MintPress News explained

MintPress News
Commercial:Yes
Type:News website
Registration:Optional
Language:English
Founder:Mnar Adley
Launch Date:2011

MintPress News (MPN) is an American far-left[1] news website. It was founded and edited by Mnar Adley and was launched in January 2012,[2] and also publishes the MintCast podcast. The site covers political, economic, foreign affairs and environmental issues.

MintPress News supports Syrian president Bashar al-Assad, and the governments of Russia, Iran, and Syria.[3] [4] It opposes the governments of Israel and Saudi Arabia,[5] and reports geopolitical events from an anti-Western perspective.[6] In one contentious article, MintPress News asserted that the Ghouta chemical attack in Syria was perpetrated by rebel groups rather than by the Syrian government, a claim pushed by the Russian and Syrian governments and rejected by much of the international community.

MintPress News was a major media domain that spread disinformation about the White Helmets, a Syrian volunteer organization.[7] The site has been accused of regularly publishing pro-Russian propaganda,[8] and has been described as a conspiratorial website by media studies and disinformation scholars.[9] [10]

MintPress News is headquartered in Minnesota, where it operated one office location until 2014.

History and funding

MintPress News was founded by Mnar Muhawesh (now Adley), a broadcast journalism graduate of St. Cloud State University. She began her career as an intern at Minnesota television station KARE and as a freelance journalist.[11]

After posting her own work on a blog, in 2011 she decided to launch her own news site.[12] Muhawesh said she believed that "our media has failed us very miserably" and that "We are in a crucial time in American history where most Americans don't know what's going on in the world around them." She spoke of her aspirations for MintPress, citing uninformed public debates around issues like Iran's nuclear capabilities, or intervention in Syria.

MintPress News said it was a for-profit "regular news organization," with an initial business plan where advertising revenues would exceed costs after three years.[11] MintPresss anonymous investors were originally intended to fund MintPress operations until 2015. The editor had investors, who Muhawesh claimed were "retired businesspeople", but she would not name them, a situation MinnPost said was "unfortunate for a journalism operation fighting alongside people seeking transparency. The site's 'About Us' page is similarly skinny."

In a 2013 email to BuzzFeed News, Muhawesh said she restructured the business plan: "MintPress was originally funded by angel investors when I was first putting the company together over a year ago, but that route fell through last year as I restructured the business plan." She added: "I am the sole investor of MintPress." MintPress News' offices closed in 2014. Since then, the website encourages donations from the public via Patreon and through crowdfunding.[13]

Muhawesh in 2015 said her funding comes "from donations, sponsorships, grants and ad revenue," and that MintPress was opposed to U.S. intervention in foreign wars.[14]

Soon afterward, Brian Lambert of MinnPost wrote an article following up on Burke's challenge to find out where MintPresss money came from. He reported that emails to them went unanswered, their phone was disconnected, and the original office address in Plymouth, Minnesota, "haven't been valid in well over a year". While MintPress listed 20 of its writers, Lambert wrote it did not indicate where the money was "coming from to pay any of these people".

MintPress News received $10,000 in grants from the Association for Investment in Popular Action Committees.

In 2022, Robert Scheer reported that Google AdSense informed publishers, including MintPress News, that, "Due to the war in Ukraine, we will pause monetization of content that exploits, dismisses, or condones the war." According to Scheer, these restrictions included "any pieces that question the NATO narrative on Ukraine into the content it describes".[15]

Content

The initial release of MintPress News was described by MinnPost as a "typical left-of-center" web outlet that reported on matters such as climate change and "bizarre" comments by Republican candidates. Additionally, the site's content had a clear focus on Israel and how "'American imperialism' was abetting the humiliation and slaughter of innocent Arabs". The site publishes disinformation[16] and coded antisemitic conspiracy theories,[17] including ones on George Soros.[18]

MintPress News has reposted content from Russian state media outlets RT and Sputnik,[19] and is listed as a "partner" of PeaceData, a Russian fake news site run by the Internet Research Agency.[20] [21] [22] A report from New Knowledge includes MintPress News as part of the "Russian web of disinformation,"[23] [24] and the site has published fake authors attributed to the GRU, the Russian military intelligence agency.[25] MintPress News defended Russia's invasion of Crimea, claiming Ukraine's post-revolution government was "illegitimate".[26]

The site ran numerous stories sympathetic to Syrian president Bashar al-Assad. The false information published by MintPress News attracts communities, including some Twitter users, that support Assad and the Russian government.

Coverage of the Ghouta chemical attacks

On August 29, 2013, an unverified MintPress article attributed to Dale Gavlak and Yahya Ababneh said that Syrian rebels and local residents in Ghouta, Syria alleged that rebels were responsible for the chemical weapons attack on August 21.

The story alleged that Saudi Arabia had supplied the rebels with chemical weapons, which the rebels then accidentally set off; Foreign Policy magazine described it as one of the most "crazy" conspiracy theories about chemical weapons attacks in Syria.[27] Human Rights Watch found no evidence for the claims.[28]

On September 20, the Brown Moses Blog published a statement from Gavlak saying that "despite my repeated requests, made directly and through legal counsel, they have not been willing to issue a retraction stating that I was not the author. Yahya Ababneh is the sole reporter and author of the Mint Press News piece."[29] [30] Gavlak also said the report had not been verified.[31] [32]

Gavlak also told the New York Times that "There was no fact finding or reporting by me for the piece. I did not travel to Syria, so I cannot corroborate [Ababneh's] account" and that Muhawesh refused to remove her name from the byline because "this is an existential issue for MintPress and an issue of credibility as this will appear as though we are lying."

MintPress added an editor's note at the top of the article stating Ababneh was the sole reporter on the ground in Syria, while Gavlak assisted in researching and writing the article. It said that Gavlak was a MintPress News correspondent who had freelanced for the Associated Press (AP) in Jordan for a decade. A note at the bottom of the story says: "Some information in this article could not be independently verified. Mint Press News will continue to provide further information and updates."[33] The Russian Foreign Ministry cited the article in future statements.[34] [35] On September 21, 2013, MintPress published a statement by Muhawesh saying soon after the article was published, Gavlak retracted her involvement due to pressure from third parties, which Gavlak believed was prompted by Prince Bandar. The statement also claimed that Abadneh was being threatened by Saudi officials.[36]

Following the publication of the article, Gavlak stated she has been suspended from the AP. The story continues to be cited by conspiracy websites and supporters of the Assad regime.[37]

When asked about the MintPress News story, Åke Sellström, the chief U.N. weapons inspector in Syria remarked, "They are famous for 1001 Arabian Nights stories!"[38]

Pro-Assad coverage

In October 2015, the Minnesota Star Tribune published a citizen op-ed by Terry Burke, an activist for the Committee in Solidarity with the People of Syria, in which she accused MintPress News and other "alternative 'news' organizations" of "never publish[ing] the international human rights organizations' reports about the regime's crimes. Instead, they post interviews with Assad, polls that claim most Syrians support him, articles on rebel or ISIL abuses, and stories that blame the U.S. for Syria's uprising."[39]

BuzzFeed News in 2013 described the site as having "an agenda that lines up, from its sympathy with the Syrian regime to its hostility to Sunni Saudi Arabia, with that of the Islamic Republic of Iran."[40]

According to Bellingcat, MintPress News has received the Serena Shim Award (organized by the Association for Investment in Popular Action Committees), a financial award of an unknown amount, along with other websites which "routinely promote pro-Assad conspiracy theories".[41]

Arbaeen pilgrimage claim

In November 2016, a MintPress News article entitled "Media Blackout As Millions Of Muslims March Against ISIS In Iraq" became a top trending story on Facebook, which prompted criticism that the article was misleading. BuzzFeed News countered, "This week has seen millions of Shiite Muslims participate in Arbaeen, one of the world's largest pilgrimages, in Iraq. But they are not specifically marching against ISIL, nor has there been a 'media blackout.'"

BuzzFeed News said the article had been sourced from American Herald Tribune, a website edited by Anthony Hall, a 9/11 and Sandy Hook shooting conspiracy theorist suspended from his job as a professor at the University of Lethbridge on charges of antisemitism.[42] [43]

Snopes described the claims in the MintPress article as inaccurate: "The pilgrimage was not a massive protest against ISIS, nor did a "media blackout" prevent news agencies from covering the event."[44] MintPress stood by its story.[45]

Guarani Aquifer

In 2018, MintPress News falsely claimed that Coca-Cola and Nestlé were privatising the Guarani Aquifer, a major South American water reserve. The site additionally made the false claim that the alleged deal was being negotiated by Brazilian president Michel Temer and has reached an "advanced" stage.[46]

The site offered no evidence to support their claims and only provided vague statements. Experts, like law professor Gabriel Eckstein, noted that it would be physically impossible for a private company to control the aquifer due to its large size. Coca-Cola and Nestlé also refuted the allegations.[47]

White Helmets

A study led by Kate Starbird at the University of Washington found that MintPress News was part of a core cluster of websites amplifying disinformation about the White Helmets, a volunteer organization formed during Syrian Civil War. The White Helmets has been the target of disinformation campaigns perpetrated by pro-Assad and pro-Russian groups. Such disinformation increased dramatically following the Douma chemical attack.[48] [49] Many of Vanessa Beeley's conspiracy theories about the White Helmets appeared on MintPress News.[50]

Nicaragua

In 2018, during the 2018–2022 Nicaraguan protests, MintPress News published a "lengthy, insinuation-infused attack" on the photojournalist Carl David Goette-Luciak, a freelance reporter for NPR and The Guardian, implying he was anti-regime.[51] [52]

According to journalist Joshua Collins, MintPress accompanied the story, entitled "How an American Anthropologist Tied to US Regime-Change Proxies Became the MSM's Man in Nicaragua",[53] with a photo of Luciak beside an armed soldier labelled as an opposition figure, when it was in fact a government-supporting Sandinista.[54]

The false story nevertheless went viral, Luciak went into hiding, was eventually captured by state forces, threatened with torture and deported from the country.[51] [53] [52]

Frequent contributors and partners

Eva Bartlett, Vanessa Beeley, Max Blumenthal, Miko Peled, Kevin Zeese, and the cartoonist Carlos Latuff are listed as regular contributors to the website.[55]

In 2023, Randi Lucile Nord, a MintPress News staff writer,[56] admitted to spray-painting a swastika and the word "Azov" (in reference to the Azov Regiment) on a synagogue in Royal Oak, Michigan, in order to undermine United States support to Ukraine during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[57]

MintPress News frequently partners with the outlets Project Censored, Free Speech TV, Media Roots Radio, ShadowProof, The Grayzone, Truthout, CommonDreams, and Antiwar.com.

In September 2013, Antiwar.com apologized for linking to and reprinting a MintPress News story that Syrian rebels were responsible for the Ghouta sarin attacks of 2013.[58]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Multiple sources:
  2. News: Binkovitz. Leah. Mint Press News. March 28, 2012. Columbia Journalism Review. May 20, 2019. June 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190624080543/https://www.cjr.org/news_startups_guide/2012/03/mint-press-news.php/. live.
  3. Fiorella . Giancarlo . Godart . Charlotte . Waters . Nick . July 14, 2021 . Digital Integrity: Exploring Digital Evidence Vulnerabilities and Mitigation Strategies for Open Source Researchers . . en . . 19 . 1 . 147–161 . 10.1093/jicj/mqab022 . 1478-1387 . April 6, 2022 . subscription . These grassroots communities are particularly evident on Twitter, where they coalesce around individual personalities like right-wing activist Andy Ngo, and around platforms with uncritical pro-Kremlin and pro-Assad editorial lines, like The Grayzone and MintPress News. These personalities and associated outlets act as both producers of counterfactual theories, as well as hubs around which individuals with similar beliefs rally. The damage that these ecosystems and the theories that they spawn can inflict on digital evidence is not based on the quality of the dis/misinformation that they produce but rather on the quantity. . November 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211105215042/https://academic.oup.com/jicj/article/19/1/147/6320889 . live .
  4. Rudolph . Josh . Morley . Thomas . 2020 . Media Outlets with Foreign Funding . . 40–48 . resrep26670.10 . . free . 2022-04-04 . 2022-04-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220404073403/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26670.10 . live .
  5. Book: Andriukaitis . Lukas . Breaking Ghouta . Beals . Emma . Brookie . Graham . Higgins . Eliot . Itani . Faysal . Nimmo . Ben . Sheldon . Michael . Tsurkov . Elizabeth . Waters . Nick . September 2018 . . 978-1-61977-565-7 . 56–74 . Disinformation . resrep30699.12 . 1088564125 . Eliot Higgins . https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep30699.12 . . free . 2022-04-04 . 2022-04-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220404073405/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep30699.12 . live .
  6. Book: Schafer, Bret . Tracking Russia's Digital Deception - Analysis of the Kremlin's Information Operations on Social Media . 2019 . Challenges in Strategic Communication and Fighting Propaganda in Eastern Europe . . 978-1-61499-943-0 . Sultănescu . Dan . NATO Science for Peace and Security Series E: Human and Societal Dynamics . 142 . 84–96 . 10.3233/978-1-61499-943-0-84 . 1104855741 . 2022-04-07 . 2022-07-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220702040914/https://ebooks.iospress.nl/doi/10.3233/978-1-61499-943-0-84 . live .
  7. Book: Horawalavithana . Sameera . Ng . Kin Wai . Iamnitchi . Adriana . Social, Cultural, and Behavioral Modeling . Twitter is the Megaphone of Cross-platform Messaging on the White Helmets . 2020 . Thomson . Robert . Bisgin . Halil . Dancy . Christopher . Hyder . Ayaz . Hussain . Muhammad . https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-61255-9_23 . Lecture Notes in Computer Science . 12268 . en . Cham . . 238–239 . 10.1007/978-3-030-61255-9_23 . 978-3-030-61255-9 . 222349352 . 2022-04-19 . 2022-04-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220419055713/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-61255-9_23 . live .
  8. Web site: York . Chris . 2022-05-24 . The Pro-Russian Attempt to Link the Buffalo Shooting to Ukraine . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220524113225/https://newlinesmag.com/argument/the-pro-russian-attempt-to-link-the-buffalo-shooting-to-ukraine/ . 2022-05-24 . 2022-06-13 . . en.
  9. Book: Wedeen, Lisa . Authoritarian Apprehensions: Ideology, Judgment, and Mourning in Syria . . 2019 . 9780226650579 . 89 . Lisa Wedeen . 2023-03-19 . 2023-05-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230513005549/https://books.google.com/books?id=gR2jDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22MintPress%22+news&pg=PA89 . live .
  10. Book: Horne . Benjamin D. . Different Spirals of Sameness: A Study of Content Sharing in Mainstream and Alternative Media . Nørregaard . Jeppe . Adalı . Sibel . April 2, 2019 . . Proceedings of the Thirteenth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media . 261 . 1106337185 . Sibel Adalı . April 8, 2022 . August 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230804122022/https://www.scopus.com/home.uri . live .
  11. News: Brauer. David. Who is MintPress and why are they doing all this hiring?. MinnPost. Minneapolis, MN. January 18, 2012. May 20, 2019. June 1, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190601230144/https://www.minnpost.com/braublog/2012/01/who-mintpress-and-why-are-they-doing-all-hiring/. live.
  12. Web site: McKeone Peterson . Liz . Maple Grove Young Entrepreneurs . Maple Grove Magazine . November 2012 . December 27, 2019 . December 28, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191228064458/https://maplegrovemag.com/article/brendan-loney/maple-grove-young-entrepreneurs . live .
  13. Web site: Whitaker . Brian . Brian Whitaker . November 4, 2021 . The 'Echo Chamber' of Syrian Chemical Weapons Conspiracy Theorists . May 3, 2022 . . en . May 26, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220526024159/https://newlinesmag.com/argument/the-echo-chamber-of-syrian-chemical-weapons-conspiracy-theorists/ . live .
  14. News: Muhawesh. Mnar. Counterpoint: Don't bash watchdogs in Syria's 'information war'. StarTribune. Minnesota. November 8, 2015. May 21, 2019. June 1, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190601230136/http://www.startribune.com/counterpoint-don-t-bash-watchdogs-in-syria-s-information-war/342136901/. live.
  15. Web site: Scheer . Robert . Robert Scheer . May 5, 2022 . No such thing as dissent in the age of big tech Scheer Intelligence . May 21, 2022 . . en . May 22, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220522184438/https://www.kcrw.com/culture/shows/scheer-intelligence/no-such-thing-as-dissent-in-the-age-of-big-tech . live .
  16. Guarino . Stefano . Pierri . Francesco . Di Giovanni . Marco . Celestini . Alessandro . March 1, 2021 . Information disorders during the COVID-19 infodemic: The case of Italian Facebook . Online Social Networks and Media . en . . 22 . 100124 . 10.1016/j.osnem.2021.100124 . 2468-6964 . 8479410 . 34604611.
  17. Sunshine . Spencer . 2019 . Looking Left at Antisemitism . Journal of Social Justice . . 9 . 21 . 2164-7100 . 2022-04-10 . 2022-07-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220702020847/http://transformativestudies.org/wp-content/uploads/Spencer-Sunshine.pdf . live .
  18. Web site: Cuffe . Danil . Simon . Chloe . November 4, 2021 . Fringe right-wing media and conspiracy theorists spread antisemitic disinformation about the Pandora Papers . March 19, 2022 . . en . March 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220314013254/https://www.mediamatters.org/qanon-conspiracy-theory/fringe-right-wing-media-and-conspiracy-theorists-spread-antisemitic . live .
  19. News: Chabria . Anita . Halper . Evan . March 30, 2021 . Effort to stem online extremism accidentally pushed people toward an anarchist . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220402094309/https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-03-30/google-moonshot-redirect-far-right-online-extremism-anarchist . 2022-04-02 . 2022-04-03 . Los Angeles Times.
  20. Web site: Nimmo . Ben . François . Camille . Camille François . Eib . C Shawn . Ronzaud . Léa . September 2020 . IRA Again: Unlucky Thirteen . Graphika . 2022-04-06 . 2022-03-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220330131933/https://public-assets.graphika.com/reports/graphika_report_ira_again_unlucky_thirteen.pdf . live .
  21. Quessard . Maud . 2020 . Quels dangers pour la démocratie américaine ? . . French . 106 . 81 . 1761-0559 . 26983667 . 2022-04-26 . 2022-04-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220426082308/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26983667 . live .
  22. Web site: Silverman . Jacob . September 7, 2020 . A Russian Disinformation Operation Tried to Recruit Me . April 6, 2022 . . en . April 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220406035053/https://slate.com/technology/2020/09/peace-data-russia-disinformation-facebook.html . live .
  23. Web site: February 8, 2019 . How a Little-Known Pro-Kremlin Analyst Became a Philippine Expert Overnight - . April 4, 2022 . . en-US . June 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220625112749/https://www.codastory.com/disinformation/how-a-little-known-pro-kremlin-analyst-became-a-philippine-expert-overnight/ . live .
  24. Web site: January 22, 2019 . EXCLUSIVE: Russian disinformation system influences PH social media . April 4, 2022 . . en-US . March 31, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220331230506/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/investigative/221470-russian-disinformation-system-influences-philippine-social-media/ . live .
  25. Ross . Alexander Reid . Alexander Reid Ross . November 8, 2019 . Fooling the Nation: Extremism and the Pro-Russia Disinformation Ecosystem . . . April 10, 2022 . July 19, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210719133650/https://www.boundary2.org/2019/11/alexander-reid-ross-fooling-the-nation-extremism-and-the-pro-russia-disinformation-ecosystem/#_ftn81 . live .
  26. Web site: Bloodworth . James . James Bloodworth (journalist) . Alternative media's useful idiots . May 30, 2022 . . en . July 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220704100851/http://littleatoms.com/society/alternative-media-useful-idiots . live .
  27. Web site: These Are the 5 Craziest Conspiracy Theories About Syria's Chemical Attacks. Groll. Elias. September 4, 2013. Foreign Policy. en-US. December 21, 2019. May 26, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190526080600/https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/09/04/these-are-the-5-craziest-conspiracy-theories-about-syrias-chemical-attacks/. live.
  28. News: Murphy . Dan . September 23, 2013 . Syrian rebels and chemical weapons: a disinformation operation? . . May 21, 2022 . 0882-7729 . February 14, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190214185851/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2013/0923/Syrian-rebels-and-chemical-weapons-a-disinformation-operation . live .
  29. News: Mackey . Robert . Reporter Denies Writing Article That Linked Syrian Rebels to Chemical Attack . The New York Times . September 21, 2013 . December 27, 2019 . December 28, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191228064447/https://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/21/reporter-denies-writing-article-that-linked-syrian-rebels-to-chemical-attack/ . live .
  30. Web site: Brown Moses Blog . September 20, 2013 . Statement By Dale Gavlak On The Mint Press Article 'Syrians In Ghouta Claim Saudi-Supplied Rebels Behind Chemical Attack' . December 27, 2019 . December 28, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191228064452/https://brown-moses.blogspot.com/2013/09/statement-by-dale-gavlak-on-mint-press.html . live .
  31. News: Lambert. Brian. The mystery of MintPress News. MinnPost. Minneapolis, MN. November 11, 2015. May 20, 2019. June 1, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190601230130/https://www.minnpost.com/media/2015/11/mystery-mintpress-news/. live.
  32. News: Tevlin. Jon. Tevlin: If Syria story is true, why is Minnesota news site hiding?. StarTribune. Minnesota.. October 1, 2013. May 20, 2019. June 1, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190601230139/http://www.startribune.com/tevlin-if-syria-story-is-true-why-is-minnesota-news-site-hiding/225904001/. live.
  33. News: MintPress News . EXCLUSIVE: Syrians In Ghouta Claim Saudi-Supplied Rebels Behind Chemical Attack . August 29, 2013 . Dale . Gavlak . Yahya . Abadneh . December 27, 2019 . December 27, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191227133922/https://www.mintpressnews.com/witnesses-of-gas-attack-say-saudis-supplied-rebels-with-chemical-weapons/168135/ . live .
  34. Web site: Higgins . Eliot . Eliot Higgins . 2017-09-06 . A History of Sarin Use in the Syrian Conflict . April 7, 2022 . . en-GB . 2022-05-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220529121407/https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2017/09/06/history-sarin-use-syrian-conflict/ . live .
  35. News: Reuter . Christoph . October 7, 2013 . Assad Regime Wages PR Campaign to Discredit Rebels . en . . April 7, 2022 . 2195-1349 . April 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220407081855/https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/assad-regime-wages-pr-campaign-to-discredit-rebels-a-926479.html . live .
  36. News: Mnar . Muhawesh . Official Statement On Dale Gavlak's Involvement In Syria Exclusive . MintPress News . September 21, 2013 . December 27, 2019 . November 22, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191122175202/https://www.mintpressnews.com/mnar-muhawesh-syria-official-statement-on-dale-gavlaks-involvement-in-syria-exclusive/169507/ . live .
  37. News: Prothero . Mitchell . September 22, 2013 . Reporter says story on Minnesota website linking Syrian rebels to chemical weapons wasn't hers . . . Minnesota . March 25, 2016 . March 13, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160313035027/http://www.startribune.com/reporter-story-on-minn-website-tying-syrian-rebels-to-chemical-weapons-not-hers/224780292/ . live .
  38. News: Modern Warfare . https://web.archive.org/web/20171019070112/https://cbrneworld.com/_uploads/download_magazines/Sellstrom_Feb_2014_v2.pdf . October 19, 2017 . CBRNe World . February 2014 . Gwyn . Winfield . February 3, 2016.
  39. News: Burke. Terry. Media beyond the mainstream: Syria's information wars. Star Tribune. Minnesota. October 27, 2015. March 18, 2022. March 15, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220315165816/https://www.startribune.com/media-beyond-the-mainstream-syria-s-information-wars/337733421/. live.
  40. News: Gray. Rosie. Testa. Jessica. The Inside Story of One Website's Defense of Assad. BuzzFeed News. October 1, 2013. August 19, 2019. September 30, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190930185014/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/rosiegray/the-inside-story-of-one-websites-defense-of-assad. live.
  41. Web site: Davis . Charles . September 30, 2019 . Pro-Assad Lobby Group Rewards Bloggers On Both The Left And The Right . March 18, 2022 . . en-GB . September 30, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190930183413/https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2019/09/30/pro-assad-lobby-group-rewards-bloggers-on-both-the-left-and-the-right/ . live .
  42. News: Silverman. Craig. Facebook Trending Promoted A Misleading Story About A Muslim Pilgrimage. BuzzFeed News. November 24, 2016. November 24, 2016. November 25, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161125064307/https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/facebook-trending-just-promoted-a-misleading-story-about-a-m. live.
  43. Rahimi . Mahboobeh . September 2019 . Reframing Arbaeen Pilgrimage in Western Media through a Cultural Translation: A Framing Analysis . Society and Culture in the Muslim World . . 1 . 1 . 80 . 10.22054/scmw.2019.10140 . 2022-05-07 . 2023-08-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230804122033/https://scmw.atu.ac.ir/article_10140.html . live .
  44. Web site: Evon. Dan. FACT CHECK: Millions of Muslims March Against the Islamic State. Snopes.com. en-US. November 29, 2016. December 27, 2019. January 16, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220116220144/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/millions-of-muslims-marched-against-the-islamic-state/. live.
  45. News: Muhawesh. Mnar. Islam, ISIS & Buzzfeed: What You're Not Being Told. December 23, 2016. MintPress News. December 27, 2019. en-US. October 26, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191026185218/https://www.mintpressnews.com/islam-isis-buzzfeed-what-youre-not-being-told/223426/. live.
  46. Web site: Daudin . Guillaume Daudin . Weymes-McElderry . Sophie . July 4, 2018 . No, Coca-Cola and Nestle are not going to privatize South America's largest water reserve . April 4, 2022 . . en . October 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221025055132/https://factcheck.afp.com/no-coca-cola-and-nestle-are-not-going-privatize-south-americas-largest-water-reserve . live .
  47. Web site: Spencer . Saranac Hale . March 16, 2018 . Coke and Nestlé Aren't Buying The Guarani Aquifer . April 4, 2022 . . en-US . April 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220412134648/https://www.factcheck.org/2018/03/coke-and-nestle-arent-buying-the-guarani-aquifer/ . live .
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  49. Book: Higgins, Eliot . We Are Bellingcat : Global Crime, Online Sleuths, and the Bold Future of News . 2021 . . 978-1-63557-730-3 . New York, NY . 119 . 1237603958 . Eliot Higgins . 2023-03-19 . 2023-05-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230513005546/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gg0IEAAAQBAJ . live .
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  51. News: Nicaragua deports reporter who covered anti-Ortega protests . 2 Oct 2018 . . 15 June 2022 . 9 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220609061720/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/02/nicaragua-deports-reporter-who-covered-anti-ortega-protests . live .
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  57. News: McConnell . Mike . Royal Oak synagogue ethnic intimidation suspect won't represent self in court . . May 16, 2023 . May 19, 2023 . May 19, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230519094029/https://www.theoaklandpress.com/2023/05/16/royal-oak-synagogue-ethnic-intimidation-suspect-wont-represent-self-in-court/ . live .
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