V, Jacquemin P, Lemaigre F, Regazzi R . MicroRNA-9 controls the expression of Granuphilin/Slp4 and the secretory response of insulin-producing cells. . J Biol Chem . 281 . 37 . 26932–42 . 2006 . 16831872 . 10.1074/jbc.M601225200. free .

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